Chemical Composition of Rosa Hybrida Essential Oil as a Function of Location and Storage in Saudi Arabia

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1 American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3(1): 4-8, 009 ISSN , American Eurasian Network for Scientific Information This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed 4 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Chemical Composition of Rosa Hybrida Essential Oil as a Function of Location and Storage in Saudi Arabia Saleh A. Bazaid Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, AlTaif University, AlTaif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Saleh A. Bazaid.; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, AlTaif University, AlTaif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric., 3(1): 4-8, 009 ABSTRACT Fifty one different compounds were identified in the fresh hydrodistilled extract. An interesting observation is the large amount of citronellol. On the other hand, the poor storage conditions resulted in the detection of 48 coumpounds only in addition to qualitative and quantitative differences within the compounds. Interestingly, new compounds emerged and others disappeared Key words: Rosa hybrida, essential oil composition, á-pinene, limonene, rose-oxide, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, oleic acid. Introduction Although Saudi Arabia is not the most hospitable of lands for flowers, yet the roses of AlTaif are well known. The Tropic of Cancer virtually bisects the Arabian Peninsula, passing just south of Medina. The o o summer heat is intense and could reach 19 F (54 C) in Mecca. Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aromatic compounds extracted from plants. In this case hydro distillations are preformed using fresh plant material. The plant material is heated in order to release the contained in the plant aromatic compounds. The resulting oil is collected and further perfected. The oils are produced seasonally from March to September of each year depending on the corresponding plant's maturity phase. There are several factors which can influence the oil composition of rose-scented rosa (Family: Rosaceae) oil such as genotype, environment, crop age, application of growth regulators, partial shade of trees, presence of weeds, disease infection, biomass drying prior to distillation, distillation method and oil storage condition. The economic products of these roses are attar of rose, a fragrant essential oil extracted from rose petals, and a unique food product called rose petal jam. Essential oil is extracted from the flower by steam distillation. It is extensively used in cosmetics, perfumery and flavouring industries. The market value of the essential oil is determined by its quality, which is dependent on the terpenoid composition. Photoperiod, intensity of light, temperature and month of harvesting exert profound influence on terpenoid composition of aromatic crops (Lincoln & Langenheim, 1978; Clark & Menary, 1980; Voirin et al., 1990; McGimpsey et al., 1994). In this investigation, the effect of geographical location at AlTaif (Temperature: Min, 16 C / Max, 31 C) (Presidency of Meteorology & Environment) on oil composition of rose-scented rosa oil determined at full flowering and the effect of storage was studied. The composition of the rosa flower oils planted at such a height (more than one o kilometer above sea level) and stored under a room temperature of more than 45 C, were not investigated earlier. Corresponding Author: Saleh A. Bazaid, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, AlTaif University, AlTaif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia s_mougy@hotmail.com

2 5 Materials and methods Plant material and extraction procedure Taif also spelled Tayef, western Saudi Arabia, lying at an elevation of 6,165 feet (1,879 m) (above sea level) on a tabel and southeast of Mecca. The experiment was conducted when the plants were flowering. Petals of fully opened Rosa hybrida to be used for this investigation, were harvested from four locations in Taif at full flowering. Flower samples were harvested from healthy, well grown, two year old plants. All samplings were made at the same hour of the day (10 a.m.) to minimize effects of rhythmic emissions. Freshly harvested samples (500 g each) in triplicate was subjected to hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type o glass apparatus for 4 h for isolation of oils separately. The fresh oil samples were stored at 0 C in air tight, dark glass containers after drying them over anhydrous sodium sulphate for GC and GC/MS analyses. Another set of fresh oil samples were not dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, two-thirds filled (5% air space left) into stoppered amber-coloured glass bottles and stored under the ambient conditions. After 1 months duplicate samples were taken for GC and GC/MS analyses. GC analysis A Varian model 3700 gas chromatograph, equipped with a 60 m x 0.3 mm fused silica capillary column, with a 0.3 ìm film thickness of PTE-5 and FID was used for GC measurements. The operating conditions o o o o were: temperature program 60 C-50 C at 4.3 C/min and an injector and detector temperature of 50 C; carrier gas was H (ml/min). GC/MS analysis Were performed on a Varian Finnigan MAT SSQ 7000, equipped with fused silica 30 m x 0.5 mm, PTE- 5 capillary column with a film 0.5 ìm, a carrier gas was H (.5 ml/min) with the same temperature program as for analytical GC. Electronspray ionization was performed at 70eV. Identification of the compounds Compound identification was done by comparing the retention indices of the peaks with those reported in the literature, mass spectra of the peaks with literature data, by peak enrichment with authentic standards, wherever possible and a computerized MS data. Percentage composition was computed from GC peak areas on BP-1 column without applying correction factors. Results and Discussion The chemical composition of the oils of Rosa hybrida from three locations in Taif are recorded in Table 1. Fifty one different compounds were identified in the fresh hydrodistilled extract. An interesting observation is the large amount of citronellol. Other components present in relatively high proportions were á-pinene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, myrcene, rose oxide, â-gurjunene and nonadecane On the other hand, the poor storage conditions resulted in the detection of 48 coumpounds only in addition to qualitative and quantitative differences within the compounds. Four pictures were encountered in the results of the stored analyzed samples: 1) Compounds increased after storage (â-pinene, á-phellandrene, Limonene, ã-terpinene, Rose-oxide, Hexadecane, 10-epi-ã-Eudesmol and Eicosyne). ) Compounds decreased after storage (Citronellol, Geraniol, Eugenol, Methyl eugenol and â-gurjunene). 3) Interestingly, new compounds emerged seen as noticeable amounts of Tricyclene, (E)- â-ocimene, cislinalool oxide, B,á-Bisabolol oxide, Heptadecane, Benzyl benzoate, z,e-farnesyl acetate and oleic acid although not recorded in the fresh samples. 4) On the other side, four of the compounds found in the fresh samples disappeared in the stored samples (Geranial, á-patchoulene, ã Eudesmol and Iso-acorone).

3 6 Table 1: Composition and percentage concentration of fresh flower oils of Rosa hybrida and after storage from Saudi Arabia (Taif). + R.I. Compound M B.P. Location A B C D Fresh Stored Fresh Stored Fresh Fresh 800 Octane Hexanal Hexenol, E Hexanol Heptanal Tricyclene á-pinene Camphene Verbenene â-pinene Myrcene Carene, ä á-phellandrene á-terpinene Limonene (Z)- â-ocimene (E)- â-ocimene ã-terpinene cis-linalool oxide Terpinolene Linalool Phenylethanol Chrysanthenone Rose-oxide Citronellol Geraniol Geranial Eugenol z-â-damascenone Methyl eugenol z-caryophyllene á-gurjunene á-caryophyllene á-santalene â-gurjunene á-trans-bergamotene á-patchoulene ã-muurolene Germacrene D z-ã-bisabolene Hexadecane epi-cedrol epi-ã-Eudesmol ã -Eudesmol B,á-Bisabolol oxide Heptadecane z,z-farnesol e,z-farnesol Benzyl benzoate Octadecane Iso-acorone z,e-farnesyl acetate e,e- Farnesyl acetate Catalponone Nonadecane Eicosyne Eicosene Eicosane Oleic acid R.I. = Retension IndexM = Molecular WeightB.P. = Base Peak Discussion The formation and accumulation of essential oils in plants tends to rise in drier environments (Penka, 1978; Rhizopoulou & Diamantoglou, 1991), while during spring adequate soil water is available for growth of the Mediterranean vegetation (Kummerow, 1983). Theophrastus wrote:

4 7 rose on the other hand and tufted thyme and the like are in the wild state too dry. Hence the rose lacking moisture, is weak in scent, like a plant devoid of odour; stock too in fact is not fragrant when the ground is exceedingly dry and thin and again where the air is extremely hot and torrid; since the air dries out. Whereas tufted thyme, mint and the like, owing to their dryness, some to have odours that are far too pungent and harsh; whereas under cultivation the odours are milder (The causes of plants VI.0.3). A mixture of major natural, chemical components (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, benzenoids, aliphatics) makes up the fragrance of vegetation (Lavid et al., 00; Chen et al., 003). The leaf surfaces and flowers produce fragrant scents to human senses as volatile oils into the air (Proctor et al., 1996; King, 1997). Whether strongly or weakly scented to us, flowers synchronize the maximum output of their emissions with the time when pollen is mature and a flower is ready for pollination (Menzel et al., 1997; Schiestl & Ayasse, 001). The chemical variation recorded in the present investigation between the three samples in relation to location did not reveal a significant phytochemical variability. This could be due to the fact that, although the dispersion area was in the region of of approximately 100 km, yet there was no physiographic complexity such as climate, geomorphology, pedology, hydrology and land-use practice. The chemical composition of the hips essential oils of 9 taxa of Rosa L. was analyzed by Nowak (005) and compared using the standardized analytical GC and GC/MS methods. All of the volatile hips oil compositions for these species were dominated by following components: vitispiran (isomer), á-e-acaridial, dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, docosane (C), _-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten--one, -heptanone, heptanal, myristic acid and linolic acid. Statistical analyses of 97 GC peaks of these oils were used to distinguish compositional patterns. There appeared to be correlation between the essential oil patterns and the classification within Rosa L. Cluster analysis of the composition of main components clearly showed two groups, one constituted by R. rugosa Thunb. from the Cinnamomea section, and the other constituted by the remaining taxa from the Caninae section. In the present study, the oil obtained by hydrodistillation was found to contain high levels of the monoterpene alcohols, citronellol, geraniol and other derivatives as acetates. It also contains a noticeable proportion of paraffin derivatives, while the -phenylethanol could have been lost in rose water during hydrodistillation. It was found that, flowers grown in a high altitude location with temperature type of cold climate produced an essential oil richer in geraniol than the crop grown at lower altitude locations with semiarid tropical climate (Rajeswara Rao et al., 1990). Summer season favoured accumulation of higher concentrations of citronellol and its esters. Moisture and thermal stresses coupled with long photoperiods of high light intensities during summer season probably led to the conversion of a part of geraniol to citronellol and its esters (Demarne, 1989). This was observed in Pelargonium species (Putievsky et al., 1990; Rajeswara Rao et al., 1996). The citronellol accumulation during summer could be : (a) similar mechanism to fight/adjust to the moisture and thermal stresses; (b) a phenomenon of accumulating a more stable compound under conditions of duress; and (c) a direct effect of weather parameters (temperature, photoperiod, rain.. etc..) on monoterpene metabolism (Banthorpe et al., 1975; Yamaura et al., 1989; Voirin et al., 1990). Changes in physicochemical properties of improprrly stored geranium oil was reported (Guenther, 197; Kaul et al., 1997). In the study conducted by Kaul et al. (1997) on the oil composition of Pelargonium species under poor storage conditions, there was a decrease in the content of geraniol, linalool and yhis was recorded in the present investigation. Yet, his observation on the increae in the concentration of citronellol was found in our study to drastically decrease in contradiction to Kaul et al. (1997). In addition, the recorded decrease in 10-epi-ã-Eudesmol by Kaul et al. (1997) was again found to contradict our results where there was a significant increase. The improper storage resulted in a drastic decrease in the rhodinol (a mixture of citronellol, geraniol and other alcohols) which eventually affects its aroma value and its use in high grade perfumes and decreases the market value of the essential oil which is dependent on the terpenoid composition. References 14 Banthorpe, D.V., O. Ekundayo, J. Mann, K.W. Turnbull, Biosynthesis of monoterpenes from C-labelled acetate and CO. Phytochemistry, 14: Chen, F., D. Tholl, J.C. D Auria, A. Farooq, E. Pichersky, J. Gershenzon, 003. Biosynthesis and emission of terpenoid volatile from Arabidopsis flowers. The Plant Cell, 15: Clark, R.J., R.C. Menary, Environmental effects on peppermints (Mentha piperita L.) 1. Effect of day length, photon flux density, night temperature and day temperature on the yield and composition of peppermint oil. 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