DIVERSITY OF SURFACE MYCOFLORA ON TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA

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1 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. DIVERSITY O SURCE MYCOLOR ON TINOSPOR CORDIOLI *Sandeep Shukla 1 and R. B. Sharma 1 Department of Botany, Dr. B.S.P. Government College, Pendra, (C.G.), India Department of Botany, E.V.P.G. College, Korba, (C.G.), India *uthor for Correspondence BSTRCT The leaf surface in open atmosphere is exposed to a continuous air current which carries numerous fungal spores, along with various other microscopic objects both living and non living. part of this spores is occasionally trapped by leaves through various devices viz. hairs and sticky surface etc. Once the spore happens to fall upon a leaf surface some of them finding a suitable micro habitat and try to form colonies. The complicated processes occurring at the surface of the leaves have attracted the attention of physiologist and pathologist. In present study leaves of Tinospora cordifolia were collected randomly from the plants monthly. ive petriplates were used in each sampling period. Then the petriplates were incubated at 5+ 1 C in incubation chamber for days. fter incubation the fungi were recorded and identified. 3 species of leaf surface fungi obtained, where species of Zygomycotina, species of scomycotina, 11 species of Deuteromycotia and from mycelia sterilia reported. In leaf surface 1 colonies reported in rainy season, 11 and colonies from winter and summer season respectively, total 335 colonies recorder reported. Keywords: erobiology, ungal Spores, Microhabitats, ir Spora INTRODUCTION erobiology is the multidisciplinary environmental science which deals information from plant science, science of weather forecasting, palynology, air pollution, geography, chemistry, plant pathology, remote sensing etc. The term aerobiology came in to the use during 13s as collective term for studies of air spores like air borne fungal spores, pollen grains and other microorganism. Gregory 15 suggested the term ir spora to describe the fungal and pollen flora. The leaf surface in open atmosphere is exposed to a continuous air current which carries numerous fungal spores, along with various other microscopic objects both living and non living. erial parts of the plant serve as the microhabitats for a variety of micro organism present in the air spora. The leaf surface accommodates micro organism by providing a complete ecological niche where the exudates from leaves provide nutrition, moisture, ph and temperature. The green leaves exhibit a phenomenon of removing some of the microbes normally carried by wind. Once the leaves unfold a series of complex events follow due it interest between leaf surface exudates and microbes whose spore happen to colonize the leaf (Sharma and Mukharji, 1: Tiwari, 1). Generally pathogenic fungi are more common on the ageing parts than young parts (Sahu, 1, 15; Tiwari, 1). Geogray and Stedeman (153) studied that deposition of airborne spores on various freely exposed surfaces was much influenced by the type of spores, by the wind spread and orientation and stickiness of the trap surface. Spores reach the leaf in three ways (1) by dry wind () by rain drops (3) by rain splash droplets. Last, in 155 gave the term phyllosphere to denote the external leaf surfaces of plants, at term analogous to rhizosphere was coined by Ruinen (15). Prasad and Bilgrami (1) state that phyllosphere term in used to designate all those organisms (including fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes) which are in some way are the other under the influenced of the exposed part of the plant, like leaf, stem, bud, flower and fruit etc. Bessems (13) considered that the phyllosphere is the environment of microorganisms on the wet surface and in the space between leaf sheath and stem. It is now accepted that phyllosphere is the Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

2 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. environment and phyllosphere should be restricted to the zone near leaves and phyloplane used when referring to actual leaf surface (Kerling, 15) Kendrick and Burgas (1), Dickinson (15), Kapooriya and Singh (1), Last and Warren (1), Sharma (13) and Mukharjee (1). It is well known that an active population of fungi exists on the surface of physiologically active green leaves and these have been termed as phylloplane by Kerling (15), Sharma (13) states that phylloplane may be define as the leaf surface medium, where a heterogeneity of microorganisms grow, reproduce and multiply in dynamic equilibrium with the interacting micro and macro environment of the leaf itself. The phylloplane is a natural habitat on the leaf surface which represents a heterogeneous population comprising of both pathogen and non pathogen (Laben, 15; Mukerjee, 13; Mishra and Tiwari, 1). Much of the interest in phyllosphere microbiology has been driven by the need to better understand the behavior and control of the pathogen that are prominent member of this community. Plant productivity can be effected by microbes ) where as other produce phytohormones that have the potential to effect plant development and productivity. B) Much less is understood about the identity or properties of numerous non pathogenic microbes that inhabit the phyllosphere. Kerling (1) studied phylloplane of the leaves of Rye and Strawberry. Last and Deighton (15) studied non parasitic microbes colonizing green leaves. Sinha (15) studied microbial complex of phyllosphere and disease control, he also studied the microflora on leaves of Capsicum annum and some other plants. MTERILS ND METHODS Tinospora cordifolia is economically and medically important crop in India. Leaf surface mycoflora of the test plant was studied during July to June 1. or the study of leaf surface mycoflora leaves were collected randomly from the plants monthly. The leaf samples were collected in sterilized polythene bags. Than the collected leaves were brought in to the laboratory for the isolation of leaf surface mycoflora. Than the collected sample leaves were placed in 15 ml. of conical flask containing 5 ml. of sterilized distilled water. or the homogenous suspension of fungal organisms attached to the leaf surface the conical flask was hand shaken for 3 minutes. This suspension was used for the study, and then 1 ml. of the suspension was poured in to the PD media containing each petriplates. ive petriplates were used in each sampling period. Then the petriplates were incubated at 5+ 1 C in incubation chamber for days. fter incubation the fungi were recorded and identified. Potato-Dextrose-gar (Riker and Riker, 13) media- Potato (peeled and sliced) Grams Dextrose Grams gar-gar Grams Water 1 ml. ph. -.5 or the ecological study the percentage frequency and percentage abundance of the fungal species is calculated with the help of following formulae. Number of observation in which a species appeared Percentage frequency = X 1 Total Number of observation Total No. of colonies of a species in all the observation Percentage abundance = X 1 Total Number of colonies Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 3

3 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. RESULTS ND DISCUSSION 3 species of leaf surface obtained, where species of Zygomycotina, species of scomycotina, 11 species of Deuteromycotia and from mycelia sterilia reported (table 1). In leaf surface 1 colonies reported in rainy season, 11 and colonies from winter and summer season respectively, total 335 colonies recorder reported. Month ugust is the dominant contributor during the study period (table 1). In the study most frequently observed fungal species from leaf surface were spergillus fumigates (13.13 ),. nidulans ( ), lternaria alternate (.55 ), spergillus niger (. ) and Cladosporium cladosporiodes (5. ) (Table 5, figure 3). In rainy season contribution of Zygomycotina.55, scomycotina.3, Deuteromycotina 3.53 and Mycelia sterilia. has been reported (table, figure ). In winter season contribution of Zygomycotina., scomycotina 31., Deuteromycotina 5. and Mycelia sterilia.3 has been reported (table, figure B). In summer season contribution of Zygomycotina, scomycotina 5.3, Deuteromycotina 33. and Mycelia sterilia has been reported (table, figure C). The annual contribution of aeromycoflora is Zygomycotina.1, scomycotina., Deuteromycotina 1. and Mycelia sterilia. has been reported (table, figure ). Months wise percentage contribution of each fungal group to the total leaf surface mycoflora was observed. In July, Zygomycotina., scomycotina. and Deuteromycotina 11 were observed mycelia sterilia was absent in the month. In ugust, Zygomycotina 13.3, scomycotina 55., Deuteromycotina.35 and mycelia sterilia. were reported. In September, Zygomycotina 3., scomycotina 3., Deuteromycotina 51. and mycelia sterilia 5. were reported. In October, Zygomycotina was absent, scomycotina 3., Deuteromycotina.3 and mycelia sterilia. were reported. In November, Zygomycotina 15., scomycotina 3.3, Deuteromycotina 3.5 and mycelia sterilia 1.5 were observed. In December, Zygomycotina 1., scomycotina 31., Deuteromycotina 1.3 and mycelia sterilia 1.3 were reported. In January, Zygomycotina., scomycotina 3., Deuteromycotina. was reported and mycelia sterilia was absent. In ebruary, Zygomycotina and mycelia sterilia were absent, scomycotina., Deuteromycotina. were reported. In March, Zygomycotina was absent, scomycotina.5, Deuteromycotina.1 and mycelia sterilia.5 were reported. In pril, Zygomycotina and mycelia sterilia were absent, scomycotina 1.11 and Deuteromycotina 3. was reported. In May, Zygomycotina was absent, scomycotina 1., Deuteromycotina 1. and mycelia sterilia 1. were reported. In June, Zygomycotina and mycelia sterilia were absent, scomycotina 1.1 and Deuteromycotina 1.1 were reported respectively (table 1). Prasad and Bilgrami (1) reported fungi from the leaf surface of Litchi. Mishra and Shrivastava (1) 3 and fungi from the yellow and green leaves of Oryza sativa. Tiwari (1) reported 3 and 1 fungal species from the leaf surface mycoflora of Pea and Linium. Sahu (15) reported 1 fungal species which were isolated from the leaf surface mycoflora of Onion. Sharma () reported 35 fungal species belonging to 3 genera of fungi from the leaf surface mycoflora and 3 species belonging to 1 genera from aeromycoflora of the Curcuma longa. Kumar and Sinha (1) reported fungi from the leaf surface of Spinach. Sharma (1) also reported 33 fungal species from the leaf surface of Ocimum sanctum. Conclusion Environmental factor like temperature and relative humidity play a important role in determining the increase and decrease of fungal population on leaf surface. Dickinson (1) reported that environmental Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

4 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. factors are the most important physical factors which affect the total number of fungal population present on the leaf surface. The fungal population is not homogenous throughout the year and shows seasonal variations. During the investigation it was observed that maximum fungal population was observed in rainy season due to favorable condition i.e. humidity, moderate in winter seasons and minimum number of fungal population was reported in summer season, possibly due to high temperature and low humidity. Varma and Khare (1b), who observed that maximum fungal population was in winter. Tiwari (1) reported that minimum fungal species were observed in summer season. Minimum number of fungal population was also reported by Gour and Kasana (11), Tiwari and Sahu (15b), Sahu (15). CKNOWLEDGEMENT irst author is thankful to University Grants Commission, CRO Bhopal for financial assistance. Mycelia Sterilia Zygomycotina Deuteromycoti na scomycotina 5 igure 1: The nnual Percentage Contribution of Each Group to the Total Leaf Surface Mycoflora of Tinospora cordifolia Plant () Rainy Season Mycelia Sterilia Zygomycotina Deuteromycoti na 3 scomycotina Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 5

5 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. (B) Winter Season Mycelia Sterilia Zygomycotina 11 Deuteromycotina 5 scomycotina 3 (C) Mycelia Sterilia 11 Summer Season Deuteromycotina 3 scomycotina 55 igure : The Seasonal Percentage Contribution of Each Group to the Total Leaf Surface Mycoflora of Tinospora cordifolia Plant Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

6 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. Table 1: Showing Number of Colonies on Leaf Surface of Tinospora cordifolia S.N. Name of ungi Rainy Season Winter Season Summer Season Total Jul ugust Sept Oct Total Nov Dec Jan eb Total Mar pr May June Total Colonies of sps. CLSS- ZYGOMYCOTIN 1 Mucor recemosus resen Rhizopus stolonifer Lind CLSS- SCOMYCOTIN 3 spergillus flavus Link Ex ries. umigates resenius nidulans Eidan niger Van. Tieghem terreus Thom Drechslera sps Penicillium nigricans Bainier 1 P. rubrum CLSS- DEUTEROMYCOTIN 11 lternaria alternate r Keissler 1. tenuis ries Cladosporium cladosporiodes r. 1 C. herbarum (Pers.) Link Curvularia clavata Jain C. lunata Wakker usarium oxysporium Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

7 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. Schl. Ex. ries 1 Helminthosporium australienae Bu. 1 Nigrospora oryzae Berk. Br Paecilomyces varioti Bainier 1 Trichoderma harbarum CLSS- MYCELI STERILI Mycelia sterilia Black Mycelia sterilia White Total colonies in the month Table : Showing Percentage requency and Percentage bundance of Leaf Surface Mycoflora S. Name of Rainy Season Winter Season Summer Season N. ungi 1 Mucor recemosus resen. Rhizopus stolonifer Lind. 3 spergillus flavus Link Ex ries Jul ugst Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan eb Mar pr May June Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

8 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. umigates resenius 5.nidulans Eidan. niger Van. Tieghem. terreus Thom. Drechslera sps. Penicillium nigricans. Bainier P. rubrum lternaria alternate r. Keissler 1. tenuis ries 13 Cladosporiu m cladosporio des r. 1 C. herbarum (Pers.) Link. 15 Curvularia clavata Jain C. lunata Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech)

9 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. Wakker 11 1 usarium oxysporium Schl. Ex. ries 1 Helminthos porium australienae Bu. 1 Nigrospora oryzae Berk. Br. Paecilomyc es varioti Bainier 1 Trichoderm a harbarum Mycelia sterilia Black 3 Mycelia sterilia White Table 3: The Month Wise Percentage bundance (Contribution) of Each Group to the Total Leaf Surface Mycoflora of Tinospora cordifolia Plant S.N. Group July gst Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan eb Mar pr May June 1 ZYGOMYCOTIN SCOMYCOTIN DEUTEROMYCOTIN MYCELI STERILI Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 5

10 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. Table : The Seasonal Percentage bundance (Contribution) of Each Group to the Total Leaf Surface Mycoflora of Tinospora Cordifolia Plant S.N. Group Rainy Winter Summer nnual 1 ZYGOMYCOTIN SCOMYCOTIN DEUTEROMYCOTIN MYCELI STERILI..3. igure 3: Percentage Contribution of Leaf Surface Mycoflora during the Study i.e. July to June 1 1 Leaf Surface Mycoflora 1 1 Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 51

11 Indian Journal of Plant Sciences ISSN: 31 3(Online) 1 Vol.5 (1) January-March, pp.-53/shukla and Sharma. Table 5: Showing Percentage Contribution of Leaf Surface Mycoflora S.N. Name of ungi Leaf Surface Mycoflora 1 Mucor recemosus resen.. Rhizopus stolonifer Lind.. 3 spergillus flavus Link Ex ries 3.. umigates resenius nidulans Eidan. niger Van. Tieghem.. terreus Thom.. Drechslera sps..5 Penicillium nigricans. Bainier. 1 P. rubrum lternaria alternata r. Keissler tenuis ries. 13 Cladosporium cladosporiodes r C. herbarum (Pers.) Link Curvularia clavata Jain. 1 C. lunata Wakker 3. 1 usarium oxysporium Schl. Ex. ries. 1 Helminthosporium australienae Bu..3 1 Nigrospora oryzae Berk. Br. 1. Paecilomyces varioti Bainier 1. 1 Trichoderma harbarum. Mycelia sterilia Black. 3 Mycelia sterilia White 3. Total 1 REERENCE Bessems E (13). Nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere of Graminae. griculture Research Reports Varsl. Landbousk Onders., ISBN :, (VIII) 1. Dickinson CH (1). ungal colonization of Pisum leaves. Canadian Journal of Botany Dickinson CH (15). The mycoflora associated with Helimione protulocoides III. ungi on green and moribund leaves. Transition of British Mycological Society 3-1. Gour RD and Kasana MS (11). Studies on aerobiology of Modinagar. Journal of Indian Botanical Society -. Gregory PH and Stedman OJ (153). nnals of pplied Biology 51-. Kumar S and Singh BB (1). ungal aerospores trapped by paddy leaves. bstract of 5 th International Conference on erobiology 1. Kerling LCP (15). De microflora op het blad von Beta vulgaris. Planteiekten -1. Kerling LCP (1). ungi in the phylloplane of leaves of Rye and Strawberry. Meded Lendb Hoogecch Opzoekstrus Stans Gent 5-5. Copyright 1 Centre for Info Bio Technology (CIBTech) 5

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