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1 BCHS 3304: General Biochemistry I, Section Spring :00-2:30 PM Mon./Wed. AH Instructor: Glen B. Legge, Ph.D., Cambridge UK Phone: Fax: glegge@uh.edu Office hours: Mon. and Wed. (2:30-4:00 PM) or by appointment 353 SR2 (Science and Research Building 2)

2 SIBS program Monday Chat room on Webct: 8:00-10:00 PM Tuesday Workshop: 5:00-7:00 PM in 101 AH Wednesday Office Hours: 3:00-4:45 PM in 114 S Wednesday Workshop: 5:00-7:00 PM in 116 SR1 Students must activate their webct accounts. SIBS will not print out exam reviews Jerry Johnson (BCHS 3304 workshops) contact MYSTIK1775@aol.com

3 Acids and Bases January

4 Ionization of water Although neutral water has a tendency to ionize H 2 O <-> H + + OH - The free proton is associated with a water molecule to form the hydronium ion H 3 O + High ionic mobility due to proton jumping

5 Proton Jumping Large proton and hydroxide mobility H 3 O+ : x 10-5 cm 2 V -1 s -1 Na + : 51.9 x 10-5 cm 2 V -1 s -1 Hydronium ion migration; hops by switching partners at per second

6 Equilibrium expression Described by: K = [H + ][OH - ] [H 2 O] Where K is the dissociation constant Considering [H 2 O] constant yields K w = [H + ][OH - ]

7 K w K w = [H + ][OH - ] Where K w is the ionization constant of water For pure water ionization constant is For pure water M 2 at 25º [H + ] = [OH - ] = (K w ) 1/2 = 10-7 M

8 Acids and bases For pure water (neutral) [H + ] = [OH - ] = (K w ) 1/2 = 10-7 M Acidic if [H + ] > 10-7 M Basic if [H + ] < 10-7 M

9 Acids and Bases Lowery definition: Acid is a substance that can donate a proton. Base is a substance that can accept a proton. HA + H 2 O H 3 O + + A - /OH - Acid Base Conjugate Conjugate Acid Base or HA A - + H +

10 HA H + + A If you establish equilibrium, changes in [H + ] will shift the ratio of HA and A -. By adding more H +, A - will be consumed forming HA. If there is sufficient [A - ], the extra H + will also be consumed and the [H + ] will not change.

11 Acid strength is specified by its dissociation constant Molar concentration for: HA + H 2 O H 3 O + + A - reactants products HA K a = [H 3 O + [HA][H These ratios are ][A 2 - ] O] H 3 O + A - H 2 O

12 What to do about the water! The concentration of H 2 O remains almost unchanged especially in dilute acid solutions. What is the concentration of H 2 O? Remember the definition: Moles per liter 1 mole of H 2 O = 18 g = 18 ml 1g 1ml 1000 g/liter 1000g 18g / mol = 55.5M

13 [ H + ][ A ] K a = K [ H 2 O] = [ HA] From now on we will drop the a, in K a Weak acids (K<1) Strong acids (K>1) Strong acid completely dissociates: Transfers all its protons to H 2 O to form H 3 O + HA H + + A -

14 Weak Acids Weak acids do not completely dissociate: They form an equilibrium: HA A + H + If we ADD more H +, the equilibrium shifts to form more HA using up A - that is present.

15 Dissociation of H 2 O H 2 O H + + OH Water also dissociates [H 2 O] = 55.5 K = + [ H ][ OH [ H ] 2 O ] Kw + = [ H ][ OH ] = M 2 Ionization constant for water

16 Since there is equal amounts of [H + ] and [OH - ] [ H + ] = [ OH ] = 1x10 7 M This is neutral At [H+] above this concentration the solution is ACIDIC + 2 H [ ] 1 = x10 At [H+] below this concentration the solution is BASIC [ H + ] = 1x10 9

17 [H + ] ph 10-7 = = = = 10 5x10-4 = 3.3 ph = - Log[H + ] It is easier to think in log of concentrations but it takes practice!! 7x10-6 = x10-8 = 7.48

18 Relationship between ph and [H + ] / [OH - ] concentration

19 Observation If you add.01 ml i.e 1/100 ml of 1M HCl to 1000 ml of water, the ph of the water drops from 7 to 5!! i.e 100 fold increase in H + concentration: Log = 2 change. Problem: Biological properties change with small changes in ph, usually less than 1 ph unit. How does a system prevent fluctuations in ph?

20 Buffers A buffer can resist ph changes if the ph is at or near a weak acid pk value. Buffer range: the ph range where maximum resistance to ph change occurs when adding acid or base. It is = + 1 ph from the weak acid pk If pk is 4.8 the buffering range is Why?

21 Henderson - Hasselbalch equation From K = + [ H ][ A [ HA] ] Rearrange Take (-)Log of each ph = pk ph + [ HA] [ H ] = K [ A ] = log K [ A ] + log [ HA ] [ A ] + log [ HA]

22 [A - ] ph = pk + log [HA] [A ] [HA] ratio varies from Above and below this range there is insufficient amount of conjugate acid or base to combine with the base or acid to prevent the change in ph.

23 For weak acids HA A - + H + This equilibrium depends on concentrations of each component. If [HA] = [A - ] or 1/2 dissociated [ A ] Then log = log 1 = 0 [ HA] By definition the pk is the ph where [HA] = [A - ] : 50% dissociated : ph = pk

24 1 liter of a.01 M buffer can not buffer 1 liter of a 1 M solution of HCl but 1 liter of a 1 M buffer can buffer 1 liter of a.01 M solution of HCl The buffer effect can be seen in a titration curve. To a weak acid salt, CH 3 C00 -, add HC1 while monitoring ph vs. the number of equivalents of acid added. or do the opposite with base. Buffer capacity: the molar amount of acid which the buffer can handle without significant changes in ph. i.e

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26 Distribution curves for acetate and acetic acid

27 Titration curve for phosphate

28 Table 2-3 Dissociation constants and pk s of Acids & bu Acid K pk Oxalic 5.37x H 3 PO x Succinic Acid 6.17x (pk 1 ) Succinate 2.29x (pk 2 ) H 2 PO x NH x Glycine 1.66x

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30 Exams Problems You will be asked to solve Henderson - Hasselbalch type problems: [A - ] ph = pk + log [HA] You may be asked the ph, pk, the ratio of acid or base or solve for the final concentrations of each.

31 The 6 step approach 1. Write the Henderson + Hasselbalch equation. 2. Write the acid base equation 3. Make sure either an H + or OH - is in the equation. 3. Find out what you are solving for 4. Write down all given values. 5. Set up equilibrium conditions.

32 What is the ph of a solution of that contains 0.1M CH 3 C00 - and 0.9 M CH 3 C00H? 1) ph = pk + Log [A - ] [HA] 2) CH 3 C00H CH 3 C H + 3) Find ph 4) pk = 4.76 A - = 0.1 M HA = 0.9 M 5) Already at equilibrium 6) X = Log Log = -.95 X = (-.95) X = 3.81

33 What would the concentration of CH 3 C00 - be at ph 5.3 if 0.1M CH 3 C00H was adjusted to that ph. 1) ph = pk + Log [A - ] [HA] 2) CH 3 C00H CH 3 C H + 3) Find equilibrium value of [A - ] i.e [CH 3 C00 - ] 4) ph = 5.3; pk = ) Let X = amount of CH 3 C00H dissociated at equilibrium [A - ] = [X] [HA] = [0.1 - X] 6) 5.3 = Log [X] [0.1 - X]

34 Blood Buffering System Bicarbonate most significant buffer Formed from gaseous CO 2 CO 2 + H 2 O <-> H 2 CO 3 H 2 CO 3 <-> H + + HCO 3 - Normal value blood ph 7.4 Deviations from normal ph value lead to acidosis