Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Espírito Santo State, Brazil

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1 KEW BULLETIN (2015) 70:47 DOI /S X ISSN: (print) ISSN: X (electronic) Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Espírito Santo State, Brazil Rafael Felipe de Almeida 1 & André Márcio Amorim 1,2,3 Summary. Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium is described and illustrated and its distribution, conservation status, and taxonomy are presented. S. mikanifolium can be distinguished from S. auriculatum and S. macedoanum by its leaf laminas with lobate margins, and filiform glands on the apex of each lobule, sessile discoid glands between the lobules, a petiole apex with a pair of cupulate glands, yellow posterior petals with reddish veins, and the styles parallel and straight. Resumo. Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium é descrito e ilustrado, e sua distribuição, status de conservação e taxonomia da espécie são apresentados. S. mikanifolium é distinta de S. auriculatum e S. macedoanum pelas folhas com margens lobuladas e com uma glândula filiforme no ápice de cada lóbulo e glândulas discoides sésseis entre cada lóbulo, ápice do pecíolo com um par de glândulas cupuliformes, pétalas posteriores amarelas com veias avermelhadas e estiletes paralelos e retos. Key Words. Malpighiales, Ryssopterys, semideciduous forest, taxonomy. Introduction Stigmaphyllon A. Juss. is one of the largest genera of Malpighiaceae, comprising 112 species that are restricted to the pantropics (Anderson 2011). Most species are woody vines with long-petiolate, elliptical to cordate leaves, with clusters of yellow flowers arranged in a dichasium, and styles with lateral appendages at their apices (foliolate stigmas). The fruit is a schizocarp that splits into three samaroid mericarps having large dorsal wings (Anderson 1997). The genus is divided into two subgenera: subg. Stigmaphyllon with 92 species that is restricted to the Neotropics and West Africa; and subg. Ryssopterys (A. Juss.) C. E. Anderson which includes 20 species restricted to Southeast Asia and Oceania. The subgenera have been regarded as separate by different authors (Anderson 1997; Niedenzu 1928), but recent phylogenetic studies support their combination (Davis & Anderson 2010). Monographs for both groups were presented by Anderson (1997, 2011). Stigmaphyllon is represented in Brazil by 47 species (Almeida & Amorim 2014; Mamede et al. 2014) that occur mostly along streams in the Amazon and Atlantic forests (Anderson 1997). At least 31 species are distributed within Atlantic Forest, 24 of which are endemic to it (Mamede et al. 2014). Fifteen species of Stigmaphyllon occur in the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo state, most of them in Inselberg vegetation (Almeida & Mamede 2014). In the last two decades four new species of Stigmaphyllon have been recorded for Espírito Santo (Anderson 1993, 1997, 2009), suggesting that the region is more diverse with respect to this genus. Additional fieldwork and the analysis of herbarium collections from Brazil have revealed a new species, described here. Materials and Methods Field and herbarium collections from the most representative herbaria in Brazil (ALCB, BHCB, CESJ, CEPEC, CVRD, ESA, GUA, HB, HRB, HUEFS, IAC, MBM, MBML, PAMG, PMSP, R, RB, SP, SPF, SPSF, UEC, UPCB, US and VIES) were reviewed (acronyms according to Thiers 2014). All collections and type specimens were examined using a stereomicroscope, and, when available, images of types were also examined; specialised literature on the family was consulted. Maps were elaborated using Arcgis software (ESRI 2010) and geographical coordinates of Stigmaphyllon auriculatum (Cav.) A. Juss. were obtained Accepted for publication 14 October Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, , Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. rafaelfelipe.almeida@hotmail.com 2 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Km 16 rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, , Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. 3 Herbário Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, CEPEC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 22, , Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.

2 47 Page 2 of 7 KEW BULLETIN (2015) 70:47 Fig. 1. Stigmaphyllon auriculatum: A flowering branch; B detail of flower, frontal view. S. mikanifolium: C flowering branch; D detail of petiole showing a pair of glands; E detail of buds, lateral view; F detail of flower, frontal view; G posterior petal, frontal view; H detail of reproductive organs; J overview of the semideciduous forest in the Pedra do Elefante Environmental Protection Area, where S. mikanifolium is found. PHOTOS: A, B L. MOURA & C. PESSOA, C H C. N. FRAGA, J R. GOLDENBERG.

3 KEW BULLETIN (2015) 70:47 Page 3 of 7 47 Fig. 2. Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium. A flowering branch; B detail of the abaxial surface of the leaf; C leaf; D detail of cupuliform glands at the petiole apex; E reduced leaves associated with the inflorescence; F detail of glands at the petiole apex; G umbels disposed in a dichasium; H detail of floral morphology; J stamen opposite the anterior sepal; K stamens opposite the anterior-lateral petals, anterior-lateral sepals and posterior-lateral petals (from right to left respectively); L stamens opposite the anterior-lateral petals, anterior-lateral sepals and posterior-lateral petals (from left to right respectively); M stamens opposite the posterior sepals (marginal stamens) and the posterior petal (central stamen); N detail of gynoecium with glabrescent ovary. DRAWN BY KLEI SOUZA.

4 47 Page 4 of 7 KEW BULLETIN (2015) 70:47 from Anderson (1997) and from the herbaria specimens. Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium R. F. Almeida & Amorim, sp. nov. Type: Brazil, Espírito Santo: Nova Venécia, APA Pedra do Elefante, R. C. Forzza 5521, A.M.A. Amorim & C. N. Fraga (holotype RB!, isotypes CEPEC!, MBML!). Liana, branches striate, glabrous. Lamina cm, sagittate to reniform, membranaceous, apex acuminate to mucronate, margins lobate, with a long filiform gland at the apex of each lobule (often damaged with just the base remaining on herbarium specimens), sparse sessile discoid glands between the lobules, base sagittate, glabrous on both sides, veins reddish on abaxial surface; petioles cm long, canaliculated, glabrous, apex with a pair of cupulate glands abaxially, confluent at base and forming a band; stipules caducous, the scar oblong. Inflorescence of 5 12-flowered umbels, solitary or in a lateral dichasium, subtended by a pair of reduced leaves; reduced leaves ovate to orbicular, apex acuminate with filiform glands, margin with filiform and discoid glands, base with a pair of cupulate glands abaxially, glabrous on both sides, petioles sparsely sericeous; inflorescence axis cm long, canaliculated, glabrescent to glabrous; peduncles 5 7 mm long, sparsely sericeous; pedicels 3 5mm long, sparsely sericeous, distally expanded; bracts c. 1 1 mm, triangular to ovate, plicate, sparsely sericeous abaxially, ciliate, spreading; bracteoles c mm, triangular to ovate, plicate, with glandular region at base, sparsely sericeous abaxially, ciliate, adnate to petiole. Sepals mm, ovate, glabrescent, apex acute to obtuse, ciliate; elaiophores 8, light green, mm, ovate; petals light yellow, with reddish veins on the posterior ones, fimbriate, fimbriae up to 1 mm long, latero-anterior petals orbicular, base truncate, mm, claw c. 1 mm; latero-posterior petals orbicular, base truncate, 8 9 c. 9 mm, claw c. 1.5 mm; posterior petal obovate, base truncate, c. 9 9 mm, claw c. 3 2 mm. Stamens connate at their base, unequal, anthers glabrous; stamen opposite the anterior sepal with filament c mm, antherc mm,curved;stamensopposite the anterior-lateral petals with filaments mm long, anthers mm long, straight; stamens opposite the anterior-lateral sepals with filaments c mm, anthers c mm, connectives enlarged, with locules reduced; stamens opposite the posterior-lateral petals c. 2 1 mm, Table 1. Morphological comparison between Stigmaphyllon auriculatum, S. macedoanum, and S. mikanifolium. S. auriculatum S. macedoanum S. mikanifolium Abaxial surface of lamina glabrous sericeous glabrous Lamina margins entire, glandulose, with sparse filiform glands entire, eglandulose on simple leaves; lobed leaves with lobes ending in a filiform gland lobate, glandulose, with discoid glands between the lobules, each lobule ending in a filiform gland Petiole length (cm) ( 7) Petiole pubescence glabrous to slightly sericeous glabrous sericeous Petioles confluent across the node forming a band with corky ridge forming a band No. flowers per umbel Floral peduncle length (mm) Pedicel length (mm) Petal colour all yellow all yellow posterior petals yellow with reddish veins on limb Claws of latero-anterior petals length (mm) Limbs of latero-anterior petals length (mm) Claws of latero-posterior petals length (mm) c Limbs of latero-posterior petals length (mm) Claw of posterior petal length (mm) 3 4 c. 3 c. 3 Limb of posterior petal length (mm) Styles diverging and lyrate parallel and slightly lyrate Habitat caatinga and restinga semi-deciduous vegetation riparian rorests parallel and straight semi-deciduous forests associated with inselberg vegetation

5 KEW BULLETIN (2015) 70:47 Page 5 of 7 47 Map 1. Distribution map of Stigmaphyllon auriculatum (triangles) and S. mikanifolium (square). Grey areas represent the Barreiras Formation derived from Tertiary sediments along the Brazilian Coast.

6 47 Page 6 of 7 KEW BULLETIN (2015) 70:47 anthers c. 2 mm, curved; stamens opposite the posterior-lateral sepals with filaments c mm, anthers c mm, with locules reduced; stamen opposite the posterior petal with filament c mm, anther c mm, straight. Ovary c. 1 1 mm, villous; styles c. 1 mm, plicate, parallel, glabrous; foliole of the anterior style c mm, margin revolute, apex recurved; folioleoftheposteriorstylesc.1 1mm,margin straight, apex incurved; stigmas internal. Fruits [not seen]. Figs 1C J, 2. RECOGNITION. This species is morphologically most similar to Stigmaphyllon auriculatum and S. macedoanum C. E. Anderson, from which it can be distinguished by leaves with lobate margins, with a filiform gland on the apex of each lobule, and sessile discoid glands between the lobules, apex of petioles with a pair of cupulate glands, posterior petals yellow with reddish veins, and styles parallel and straight. DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the type collection from northern Espírito Santo State (Map 1). SPECIMENS EXAMINED. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Nova Venécia, APA Pedra do Elefante, Serra de Baixo, Mata do Fuxico, 18 46'57"S 40 25'58"W, 154 m, R. C. Forzza 5521, A. M. A. Amorim & C. N. Fraga (holotype RB; isotypes CEPEC, MBML). HABITAT. Semi-deciduous forests growing on the Barreiras Formation, associated with Inselberg vegetation (rock outcrops); alt. 154 m. Almeida & Mamede (2014) noted that among the 15 Stigmaphyllon species recorded in Espírito Santo, at least ten occur associated with inselberg vegetation. This pattern might be common for Malpighiaceae species in Espírito Santo, since at least 10% of all Malpighiaceae in this state always occur associated with inselberg vegetation. CONSERVATION STATUS. Data Deficient (DD). This species is represented by just a single collection within Pedra do Elefante Environmental Protection Area, a poorly collected conservation unit within Northern Espírito Santo state. ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet refers to its the morphology which resembles that of an Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae) leaf. PHENOLOGY. Flowering in April. NOTES. Stigmaphyllon mikanifolium is morphologically related to the sympatric species S. auriculatum and to the allopatric species S. macedoanum, differing from them mostly in terms of their leaf and gynoecium morphologies. S. macedoanum occurs in semideciduous riparian forests within the Paraná River Basin in midwestern Brazil, while S. mikanifolium is only found within semi-deciduous forests associated with rocky outcrops. S. auriculatum, on the other hand, is widespread within caatinga (dryland) vegetation in northeastern Brazil and within restinga (sandy, nearshore) vegetation along the coast between the states of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Table 1 indicates the most notable differences between these species. Acknowledgements We thank Klei Sousa for the drawings, Roy Funch for the English revision, Lucas C. Marinho (UEFS) for graphical support, Cláudio N. Fraga (JBRJ) and Renato Goldenberg (UFPR) for the photographs, and Marco O. Pellegrini for the suggestion on the species name. We are grateful to the curator and staff of the RB herbarium for support with the herbarium collections. RFA and AMA were sponsored by FAPESB (DEB BOL0584/ 2013) and CNPq (Produtividade em Pesquisa, DEB /2012-4, Edital PPBIO DEB /2012-1, and Edital Universal DEB /2013-9) respectively. The fieldwork of AMA in Espirito Santo State was made possible by support from the Fundação O Boticário de Proteção a Natureza (Edital de Pesquisa DEB ). References Almeida, R. F. & Amorim, A. M. A. (2014). Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil. Phytotaxa 174(2): & Mamede, M. C. H. (2014). Checklist, conservation status, and sampling effort analysis of Malpighiaceae in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. Brazil. J. Bot. 37(3): Anderson, C. E. (1993). Novelties in Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae) from South America. Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 19: (1997). Monograph of Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 51: (2009). Stigmaphyllon lanceolatum (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Harvard Pap. Bot. 14: (2011). Revision of Ryssopterys and transfer to Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae). Blumea 56: Davis, C. C. & Anderson, W. R. (2010). A complete generic phylogeny of Malpighiaceae inferred from nucleotide sequence data and morphology. Amer. J. Bot. 97(12): Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (2010). ArcGIS, version Environmental Systems Research Institute. USA. Mamede, M. C. H., Amorim, A. M. A., Sebastiani, R., Almeida, R. F. & Francener, A. (2014). Malpighiaceae. In: R. C. Forzza, J. F. A. Baumgratz, C. E. M. Bicudo, A. A. Carvalho Jr., A. 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