Surface chemistry. Liquid-gas, solid-gas and solid-liquid surfaces. Levente Novák István Bányai Zoltán Nagy Department of Physical Chemistry

Transcription

1 Surface chemistry. Liquid-gas, solid-gas and solid-liquid surfaces. Levente Novák István Bányai Zoltán Nagy Department of Physical Chemistry

2 Surfaces and Interfaces Defining of interfacial region Types of interfaces: surface vs interface Surface tension Contact angle, weting, and spreading Adsorption Biological interfaces

3 Contact angle When a drop of liquid is placed on a solid surface, three interfaces form Forces involved: cohesive (between particles of the same phase) and adhesive (between diferent phases) The triple interface formed between solid, liquid, and gas will move in response to the forces arising from the three interfacial tensions until an equilibrium position is established. By convention the contact angle is measured in the liquid phase. At equilibrium: =0 F F GS = F LS + F GL cosθ γgs l = γls l + γgl l cos θ we can simplify by l: γ GS =γ LS +γ GL cos θ γgs γls γgl l θ : surface tension between gas and solid (N/m) : surface tension between liquid and solid (N/m) : surface tension between gas and liquid (N/m) : length of the triple interface (m) :contact angle ( )

4 Contact angle and weting When the forces of adhesion are greater than the forces of cohesion, the liquid tends to wet the surface, when the forces of adhesion are smaller than those of cohesion, the liquid tends to "refuse" the surface.

5 Hydrophobic, hydrophilic surfaces Low wetability, θ>90, (Teflon) High wetability, θ<90 (θ=0 ) Why does one fabric absorb water well while another seems to refuse it?

6 Spreading When the interfacial tension between the solid and gas phase is larger than the sum of γls and γgl, there is spreading: γgs > γls + γgl cos θ In this case there is no equilibrium position, the contact point keeps advancing along the surface. The same is true when there is complete weting, as in this case θ=0 and the triple interface keeps advancing. By combining these, we get for spreading: γgs γls + γgl cos θ when the equality applies for θ=0

7 Example: ink spreading Spreading: γ SG γ SL + γ GL cos θ Non-spreading liquid gives droplets γ SG< γ SL as θ=90 cos θ = 0 γ SG> γ SL Spreading occurs when a liquid of low surface tension is placed on a surface of high surface tension. If we know the surface tensions of test inks we can determine the surface tension of a smooth solid surface. htp:// m

8 Contact angle between two liquids A drop of oil on water surface: In equilibrium: γ 2 =γ 12 cosθ 2 + γ 1 cos θ 1 In the case of spreading: γ 2> γ 12 cosθ 2 + γ 1 cosθ 1 this is going to stop at the equilibrium if θ1 and θ2 0 but continues to spread if θ1=θ2=0: A drop of an insoluble oil is placed on a clean water surface it may behave in one of three ways: 1) remain as a lens 2) spread as a thin films, which may show interference colors until forms as a duplex film (thick enough) 3) spread as a monolayer, leaving excess oil as lenses in equilibrium. γ 2> γ 12 + γ 1 γ 2 ( γ 12 + γ 1)> 0 This is defined as the spreading coeficient: S =γ lower (γ upper +γ interface ) If S>0 the liquid will spread, if S<0 it will not spread

9 Adhesion, Cohesion, Spreading Spreading coeficient: S=Wa-Wc=γB-(γA+γAB) lower phase upper phase interface Wa=γB+γA-γAB Wc=2γA S=γlower-(γupper+γinterface) The work of adhesion between two immiscible liquids is equal to the work required to separate a unit area of the interface and form two new separate liquid-air interfaces of two pure materials The work of cohesion for a single liquid corresponds to the work required to pull apart a column of liquid of unit cross-sectional area

10 Spreading process S=γlower-(γupper+γinterface) Si=72.8-( )=41.2 mj/m2 Sf=28.5-( )= -2.9 mj/m2

11 Adsorption and orientation at interface Hardy-Harkins rule of the best continuity forms or smooth monotonic transition

12 Adsorption and orientation at interface Hardy-Harkins principle: The best continuity of polarities (smooth transition) Surface active materials consist of molecules containing both polar and non-polar parts: these molecules are amphiphilic. Materials such as short-chain faty acids and alcohols are soluble in both water and oil (e.g. parafin hydrocarbon) solvents. The hydrocarbon part of molecule is responsible for its solubility in oil, whilst the polar COOH or OH group has suficent afinity to water to drag a short-length non-polar hydrocarbon chain into the aqueous solution with it.

13 Surface tension of mixtures The surface tensions are not perfectly additive, that means the mole fractions of the components are diferent at the surface and in the bulk. The material with lower surface tension tends to accumulate at the surface.

14 Surface activity The longer chain compound has the higher surface activity: cn+1/cn 3 Many organic solutes, especially polar molecules considerably reduce the surface tension of water. Such solutes tend to accumulate strongly at the surface where in many cases they form a unimolecular film of adsorbed molecules

15 Surface inactivity Electrolytes (salts, sugar) show surface inactivity. γ =γ 0 (1+k c ) constant concentration of the surface inactive compound

16 Gibbs isotherm On the basis of experimental data for surface tension vs. solute concentration the function dγ/dc can be determined and the Γ=f(c) adsorption isotherm can be calculated. ci d γ Γ = RT d ci slope (=tg α) 1 dγ Γ = R T d lnc i

17 The Gibbs equation The Gibbs adsorption equation for a dilute solution can be writen in two equivalent forms: ci d γ Γ i = RT d ci Γi ci γi R T : : : : : Γ i = 1 dγ R T d lnc i surface excess concentration of component i (mol/m2) concentration of component i in the bulk phase (mol/m3) surface tension of component i (N/m) gas constant (J mol-1 K-1) temperature (K) It follows from the first equation that Γi is positive if dγ /dci is negative, that is the surface tension decreases with increasing solute concentration. Surface active materials accumulate but surface inactive materials deplete at the interface.

18 Gibbs adsorption equation Γ =Γ Bc 1+B c c c = + = c+ Γ Γ BΓ Γ BΓ This is a Langmuir type isotherm (see later) Γ 4.0E E E E E+05 y = x R2 = Γ/c, l/m2 Γc, mol/m2 2.5E E E E E-06 slope=1/γ 5.0E E E c, mol/l Γ Γ B σ : : : : surface excess (mol/m2) surface excess at c= or maximal Γ (mol/m2) isotherm constant (m3/mol) area occupied by one molecule (m2) c, mol/l 1 σ= Γ N A

19 Adsorption and orientation at interface Hardy-Harkins principle: The best continuity of polarities (smooth transition) Surface active materials consist of molecules containing both polar and non-polar parts: amphiphilic. Materials such as short-chain faty acids and alcohols are soluble in both water and oil (e.g. parafin hydrocarbon) solvents. The hydrocarbon part of molecule is responsible for its solubility in oil, whilst the polar COOH or OH group has suficent afinity to water to drag a short-length non-polar hydrocarbon chain into the aqueous solution with it.

20 Physical state of the monolayers Two-dimensional monolayers can exist in diferent physical states which bear some resemblance to the solid, liquid and gaseous states in three-dimensional mater. Gaseous or vapor films in which the molecules are separate and move about independently. Large compressibility. Liquid films, small compressibility. Condensed or solid films in which molecules are closely packed and orientated toward the surface.

21 Monolayer and polymolecular Langmuir - Blodget (LB) layers Surface pressure The surface pressure of the film is determined by measuring the force which must be applied to maintain the float at a fixed position on the surface (located optically) and dividing by the length of the float. Gaseous films: π σ =N A k B T Liquid-expanded films obey the following equation of state (van der Waals equation) ( π π 0 )(σ σ 0 )=N A k B T

22 Two-dimensional pressure-area diagrams G : gas-like phase L1 : expanded liquid phase L2 : condensed liquid phase S : solid phase

23 Physical state of the monolayers Schematic diagrams of the main monolayer phases

24 Monolayers Summary Insoluble monolayers are formed from amphiphiles that are virtually insoluble in water. They can be spread on a water surface from drops of a solution of the amphiphile in a volatile solvent or by spontaneous spreading from crystals or drops of the bulk material. Surface balance is used to manipulate monolayers and is a component of various techniques for measuring monolayers properties. Monolayers exist in a number of phases, must of which can be compared to smectic phases. The major phases are the S, L (Le and Lc) and G. The hydrophilic part of each molecule anchors the molecule to the water surface and the hydrophobic part is in the air and may be disordered, or organized into hexagonal or rectangular paterns. Molecular size, shape, conformation and packing can be determined

25 LB transfer on a surface

26 Types of Langmuir Blodget films Y (Substrate Polar-Apolar Apolar-Polar) X (S A-P A-P) Z (S P-A P-A)

27 Langmuir Blodget (LB) film layers Hydrophilic surface

28 The cell membrane Living organisms are surrounded by a double layer (bilayer) type cell membrane. The cell membrane is constituted by amphipatic (amphiphilic) phospholipid molecules, arranged in an HT/TH orientation This is equivalent to a liquid (L) phase Y-type LangmuirBlodget film The membrane has a liquid crystal structure: there is a certain ordering of the molecules even in the fluid state ( fluid mosaic model)

29 Biological membranes Eukaryotic cell membrane

30 Bilayers, liposomes and micelles One-tailed amphiphiles tend to form micelles with a non-hollow interior having a polarity opposite of the medium. Phopsholipids form generally either flat bilayers or closed (spherical) structures called liposomes or vesicles Vesicles are hollow and have an internal cavity of the same polarity than the medium The hollow interior can be used to transport drugs or cosmetic ingredients to be relased slowly (retarded efect)

31 Drug delivery