Lecture 24 Chapter 18, Section 3 Titration. Titration of a weak acid Midpoint Equivalence point
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1 Lecture 4 Chapter 18, Section 3 Titration Titration of a weak acid Midpoint Equivalence point
2 Titration Mentioned this way back in Chapt 4 with reaction stoichiometry The stoichiometric point or uivalence point is when enough titrant has been added to react with EXACTLY all of the chemical that is being titrated If we are titrating a strong acid with a strong base, then the uivalence point is when all of the strong acid has been used up and there is not any extra base yet Therefore, this must be ph 7.00 For weak acids/bases the uivalence point ph 7.00
3 Titration of a Weak Acid by OH Ions 1. At the beginning, HA, H O and H 3 O + are the major species. You use a and your uilibrium (ICE) table to determine the ph of the solution.. During the titration, a buffer has been created, so the buffer uation can give the ph. At the midpoint of the titration (when HA A - ), the ph p a 3. When nearly all the HA is reacted, the only major species are A - and water, here you can use b and your uilibrium table to determine ph. 4. After all HA molecules have reacted, the solution contains excess A - and OH -. Each drop of titrant gives more excess OH -, which you use to get the ph.
4 Polyprotic Acid Titration The same thing, but more complicated because we have several titrations put back-to-back In the middle, the uilibria are between intermediate conjugate base and acid H A + H O H 3 O + + H O + HA H 3 O + + A Note that if: a # moles of H A b # moles of HA c # moles of A then a + b + c moles of H A initially constant Note also that the volume is always changing
5 Polyprotic Acid Titration
6 Polyprotic acid titration region 1 Just like with standard weak acid titration Have mostly the original acid Set up standard table, solve for x [ HA ] [ H O ] + [ H A] [ H A] x 3 x init
7 Polyprotic acid titration region Now in buffer region just like weak acid. Unlike weak acid, this is the first of (or 3) buffer regions Use Henderson-Hasselbalch uation [H A] [H A] init [OH ] that has been added [HA ] [OH ] that has been added ph p a 1 + log [ HA ] [ H A] At midpoint, [OH ] added ½[H A] init so [H A] [HA ] ph p
8 Polyprotic acid titration region 3 Near the first stoichiometric point, we have used up essentially all of the original acid H A There is lots of HA around. But this is in uilibrium with both H A and with A. HA + H O H 3 O + + A a HA + H 3 O + H O + H A 1/ HA A + H A a / a A [ H A] [ HA ]
9 Polyprotic acid titration still region 3 But at the first stoichiometric point we know [A ] [H A] a A [ H A] [ HA ] a [ H A] HA We know a bit more about from the first acid uilibrium [ H O ] [ HA ] + a 3 [ H A] [ H O ] + 3 or or [ H A] [ HA ] [ H O ] H 3O a 1a At the first Stoichiometric Point
10 Polyprotic acid titration region 4 In buffer region again just like weak acid. The weak acid here is HA and the conjugate base is A Use Henderson-Hasselbalch uation Moles HA moles H A init moles OH added since the first stoichiometric point. Note that moles H A init moles HA max Moles A moles OH that have been added since first stoichiometric point ph p a + log At midpoint, moles OH SFSP ½ moles H A init so [HA ] [A ] ph p a A HA
11 Polyprotic acid titration region 5 Near the second stoichiometric point Almost entirely A Set up our standard uilibrium table looking at A as a base A + H O HA + OH b w a Again [A ] max moles H A init / total volume w a x A x max
12 Polyprotic acid titration region 6 After the second stoichiometric point Excess A and OH Still the uilibrium table with A as a base. But now initial amount of OH is amount of added OH- since the second stoichiometric point A + H O HA + OH x ( OH + x) [ H A] w ASSSP w init approx. [ H A] x [ OH ] a init a ASSSP x Usually, all we care about is ph. [OH ] is simply the amount of added OH since the second stoichiometric point (x is negligible)
13 Today Go to seminar (biomedical apps of conductive polymers) Check out last year s exam Get together with study group Monday Finish CAPA #15 Registration information session 4:00pm Schaap 1000 Wednesday Seminar Start CAPA #16
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