Introduction to Crucifers (Brassicaceae)

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1 Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) Introduction to Crucifers (Brassicaceae) Tim Rich

2 Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) - Crucifers c species in 350 genera Lots of recent taxonomic changes in genera from DNA Found nearly throughout world, but most in N Hemisphere and centres of diversity in Mediterranean and C & SW Asia Characterised by flowers: 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens (4 long, 2 short), 1 superior ovary with 2 fused carpels

3 APG3 family tree Brassicales Tropaeolaceae Cariaceae Limnanthaceae Resedaceae Capparaceae Cleomaceae Brassicaceae

4 Major economic importance Eg Crops (vegetables and oilseeds) Sinapis alba (White mustard)

5 Ornamentals Eg Aubrieta (Aubretia) Lunaria annua (Honesty) Iberis umbellata (Candytuft)

6 Genetics Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress Plant equivalent of Drosophila

7 Weeds Lepidium draba (Thanet Cress) Cardamine hirsuta (Hairy Bittercress) Sinapis arvensis (Charlock)

8 Some nice rare plants too! Lundy Cabbage (Coincya wrightii) Yellow whitlow-grass (Draba aizoides) Sea Stock (Matthiola sinuata)

9 Crucifers why are they difficult? 1. A large number of species occur (140+, though only 50 or so are common). 2. Many of the species look superficially similar. 3. The large numbers of species mean that to separate them using keys, both flowers and fruit are required, and specimens are frequently found without one or the other. 4. Fruit set may be variable as some species require cross-pollination. 5. There are a few critical genera (e.g. Lepidium, Erophila, Rorippa, Camelina, etc.) which require careful observation and often some experience for correct identification. 6. Some species are very variable. Some are genetically variable (e.g. Sinapis arvensis), and others are environmentally plastic (e.g. Barbarea verna). 7. Hybrids are relatively uncommon (except in Rorippa, Nasturtium, Cochlearia) 8. Some of the characters historically used in keys apply best to herbarium material (e.g. veins on the valves ) and are nearly impossible to see on fresh specimens. Some of the characters also required considerable experience to interpret.

10 The characters, as set out in. NB other may interpret some of the characters slightly differently, such as the angles which relate to inclined, patent etc. due to inconsistencies elsewhere I define and use them as in my handbook

11 Hair types 1. Simple 2. Forked 3. Stellate 4. Medifixed 5. Glandular

12 Location of leaves Bracts are confusing as usage varies: may subtend a flower or inflorescence. Bracteoles are used here only to refer to those which subtend a flower

13 Leaf shapes Division Bases Margins Apex Petioles/sessile (perhaps with auricles clasping stem)

14 Inflorescences Racemes or corymbs Lepidium coronopus may be in axils of basal rosette leaves Lateral inflorescences mostly in axils of stem leaves, rarely opposite

15 Sepals Length Shape Inner may be narrower than outer Reflexed or recurved 110+ degrees Patent degrees Inclined degrees Ascending degrees Erect 0-15 degrees

16 Petals Length and width Limb Claw Colours 1. White 2. Cream 3. Yellow (pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow) 4. Orange 5. Red 6. Pink 7. Lilac 8. Purple 9. Blue

17 Stamens Number (usually 6, rarely 4, or even 2) Anther colour when undehisced (they all look yellow from pollen when dehisced) Filaments toothed eg Crambe Stigmas Simple Capitate Lobed With lateral processes

18 Great variation in fruits Septum (central partition) Valve (seed covering) Angustiseptate (septum across narrowest width) Latiseptate (septum across broadest width) Fruit TS

19 Examination of valves Stipe

20 Orientation of seeds Look at middle of fruit

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