Measurement of Radon and Uranium Concentrations and Background Gamma Rays at the University of Baghdad -Jadiriyah Site
|
|
- Prudence Hensley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Measurement of Radon and Uranium Concentrations and Background Gamma Rays at the University of Baghdad -Jadiriyah Site Shafik S. Shafik 1, Aamir A. Mohammed 2 1, 2 Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad -Baghdad-Iraq ABSTRACT Radon is a radioactive gas produced by uranium decay chain. The concentration of this gas in indoor is higher than that of outdoor. An indoor radon survey of a total of 112 locations with one dosimeter per site was carried out at the university of Baghdad- Jadiriyah site. In this study, the concentrations of radon and uranium, radon exhalation rate and background of gamma rays were estimated, and the dose due to indoor radon concentrations was calculated. The minimum, maximum and average of indoor radon concentrations were ±2.182, ±1.98 and ±1.157 respectively. Radon mass exhalation rate ranged from 2.851± to 4.240± with an average value of 3.31±0.13. The average concentrations of radon and uranium in soil samples were 66.73±2.62 and ±0.457 respectively. The average indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose in the buildings was and the background dose rate of gamma rays was Keywords: Radon, Exhalation Rate, Uranium, Gamma ray, CR-39 detector. 1. INTRODUCTION The exposure to natural radiation may be due to external or internal according to the body radiation source geometry. External exposure comes mainly from the γ- emitter in man's surrounding environment which impacts the body and can be harmful to different organs due to the high penetration property of γ- rays. There has been interest in the determination of the average gamma radiation dose to which the population is exposed. The environmental radiation is composed of natural radiation, found in the ground, plus the cosmic radiation together with the contribution to background radiation from nuclear weapons tests and accidents which, eventually, will come down to the ground level. On the other hand, internal exposure comes from swallowing or inhaling radioactive materials as in the case of inhaling radon and its daughters (Saleh, 2007). [1] Radon is radioactive noble inert gas and very mobile gaseous daughter of uranium 238 U which is found in all rocks and soil. Radon is very soluble in water (Misdaq et al., 2000). [2] There are three natural isotopes of the radioactive element radon: 222 Rn originate in the 238 U decay series and has a half-life of 3.82 days, 220 Rn (thoron) is in the 232 Th chain with a half-life of 55.6 sec and 219 Rn (actinon) is in the 235 U series with its half-life of 4 sec. The chemical element radon with atomic weight 86 is the heaviest among of the inert gases, which include neon, argon, krypton and xenon as well (Wilkening, 1990). [3] The exposure to radon gas is the most signification element of human exposure to natural sources. It is distinguished from the other three elements of basic background because exposure varies markedly in ordinary circumstances, and because high exposure may be avoided with comparative ease. The most important mechanism of exposure is the inhalation of the short-lived decay products of the principal isotope, 222 Rn, with indoor air. Concentrations of 222 Rn and its progeny are usually higher in indoor air than in outdoor air, exceptions are in tropical regions, where 222 Rn concentrations in well- ventilated dwellings are essentially the same as in outdoor air (UNSCEAR 1993). [4] Sources of radon include soil, water, outdoor air, and building materials, but transport of radon bearing gas from soil is generally the most predominant source of indoor. The concentration of radon is expressed as Becquerel per cubic meter ( ) or picocuries per liter ( ) (Nagda, 1994). [5] The exposure to high level of radon gas through breathing of air increases the risk of lung cancer (Ramadhan, 2012). [6] When radon gas is inhaled, densely ionizing alpha particles emitted by deposited short- lived decay products of radon ( 218 Po and 214 Po) can interact with biological tissue in the lungs leading to DNA damage (WHO, 2009). [7] 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The technique used in this work is based on CR-39 nuclear track detectors (Pershore Mouldings which was made in England). The passive radon dosimeter geometry consists of a closed chamber into which radon diffuses (Al-Jarallah et al., 2003). [8] It is made from plastic cup with a hole at the top cover which is covered with a 5 thickness of soft Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 455
2 sponge layer. The radon dosimeter containing CR-39 (with an area 1 x 1 and 500 at its bottom. The design of the chamber ensures that the aerosol particles and radon decay products are deposited on the sponge from outside and that only radon diffuses through it to the volume of the chamber (Al-Jarallah et al., 2008). [9] The radon dosimeter was used to determine the indoor radon concentrations as shown in the figure (1). The exposure time was 90 days. At the end of the exposure time, the radon dosimeters were collected and the detectors were removed, and then treated using etching solution NaOH with 6.25N in water bath at 70±1 C for 7 h. Then, the CR-39 detectors were washed with distilled water and dried. The tracks produced were counted using optical microscope with 400x magnification as shown in figure (2). Figure 1 The Radon dosimeter. Figure 2 The tracks counting system.. The radon concentrations were calculated using the following equation (Ajaj, 1999): [10] C Rn = (1) where represents the track density resulting from all alpha particles which are present inside the container, represent the time exposure radon and the calibration factor is given by: where is the critical angle, R is the alpha particle range and is the radius of container. The radon and uranium dosimeters for soil are shown in figures (3) and (4) respectively. CR-39 Detector Cover Plastic Container 15 Soil 6cm Figure 3 The radon dosimeter for soil. Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 456
3 Cover Soil Sample CR 3 cm 5 cm Figure 4 The uranium dosimeter for soil. The uranium concentration C U can be determined using a procedure similar to used to determine radon concentration, one can write (Ajaj, 1999, Salama et al., 2006): [10,11] C U K U T (2) C Th K Th T (3) (4) total=c U K U T + C Th K Th T (5) = C U Ku+ C Th K Th (6) C U K U [1+ (C Th / C U ) (K Th / K U )] (7) The ratio C Th / C U = 4 / T = C U K U [1+ 4 (K Th / K U )] -- (8) K U =0.25 A U cos (9) K Th is given by a formula similar to eq. (9). where is the density, e i is the branching ratio, and A U is the radioactivity concentration of 1 ppm (one part per million ) of Uranium. The mass exhalation rate is given by the following equation (K. Kant et al., 2010): [12] E x = (10) where E x is the mass exhalation rate of radon, C Rn is the integrated radon exposure (Bq m -3 h -1 ), M is the mass of the sample, V is the effective volume of radon dosimeter can (figure 1), is the decay constant of radon and T is the exposure time. The annual exposure to potential alpha energy E P (effective dose equivalent) is then related to the average radon concentration C Rn by the expression: E P [WLM.Y -1 ] = --- (11) where, C Rn is in Bq/m 3 ; n is the fraction of time spent indoors; 8760, the number of hours per year; 170, the number of hours per working month and F is the equilibrium factor for radon and was taken as 0.4 as suggested by UNSCEAR, (2000). Radon progeny equilibrium is a very important quantity, where dose calculation are to be made on the basis of the measurement of radon concentration, it may have value 0 < F < 1.Thus, the values of n=0.8 and F=0.4 were used in the present research. From radon exposure the indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose was estimated using the conversion factor of 3.88 by ICRP, (1993) (Mahur, 2012). [13] In addition to the radon and uranium measurements, gamma rays were measured in 75 locations of the University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah site using digital hand-held gamma spectrometer. 3. Results and Discussion A summary of the results are shown in Table (1), it is observed that the concentration of indoor radon and the indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose inside the buildings at the university of Baghdad-Jadiriyah site. The concentrations of indoor radon were varied from ±2.182 to ±1.98 with an average value of ± From the results listed in Table (2), it is observed that the average concentrations of indoor radon in the campus of the university of Baghdad Jadiriyah site were lowest at the Institute of Genetic Engineering with value of ±1.46 while the highest value was ±1.48 in the College of Khwarizmi Engineering because all college buildings located has lacked of ventilation. The indoor radon concentrations are much lower than the recommended ICRP action level of (ICRP 1993). [14] The average indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose in the buildings was ± Table (3) shows the concentration of radon in soil and mass exhalation rate of radon in Jadiriyah site. The average radon concentration in soil samples was Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 457
4 66.73±2.62. The radon concentrations in the soil are lower than the allowed limit (800 ) from WHO (WHO,1993). [15] The mass exhalation rate of radon ranged from 2.851± to 4.240± with an overall average value of 3.31±0.13 Table (4) shows the concentrations of uranium in soil samples taken from the university of Baghdad - Jadiriyah site. Its values varied from ±0.623 to ±1.153 with an overall average value of ± The uranium concentration in soil s samples are less than the allowed limit (40 ) from UNSCEAR (UNSCEAR1993). [16] Also the background gamma dose rate was measured in Jadiriyah site, it is equal to It is lower than the recommended Ministry of Environmental in Iraq action level of 0.08±0.008 (Ministry of Environment/Iraq). [17] Table 1: Radon concentrations, E P and indoor inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose in buildings. No. Symbol Radon concentration ( ) E p ( ) Indoor Inhalation exposure (radon) effective dose ( ) 1 A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± A ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 458
5 37 B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± B ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± C ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± D ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± E ± ± F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 459
6 85 F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± F ± ± G ± ± G ± ± G ± ± G ± ± G ± ± G ± ± G ± ± G ± ± H ± ± H ± ± H ± ± K ± ± K ± ± K ± ± K ± ± M ± ± M ± ± N ± ± N ± ± N ± ± where the symbols A s for College of Science, B s for College of Engineering, C s for College of Science for Women, D s for College of Education for Women, E s for College of Media, F s for College of Political Science, G s for College of Khwarizmi Engineering, H s for Institute of Laser, K s for Institute of Accounting and Financial studies, M s for Institute of Genetic Engineering, and N s for Institute of Urban and Regional planning. Table 2: The average radon concentrations in the colleges and institutes in Jadiriyah site No. Name of College or Institute Average Radon concentrations( ) 1 College of Science ± College of Engineering ± College of Science for Women ± College of Education for Women ± College of Media ± College of Political Science ± College of Khwarizmi Engineering ± Institute of Laser ± Institute of Accounting and Financial studies ± Institute of Genetic Engineering ± Institute of Urban and Regional planning ±0.903 Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 460
7 Table 3: Radon concentrations and mass exhalation rate in soil samples. No. Symbol Radon concentration Radon mass exhalation rate ( ) ( ) 1 S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± S ± ±0.011 Table 4: Uranium concentrations in Jadiriyah site. No. Symbol Uranium concentration ( ) Uranium concentration ( ) 1 S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± S ± ± Conclusions The concentrations of radon gas in soil samples and inside buildings were measured using Cr 39 detectors, and they were found lower than the recommended WHO and ICRP action levels respectively. The concentrations of uranium in soil samples were found lower than the recommended UNSCEAR. The background gamma rays and mass exhalation rates of radon were and ±2.315, respectively. All results of indoor radon showed that no action is required to reduce radon levels inside the buildings. References [1.] F. S. Al- Saleh, "Measurements of indoor gamma radiation and radon concentrations in dwellings of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia", App. Rad. Isot. 65(2007) [2.] M. A. Misdaq, A. Merzouki, D. Elabboubi, F. Aitnouh, and S. Berrazzouk, "Determination of radon equivalent alpha- dose in different human organs from water ingestion using SSNTD and dosimetric compartmental models", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Vol.245, No.3 (2000) [3.] M. Wilkening, "Radon in the Environment", Elsevier Science Publishing Company INC., New York, U.S.A [4.] UNSCEAR 1993, "Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation", United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1993, Report to the General Assembly. [5.] N. L. Nagda, " Radon: Prevalence, Measurements, Health Risks and Control", American Society for testing and materials, Philadelphia, PA, [6.] R. M. Ramadhan, " Measurement of radon concentration in Iraqi and imported cement", J. Thi- Qar Sci., Vol.3 (2), [7.] WHO, "Handbook on Indoor Radon, A public health perspective" World Health Organization, [8.] M. I. Al-Jarallah and F. Rehman, "Indoor radon measurements in dwellings of four Saudi Arabian cities", Radiat. Meas. 36(2003) [9.] M. I. Al-Jaralla, F. Rehman, and Abdalla K. "Comparative study of short and long term indoor radon measurements", Radiat. Meas. 43(2008) S471-S474. [10.] F. Abdul-Kader, " A study of the nuclear track detectors and the use of them in Natural Radioactivity Measurements in Mekkah ", M.sc thesis, Umm Al- Qura University, [11.] T. A. Salama, U. Seddik, T. M. Dsoky, A. M. Morsy, and R. El-Asser, "Determination of thorium and uranium contents in soil samples using SSNTDs passive method", Pramana J. Phys., Vol. 67, No. 2, 2006, pp [12.] K. Kant, R. Rashmi, S. Kuriakose, R. G. Sonkawade, R. P. Chauhan, S.K. Chakarvarti and G. S. Sharma, " Radon activity and exhalation rates in Indian fly ash samples ", Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, Vol. 48, July 2010, pp Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 461
8 [13.] A. K. Mahur, "Comparative study of indoor radon, thoron with radon exhalation rate in soil samples in some historical places at Jaipur, Rajasthan, India", Pelagia Research Library: Advances in Applied Science Research, 2012, 3(2): [14.] International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 65), 1993, "Protection against Rn-222 at home and at work", Pergamon Press, Oxford, [15.] World Health Organization, WHO, " Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality", 2nd. Geneva, [16.] UNSCEAR 1993, "sources and effects of ionizing radiation ", united nations scientific committee effects of atomic radiation, Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, New York,1993. [17.] Ministry of Environment in Iraq, "Indeed Environment Radioactivity for 2007". AUTHOR Shafik S. Shafik received the B.S., M.S. and Ph. D. degrees in Nuclear Physics, from Physics Department, Collage of Science, Baghdad University in 1995, 1999, and 2006 respectively. During , he stayed in Iraqi Radiation Protection Center (ICRC), Ministry of Environment of Iraq. During till now he worked as a lecturer in the Physics Department, Collage of Science, Baghdad University. In addition, he now occupies a deputy Dean of the Collage of Science, Baghdad University Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2013 Page 462
International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF, ISSN: , ISSN(Online): Vol.9, No.9, pp , 2016
International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF, ISSN: 0974-4304, ISSN(Online): 2455-9563 Vol.9, No.9, pp 231-235, 2016 Measurement of radon concentration in some of cosmetics by using
More informationMeasurement of indoor radon, thoron and annual effective doses in the some dwellings of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India
ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 2 Number 8 (August-2014) pp. 112-117 www.ijcrar.com Measurement of indoor radon, thoron and annual effective doses in the some dwellings of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India Jyoti Sharma
More informationUranium Concentrations measurement for Ground Water and Soil Samples in Al-Najaf/Iraq
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) e-issn: 2278-5736. Volume 6, Issue 5 (Jan. 2014), PP 61-65 Uranium Concentrations measurement for Ground Water and Soil Samples in Al-Najaf/Iraq Ali A. Abojassim
More informationRadon Activity And Exhalation Rate In Building Materials From Crushing Zone Of Shivalik Foothills In India
Radon Activity And Exhalation Rate In Building Materials From Crushing Zone Of Shivalik Foothills In India Sunil Kamboj, Vakul Bansal, Anil Pundir, R.P. Chauhan Sunil Kamboj & Vakul Bansal Department of
More informationDetermination of thorium and uranium contents in soil samples using SSNTD s passive method
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 67, No. 2 journal of August 2006 physics pp. 269 276 Determination of thorium and uranium contents in soil samples using SSNTD s passive method T A SALAMA 1,,
More informationJ. Rad. Nucl. Appl. 2, No. 1, (2017) 11 Journal of Radiation and Nuclear Applications An International Journal
J. Rad. Nucl. Appl. 2, No. 1, 11-15 (2017) 11 Journal of Radiation and Nuclear Applications An International Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/jrna/020102 Measurement of Radium Concentration and Radon
More informationRADON EQUILIBRIUM MEASUREMENT IN THE AIR *
RADON EQUILIBRIUM MEASUREMENT IN THE AIR * SOFIJA FORKAPIĆ, DUŠAN MRĐA, MIROSLAV VESKOVIĆ, NATAŠA TODOROVIĆ, KRISTINA BIKIT, JOVANA NIKOLOV, JAN HANSMAN University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department
More informationStudy of Radium and Radon Exhalation Rate in Some Sand Samples Using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors
Study of Radium and Radon Exhalation Rate in Some Sand Samples Using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors Amal Mohamed 1 Tarfa.H.Alsheddi 2 and Shaffa. Almansour 3 1 Department of physics, Faculty of Science,
More informationRadioactivity measurements and risk assessments in soil samples at south and middle of Qatar
Radioactivity measurements and risk assessments in soil samples at south and middle of Qatar A. T. Al-Kinani*, M. A. Amr**, K. A. Al-Saad**, A. I. Helal***, and M. M. Al Dosari* *Radiation and Chemical
More informationLevel of Radionuclide Contents in Surface Water from Shutt- Al-Arab River in Basrah Governorate, Iraq
International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science (IJARPS) Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2015, PP 1-6 ISSN 2349-7874 (Print) & ISSN 2349-7882 (Online) www.arcjournals.org Level of Radionuclide Contents
More informationINFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE GEOMETRY ON THE RESPONSE OF CR39 SSNT RADON DETECTORS *
Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 63, No. 2, P. 376 382, 11 INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE GEOMETRY ON THE RESPONSE OF CR39 SSNT RADON DETECTORS * ELENA ROBU 1, FRANZ JOSEF MARINGER 2, MASSIMO GARAVALIA 3, LUCA
More informationKeywords Paints, Alpha particles shield percentage (ASP), CR-39 detector. Introduction. JMESSP
Effect of Paints On Emanation of Alpha Particles from Natural Radionuclide in The Internal Walls Ali Abdulwahab Ridha, Hawraa Khalaf Ayyed Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University,
More informationDetermination of Radon Gas Concentrations and Radon Exhalation Rate in Soil Sample in Selected Regions in Anbar Governorate
Determination of Radon Gas Concentrations and Radon Exhalation Rate in Soil Sample in Selected Regions in Anbar Governorate Dhameer A. Mutlak Department of Physics, College of Science, Al- Anbar University,
More informationWHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION
WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION Margarita Saraví National Atomic Energy Commission - Argentina Workshop on Ionizing Radiation SIM Buenos Aires 10 November 2011 What is ionizing radiation? What is ionizing radiation?
More informationAlpha radioactivity in Indian cement samples
Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2006; 3 (4): 171-176 Alpha radioactivity in Indian cement samples M. Nain 1 *, R.P. Chauhan 2, S.K. Chakarvarti 3 1 Department of Physics, Govt. P.G. College, Karnal, Haryana, India
More informationResearch about the quantity of Radon in our everyday places
Research about the quantity of Radon in our everyday places Riccardo Giussani & Riccardo Pasina & Mattia Ruo Liceo Ballerini Abstract The idea of our project comes from our school (Collegio Ballerini);
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11665-5 First edition 2012-07-15 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 5: Continuous measurement method of the activity concentration Mesurage de
More informationMeasurement of Specific Activities of Some Biological Samples for Some Iraq Governorates
International Journal of Recent Research and Review, Vol. IX, Issue 3, September 2016 ISSN 2277 8322 Measurement of Specific Activities of Some Biological s for Some Iraq Governorates Mahmood S. Karim
More informationISO Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 5: Continuous measurement method of the activity concentration
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11665-5 First edition 2012-07-15 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 5: Continuous measurement method of the activity concentration Mesurage de
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Physics Procedia 80 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 80 (2015 ) 135 139 26th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, 26ICNTS Measurement of natural radioactivity, radon
More informationEvaluation and analysis of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K and radon exhalation rate in various grey cements
Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 48, July 2010, pp. 473-477 Evaluation and analysis of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K and radon exhalation rate in various grey cements Rati Varshney a, A K Mahur c,
More informationInternational Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: Vol.8, No.3, pp , 2015
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-4290 Vol.8, No.3, pp 1047-1052, 2015 Radioactive Measurements by Using Chemical Detectors (CR) and (TLD) in Damascus City Rose
More informationMeasurements of Radon Concentrations and Dose Assessments in Chemistry Department-Science College- Al- Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
2016 IJSRST Volume 2 Issue 4 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology Measurements of Radon Concentrations and Dose Assessments in Chemistry Department-Science
More informationThis document is a preview generated by EVS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11665-6 First edition 2012-07-15 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Air: radon-222 Part 6: Spot measurement method of the activity concentration Mesurage de la radioactivité
More informationMultilayer Nuclear Track Detectors for Retrospective Radon Dosimetry
Multilayer Nuclear Track Detectors for Retrospective Radon Dosimetry V. V. Bastrikov 1, M. V. Zhukovsky 2 1 Experimental Physics Department, Ural State Technical University, Mira St., 19/5, 620002, Ekaterinburg,
More informationNORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal
NORM and TENORM: Occurrence, Characterizing, Handling and Disposal Ionizing Radiation and Hazard Potential John R. Frazier, Ph.D. Certified Health Physicist May 12, 2014 Radiation Radiation is a word that
More informationEstimating the natural and artificial radioactivity in soil samples from some oil sites in Kirkuk-Iraq using high resolution gamma rays spectrometry
Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 55, September 2017, pp. 674-682 Estimating the natural and artificial radioactivity in soil samples from some oil sites in Kirkuk-Iraq using high resolution
More informationExperiment Radioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado
Experiment 10 1 Introduction Radioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado Some radioactive isotopes formed billions of years ago have half- lives so long
More informationCommitted Effective Dose from Thoron Daughters Inhalation
Committed Effective Dose from Thoron Daughters Inhalation M.P. Campos and B.R.S. Pecequilo Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - Departamento de Radioproteção Ambiental Travessa R, 400 Cidade
More informationStudy of the Parameters Affecting Radon Gas Flux from the Stream Sediments at Seila Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt
Study of the Parameters Affecting Radon Gas Flux from the Stream Sediments at Seila Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt Y.A. Abdel-Razek a, M.S. Masoud a, M.Y. Hanafi ab and M.S. El-Nagdy b. a Nuclear Materials
More information4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes The structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes. Content
4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the
More informationIon Chamber. Radon Measurements. Theremino System Rev.1. Theremino System IonChamber_ENG Page 1
Ion Chamber Radon Measurements Theremino System Rev.1 Theremino System IonChamber_ENG Page 1 Table of Contents Misure con Camera a Ioni... 3 Theory... 3 Equipment... 3 Radon in Buildings - Rn 222... 4
More informationSection 3: Nuclear Radiation Today
: Nuclear Radiation Today Preview Key Ideas Bellringer Where is Radiation? Beneficial Uses of Nuclear Radiation Risks of Nuclear Radiation Nuclear Power Key Ideas Where are we exposed to radiation? What
More informationThe basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the
More informationATOMIC PHYSICS Practical 11 STUDY OF DECOMPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE RADON 1. INTRODUCTION
ATOMIC PHYSICS Practical 11 STUDY OF DECOMPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE RADON 1. INTRODUCTION I. People usually receive radiation mainly from natural sources. About one-third of the natural radiation is related
More informationChapter 29. Nuclear Physics
Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics Ernest Rutherford 1871 1937 Discovery that atoms could be broken apart Studied radioactivity Nobel prize in 1908 Some Properties of Nuclei All nuclei are composed of protons
More informationAssessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Hazards of Cement in Iraq
Nuclear Science 2018; 3(2): 23-27 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ns doi: 10.11648/j.ns.20180302.11 Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Hazards of Cement in Iraq Zaki A.
More informationCurriculum Vitae. Certificats & Dates:
Curriculum Vitae Personal Data : Name : Nada Fadhil Tawfiq Date of birth : 25 August 1959 Place of birth : Baghdad Iraq Nationality : Iraq Marital Status: Single Present Address : Al-Nahrain University
More informationAdvances in Physics Theories and Applications ISSN X (Paper) ISSN (Online) Vol.35, 2014
Indoor Radon Concentration in Dwellings of Baghdad City and In Dora Refinery Using Rad-7 Detector Dr. Khalid H. Mahdi 1*, Dr. Yousif M. Z. Al-Bakhat 2, Hadeel G. Ishnayyin 3 1, 3 University of Baghdad,
More informationMeasurement of Uranium Concentration in the Soil Samples by Using Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs)
2016 IJSRST Volume 2 Issue 4 Print ISSN: 2395-6011 Online ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Section: Science and Technology Measurement of Uranium Concentration in the Soil Samples by Using Solid State Nuclear Track
More informationWhat happens during nuclear decay? During nuclear decay, atoms of one element can change into atoms of a different element altogether.
When Henri Becquerel placed uranium salts on a photographic plate and then developed the plate, he found a foggy image. The image was caused by rays that had not been observed before. For his discovery
More informationAtomic Structure Summary
Atomic Structure Summary All atoms have: a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons around it Atomic nucleus consists of: positively charged protons and neutrons that have no electric
More information10.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY
10.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY When Henri Becquerel placed uranium salts on a photographic plate and then developed the plate, he found a foggy image. The image was caused by rays that had not been observed before.
More informationRadiological Preparedness & Emergency Response. Session II. Objectives. Basic Radiation Physics
Radiological Preparedness & Emergency Response Session II Basic Radiation Physics Objectives Discuss the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Describe radioactive decay. Discuss the
More informationCollege Physics B - PHY2054C
College - PHY2054C Physics - Radioactivity 11/24/2014 My Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00 AM - Noon 206 Keen Building Review Question 1 Isotopes of an element A have the same number of protons and electrons,
More informationIt s better to have a half-life than no life! Radioactive Decay Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
It s better to have a half-life than no life! Radioactive Decay Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay What does it mean to be radioactive? Some atoms have nuclei that are unstable. These atoms spontaneously decompose
More informationFundamentals of radiation protection
Fundamentals of radiation protection Kamel ABBAS European Commission, Joint Research Centre Institute for Transuranium Elements, Nuclear Security Unit Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy tel. +39-0332-785673,
More informationINAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM
INAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD 232 - LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM Radiation: It is defined as the process by which energy is emitted from a source and propagated through the surrounding
More informationRadon Determination by Activated Charcoal Adsorption and Liquid Scintillation Measurement. Canoba, A.C.; López, F.O. and Oliveira, A.A.
Radon Determination by Activated Charcoal Adsorption and Liquid Scintillation Measurement Canoba, A.C.; López, F.O. and Oliveira, A.A. Publicado en: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, vol.
More informationEvaluation Model of Atmospheric Natural Radiaoctivity Considering Meteorological Variables
Evaluation Model of Atmospheric Natural Radiaoctivity Considering Meteorological Variables ELENA SIMION 1,2 *, ION MIHALCEA 2, FLORIN SIMION 1,3, CRISTIAN PACURARU 4 1 National Environmental Protection
More informationINAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM
INAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD 232 - LECTURE 1 RADIATION PHYSICS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM LECTURES & CLASS ACTIVITIES https://inayacollegedrmohammedemam.wordpress.com/ Password: drmohammedemam 16-02-2015
More informationZX or X-A where X is chemical symbol of element. common unit: [unified mass unit = u] also known as [atomic mass unit = amu] or [Dalton = Da]
1 Part 5: Nuclear Physics 5.1. The Nucleus = atomic number = number of protons N = neutron number = number of neutrons = mass number = + N Representations: X or X- where X is chemical symbol of element
More informationKeywords: Cape coast, concentration, E-PERM, exposure, LR-115, radon
Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 4(7): 715-719, 2012 ISSN: 2041-0492 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012 Submitted: May 18, 2012 Accepted: June 12, 2012 Published: July 25, 2012 Preliminary
More informationOccupational Exposures during the U-Exploration Activities at Seila Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 50 (2), (-29) 207 Occupational Exposures during the U-Exploration Activities at Seila Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt Y.A. Abdel-Razek a, M.S. Masoud
More informationCALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS MEASURING RADON OVER A LARGE ACTIVITY RANGE. N. Michielsen, V. Voisin
Radon in the Living Environment, 011 CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS MEASURING RADON OVER A LARGE ACTIVITY RANGE N. Michielsen, V. Voisin Institut de Protection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de Prévention
More informationsample What happens when we are exposed to radiation? 1.1 Natural radiation Cosmic radiation
1.1 Natural radiation 3 1 What happens when we are exposed to radiation? 1.1 Natural radiation For as long as humans have walked the earth, we have continually been exposed to naturally-occurring radiation.
More informationJournal of American Science 2013;9(12)
Journal of American Science 213;9(12) http://www.jofamericanscience.org Estimation of the Radiation Dose for Some Individuals Working With Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Tarek Mahmoud Morsi,
More informationBASIC OF RADIATION; ORIGIN AND UNITS
INAYA MEDICAL COLLEGE (IMC) RAD 243 - LECTURE 2 BASIC OF RADIATION; ORIGIN AND UNITS DR. MOHAMMED MOSTAFA EMAM LECTURES & CLASS ACTIVITIES https://inayacollegedrmohammedemam.wordpress.com/ Password: drmohammedemam
More informationMATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RADON ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
2015 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2015 São Paulo, SP, Brazil, October 4-9, 2015 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - ABEN ISBN: 978-85-99141-06-9 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RADON ACTIVITY
More informationAssessment of Rn and U Concentrations in the Soil of Qadafery, Kalar and Zarayan Located in Sulaimani Governorate of Kurdistan Region- Iraq
American Journal of Environmental Protection 2015; 4(1): 40-44 Published online February 2, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajep) doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.16 ISSN: 2328-5680 (Print);
More informationRadiation Awareness Training. Stephen Price Office of Research Safety
Radiation Awareness Training Stephen Price Office of Research Safety Purpose This training is intended for Clemson University Faculty, Staff or Students who do not work directly with radioactive materials
More informationActivity Concentrations and Associated Gamma Doses of 238 U and 235 U in Jordan
Journal of Physical Science and Application 5 (5) (2015) 367-372 doi: 10.17265/2159-5348/2015.05.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING Activity Concentrations and Associated Gamma Doses of 238 U and 235 U in Jordan ABDUL-WALI
More informationRadon Concentration in the Work Atmosphere of Cement Plants in the Sulaymaniyah Area, Iraq
http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10329 7 Radon Concentration in the Work Atmosphere of Cement Plants in the Sulaymaniyah Area, Iraq Adil M. Hussein 1, Kamal O. Abdullah 1, Kharman A. Faraj 1, Dara F. Hamamin
More informationA Simple Measurement Technique of the Equilibrium. Equivalent Thoron Concentration with a CR-39 Detector
Jpn. J. Health Phys., 37 (1), 59-63 (2002) Technical Paper A Simple Measurement Technique of the Equilibrium Equivalent Thoron Concentration with a CR-39 Detector Shinji TOKONAMI*1, Quanfu SUN*1, Hidenori
More informationM. Rogozina, M. Zhukovsky, A. Ekidin, M. Vasyanovich. Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences
THORON PROGENY SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN MONAZITE STORAGE FACILITY M. Rogozina, M. Zhukovsky, A. Ekidin, M. Vasyanovich Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences Thoron ( 220
More informationPhysics 219 Help Session. Date: Wed 12/07, Time: 6:00-8:00 pm. Location: Physics 331
Lecture 25-1 Physics 219 Help Session Date: Wed 12/07, 2016. Time: 6:00-8:00 pm Location: Physics 331 Lecture 25-2 Final Exam Dec. 14. 2016. 1:00-3:00pm in Phys. 112 Bring your ID card, your calculator
More informationR A D I A T I O N P R O T E C T I O N a n d t h e N R C
R A D I A T I O N P R O T E C T I O N and the NRC Radiation is all around us. It is naturally present in our environment and has been since before the birth of this planet. Radiation occurs in nature,
More informationMeasuring and Study the Uranium Concentration in Different Types of Powder Milk
Measuring and Study the Uranium Concentration in Different Types of Powder Milk AHMED FADHIL MKHAIBER Dept. Baghdad/ IRAQ Baghdad University, College of Education, physics E-mail: ahmfad2002@yahoo.com
More informationPS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity
PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an
More informationUncertainty in radon measurements with CR39 detector due to unknown deposition of Po
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 450 (2000) 568} 572 Uncertainty in radon measurements with CR39 detector due to unknown deposition of Po D. NikezicH, K.N. Yu* Department of Physics
More informationRadioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado
Experiment 10 1 Introduction Radioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado Some radioactive isotopes formed billions of years ago have half-lives so long
More informationActivity 11 Solutions: Ionizing Radiation II
Activity 11 Solutions: Ionizing Radiation II 11.1 Additional Sources of Ionizing Radiation 1) Cosmic Rays Your instructor will show you radiation events in a cloud chamber. Look for vapor trails that do
More informationINTERNAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY
INTERNAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY Introduction to Internal Dosimetry Importance of External and Internal Exposures by Radiation Type Charged particle radiation (α, p, β) Generally important only for internal
More information4.4 Atomic structure Notes
4.4 Atomic structure Notes Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand
More informationNuclear Radiation. Natural Radioactivity. A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield.
Nuclear Radiation Natural Radioactivity A person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and stands behind a shield. 1 Radioactive Isotopes A radioactive isotope has an unstable
More informationMeasurement of radon gas concentration in cement samples by using nuclear track detector (CR-39)
Measurement of radon gas concentration in cement samples by using nuclear track detector (CR-39) Haider H. Ali Khalid H. Abass Foaad Sh. Hashim Department of Physics, College of Education, Babylon University
More informationNatural Radiation Map of the Sudan
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-issn: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. III (Jul. Aug. 2017), PP 35-39 www.iosrjournals.org Natural Radiation Map of the Sudan * Magdi Hassan Saad 1, 2 1 - Department
More informationRadioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles.
Radioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles. In 1896, Henri Bequerel discovered that uranium and other elements
More informationSources of Radiation
Radioactivity Sources of Radiation Natural Sources Cosmic Radiation The Earth is constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation
More informationEarth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews
Research Article Natural Radioactivity Levels in Soil s of AL- Sadr and AL-Forat AL-Aosat Hospitals in Najaf Hussein H Al-Gazaly*, and Zuhier H AL-Thbhawy Earth & Environmental Science Research & Reviews
More informationAvailable Online at CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Vol. 9, Issue, 3(C), pp , March, 2018.
ISSN: 0976-3031 ailable Online at http://www.recentscientific.com CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 9, Issue, 3(C), pp. 24838-24843, March, 2018 Research Article
More informationCOMPONENT OF BACKGROUND GAMMA RADIATION LEVELS IN BANGALORE METROPOLITAN, INDIA Sathish L. A.* and Nethravathi K.S.
COMPONENT OF BACKGROUND GAMMA RADIATION LEVELS IN BANGALORE METROPOLITAN, INDIA Sathish L. A.* and Nethravathi K.S. Department of Physics, Government Science College, Bangalore (INDIA) Received June 05,
More informationNuclear Physics and Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-302 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 24 Medical Imaging Effects of Radiation We now know what radiation is But what does it mean for our bodies? Radioactivity is quantified in
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 172 (2017 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 172 (2017 ) 1184 1189 Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST 2016 Radon - occurrence and health risks in
More informationWM2018 Conference, March 18-22, 2018, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. PVT and LaBr3(Ce)-based Radon Express Analyzers 18164
PVT and LaBr3(Ce)-based Radon Express Analyzers 864 Vladislav Kondrashov *, Stephen Steranka* and Glenn Paulson** * RadComm Systems Corp. 293 Portland Dr, Oakville, Ontario L6H 5S4, CANADA ** Paulson and
More informationRadiation Safety Talk. UC Santa Cruz Physics 133 Winter 2018
Radiation Safety Talk UC Santa Cruz Physics 133 Winter 2018 Outline Types of radiation Sources of radiation Dose limits and risks ALARA principle Safety procedures Types of radiation Radiation is energy
More informationRadioactive nuclei. From Last Time. Biological effects of radiation. Radioactive decay. A random process. Radioactive tracers. e r t.
From Last Time Nuclear structure and isotopes Binding energy of nuclei Radioactive nuclei Final Exam is Mon Dec 21, 5:05 pm - 7:05 pm 2103 Chamberlin 3 equation sheets allowed About 30% on new material
More informationParticle size distribution of the radon progeny and ambient aerosols in the Underground Tourist Route "Liczyrzepa" Mine in Kowary Adit
Particle size distribution of the radon progeny and ambient aerosols in the Underground Tourist Route "Liczyrzepa" Mine in Kowary Adit Katarzyna Wołoszczuk 1,*, Krystian Skubacz 2 1 CENTRAL LABORATORY
More informationNumber of protons. 2. What is the nuclear symbol for a radioactive isotope of copper with a mass number of 60? A) Cu
Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry Practice Problems 1. Fill in the missing information in the chart: Medical Use Atomic Mass symbol number Heart imaging 201 Tl 81 Number of protons Number of neutrons Abdominal
More informationNuclear Spectroscopy: Radioactivity and Half Life
Particle and Spectroscopy: and Half Life 02/08/2018 My Office Hours: Thursday 1:00-3:00 PM 212 Keen Building Outline 1 2 3 4 5 Some nuclei are unstable and decay spontaneously into two or more particles.
More informationChemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture
Chemistry 201: General Chemistry II - Lecture Dr. Namphol Sinkaset Chapter 21 Study Guide Concepts 1. There are several modes of radioactive decay: (1) alpha (α) decay, (2) beta (β) decay, (3) gamma (γ)
More informationAlpha Radioactivity in Various Brands of Rice in Iraqi Market
International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Protection 2015; 2(5): 70-75 Published online September 22, 2015 (http://www.openscienceonline.com/journal/ijemp) Alpha Radioactivity in Various Brands
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Available online at ScienceDirect. Journal of Taibah University for Science xxx (2015) xxx xxx
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal of Taibah University for Science xxx (2015) xxx xxx Effective radiation doses from natural sources at Seila area South Eastern Desert, Egypt
More informationThe Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2017, 4(6): Research Article
, 217, 4(6):53-6 Available online www.tpcj.org Research Article ISSN: 2349-792 CODEN(USA): PCJHBA Determination of Natural Radioactivity Concentration Levels in Soil Samples in Odigbo Local Government
More informationOptical density for CN-85 and CR-39 Plastic Detectors and α-particle Radiography
Basrah Journal of Scienec (A) Vol.27(1),29-34, 2009 Optical density for CN-85 and CR-39 Plastic Detectors and α-particle Radiography Jassim.M.Al-Ali Department of Physics, College of Science, University
More informationy loo Physics Essentials Workbook Stage 2 Physics Exercises
238 Physics Essentials Workbook Stage 2 Physics 15.1 2 Exercises P Explain why stable nuclei of high mass have a higher proportion of neutrons than stable nuclei of low mass. 2 Name four types of spontaneous
More informationEvaluation of natural radioactivity in Selected Soil Samples from the Archaeological of Ur City by using HPGe detector
Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 62 (2017) 79-92 EISSN 2392-2192 Evaluation of natural radioactivity in Selected Soil Samples from the Archaeological of Ur City by using HPGe detector
More informationRadiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects
Radiation Safety Training Session 1: Radiation Protection Fundamentals and Biological Effects Reading Assignment: LLE Radiological Controls Manual (LLEINST 6610) Part 1 UR Radiation Safety Training Manual
More informationDetermination of effective radium content and uranium concentrations for the soap and the detergent powder samples in Iraq.
Curr Pediatr Res 2017; 21 (3): 485-489 ISSN 0971-9032 www.currentpediatrics.com Determination of effective radium content and uranium concentrations for the soap and the detergent powder samples in Iraq.
More informationChapter. Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 01 Chapter 22 Slide 2 Chapter 22 Slide 3 Alpha Decay: Loss of an α-particle (a helium nucleus) 4 2 He 238 92 U 234 4 U He 90 + 2 Chapter 22 Slide 4 Beta Decay:
More information