Paul A. Opler and Evi Buckner-Opler Colorado State University and Loveland, Colorado
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1 Paul A. Opler and Evi Buckner-Opler Colorado State University and Loveland, Colorado
2 Buckwheats Eriogonum species Endemic to North America, mostly arid Western. 250 species in 8 subgenera. 40 species occur in Colorado. Perennial species are reliable resources in drought years. Most occur in disclimax habitats burns, slides, dunes, barren soils, etc. Follows names in Reveal many references Butterflies found in two families, in five genera have adapted to buckwheats at several past geological eras. Some butterfly groups are examples of convergent evolution. Survival is assured by reliance on dependable hosts. Role as pollinators requires further study.
3 Eriogonum arcuatum var. xanthum (1) Eriogonum brevicaule (2) Eriogonum corymbosum (2) Eriogonum effusum (2) Eriogonum jamesii (2) Eriogonum ovalifolium (1) Eriogonum racemosum (1) Eriogonum umbellatum (5), incl. subalpinum
4 Niches of Butterflies that use buckwheats as caterpillar hosts in Colorado Euphilotes species adults nectar primarily on host flowers, some may be pollinators, Xerces Society endangered pollinators Adult s emergence and flight closely timed with host floral anthesis; Only one adult generation annually; Larvae eat only flower buds, flowers, and developing seeds of hosts. Plebejus acmon complex adults nectar primarily on host flowers, some may be pollinators; larvae feed on host flowers and/or leaves have complex life cycle Callophrys sheridanii complex adults rarely nectar on host flowers and have only a single spring flight; larvae feed on host leaves. Lycaena heteronea adults usually visit host flowers; larvae eat host leaves. Apodemia mormo complex adults may nectar on host flowers, but also may nectar on other flowers such as yellow-flowered Asteraceae; larvae feed on host leaves.
5 Eriogonums have diverse reproductive systems. Dioecious {=unisexual} separate plants for staminate and pistillate flowers. If animal pollinated, any insects that moves pollen from anthers of one plant to stigma of another would be an effective pollinator.
6 Plants bisexual, most species. Some species with dimorphic flowers in same inflorescence. Question: is it known if Eriogonum species are self-compatible, self-incompatible {obligate out-crossers}, or even apomictic?? Need for controlled pollination experiments
7 Maybe if butterfly adults move pollen between anthers and stigma on one plant (if self compatible) or two plants (if self-incompatible). Butterflies could indirectly increase pollination by consuming nectar and forcing other pollinators to move more between plants.
8 Eriogonum effusum Tended by Formica ants Little Bear, Laramie County, Wyoming
9 At moisture, Pine Bluff, Wyoming
10 Eriogonum effusum -- north of Wellington, Larimer County, Colorado
11 Only host is Eriogonum racemosum -- Photo by Jim P. Brock
12 Eriogonum jamesii, Walsenburg, Huerfano County, Colorado
13 Walsenburg, Huerfano County, Colorado
14 Eriogonum corymbosum, -- Unaweep Canyon, Mesa County, Colorado
15 Eriogonum umbellatum -- Terry Ranch, Weld County, Colorado
16 West of Mack, Mesa County,Colorado, May 2014
17 Eriogonum heracleoides, Bear River County, Idaho Uses Eriogonum umbellatum widely in Colorado
18 Hall Valley Cirque, Park County, Colorado
19 Host of Plebejus cotundra, endemic species to Colorado
20 Eriogonum effusum, Larimer County, Colorado Also uses Eriogonum umbellatum, legumes in Colorado
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22 Eriogonum umbellatum, Red Rocks Park, Jefferson County, Colo
23 Polyphagous
24 Eriogonum corymbosum, Unaweep Canyon, Colorado
25 Eriogonum umbellatum, Horsetooth Mountain Park, Larimer County, Colorado Also uses Eriogonum jamesii in Colorado
26 Parnassius smintheus E. umbellatum Lycaena nivalis E. subalpinum Callophrys gryneus E. umbellatum C. spinetorum E. subalpinum C. affinis E. flavum Satyrium californicum E. umbellatum S. titus E. umbellatum S. behrii E. umbellatum S. saepium E. umbellatum
27 Plebejus shasta Eriogonum ovalifolium Plebejus icarioides Eriogonum umbellatum Plebejus rustica Eriogonum umbellatum Speyeria edwardsii Eriogonum flavum Speyeria coronis Eriogonum umbellatum Hesperia colorado Eriogonum umbellatum
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