REVIEW: Water Structure

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1 REVIEW: Water Structure A water molecule consists of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom, hence H 2 O. Electrons are shared through polar covalent bonding between the atoms.

2 REVIEW: Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds Partly positive hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to the partially negative oxygen atom of another water molecule The bonds are made and broken quickly as the molecules move, however the large numbers of bonds contribute to the stability of water

3 Properties of Water

4 #1

5 Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice Most substances become denser when they solidify from a liquid Ice is unusual because it is less dense than liquid water

6 Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice LIQUID: Water molecules are able to pack tightly and roll around each other by creating hydrogen bonds that form and break quickly SOLID: Water molecules spread apart slightly during the freezing process as the hydrogen bonds lock into place

7 Water Forms an Unusual Solid: Ice As a result, ice floats in liquid water Ponds and lakes freeze from the top down and never freeze completely to the bottom Many plants and fish therefore are not frozen

8 #2 Water Dissolves Many Molecules making it an excellent SOLVENT

9 Water is the solvent of life Water will dissolve: Other molecules that have polar covalent bonds molecules (i.e. amino acids or glucose) Ionic compounds (i.e. NaCl, table salt)

10 Water Interacts with Many Molecules Molecules that will dissolve in water are hydrophilic

11 Notice that the slightly negative part of water (the O) is attracted to the positive charged sodium ion Notice that the slightly positive part of water (the H) is attracted to the negative charged chlorine ion

12 Water Interacts with Many Molecules Water-insoluble molecules are hydrophobic Water molecules are not attracted to uncharged and nonpolar molecules like fats and oil

13

14 Water Molecules Tend to Stick Together Hydrogen bonding between water molecules produces high cohesion #3

15 That s a long chain of water! Water cohesion explains how water molecules can form a chain in delivering water from the roots to the top of a tree That s a big tree! Notice the O (slightly -) is attracted to the H (slightly +) of A DIFFERENT water molecule

16 The water is not falling off the penny because it is sticking to other water molecules = COHESION

17 Cohesion of water molecules along a surface produces surface tension Surface tension results from the great attraction of water molecules to each other (due to cohesion). The net effect is an inward force at its surface that causes water to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane. Because of the relatively high attraction of water molecules for each other, water has a high surface tension compared to that of most other liquids. Fishing spiders and water striders rely on surface tension to move across the surface of ponds

18 #4 Adhesion Water molecules sticking to other surfaces The other surfaces are polar or ionic Adhesion of the water to the spider silk

19 Adhesion of water molecules to the sides of the tube Cohesion of water to other water molecules

20 Adhesion helps water climb up the thin tubes of plants to the leaves Click link for an overview of capillary action

21 Water Stabilizes Temperature #5 Compared to other molecules, it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water It requires 1 calorie of energy to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1 o C (the specific heat of water) So water heats up or cools down very slowly This provides for a stable internal environment and habitat

22 Water Stabilizes Temperature Because the human body is mostly water, a sunbather can absorb a lot of heat energy without sending her/his body temperature soaring

23 Water Stabilizes Temperature #6 Water requires a lot of energy to turn from liquid into a gas (heat of vaporization) Water requires a high input of energy to break the hydrogen bonds to turn it from a liquid to a gas. Evaporating water uses up heat from its surroundings, cooling the nearby environment (as occurs during sweating) Here s a good link to explain evaporative cooling

24 Heat of vaporization Evaporative cooling Organisms rely on heat of vaporization to remove body heat

25 Transparency Because water is transparent, light penetrates tissue and aquatic environments, important for photosynthesis.

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