Ethnomedicinal Study of Medicinal Plants of Village Harichand, Distric Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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1 Available online at Ethnomedicinal Study of Medicinal Plants of Village Harichand, Distric Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Hussan Ara Begum *, Mohammad Hamayun Deportment of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan-23200, Pakistan *Corresponding author Abestrct : Background. Plants are used locally for many purposes especially in rural areas as medicines. In village harichand the people mostly use the plants as healing agents to cure their illnesses.the aim of the study is there is no information on ethnobotanical studies on the researched area therefore, the results of the present study would be useful in providing a base line information to forth coming researchers, as no work has been done in the research area. Method: The data was recorded using open structured questionnaire. Interviews and discussion were made with local people and market survey of the local available plants were made. Results: the results consist of 61 species belonging to 35 families. 14 plants were used as astringent, 8 were laxative, 7 were diuretic, 6 plants each were used as ant diabetic, stomachic, and as expectorant. The local community was able to recognize the plant and their proper use. The people were very cooperative in sharing the knowledge of plant uses. Mostly the old people have the knowledge of plants to treat various diseases. The local community is well aware of the change in the local vegetation and this is because of low or no education of the collectors and overgrazing. Conclusion: There is a dire need to document the valuable knowledge of the medicinal plants in the research area. The area have rich medicinal plants flora and require proper management to reduce the deforestation threats. This study contribute to the current status of traditional medicinal knowledge in village harichand, district charsadda. Key words: Medicinal Plants, Ethnomedicinal uses, harichand, KPK, Pakistan Introduction In village Harichand District Charsadda traditional herbal medicine and use of plants, remain in practice still today. In traditional system of medicines, crud drugs play an important role. A medicinal plant is any plant or part of plant i.e. roots, stem, leaf, bark, fruit and seeds which contain active medicinal constituents in their tissues that produces a definite physiological response in treatment of various diseases in human and animal (Sher and Shakespeare. 2000). Pakistan have rich ethnobotany and informations from different parts of Pakistan have been reported from time to time (Ibrar et al., 2003; Shah et al., 2006; Qureshi et al., 2007; Ahmad & Hussain 2008; Zaidi 2009; Abbasi et al., 2010). Figure 1. Map of Harichand Significance of the study Our aim in this study to prepare a detailed inventory of medicinal plants with the local uses and related information and to propose recommendations for the proper exploitation of medicinal plants in future. There is no information on

2 ethnobotanical studies of the researched area therefore, the results of the present study would be useful in providing a base line information to forth coming researchers, as no work has been done in the research area. Materials and Methods Interviews and discussion methods were adopted to record the local informations. Frequent visits were arranged in order to collect plants and information about the ethno medicinal uses of plants from the local people in various sites of the research area (Vill. Harichand, Distric Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Using open questionnaire information from local people and Hakims were collected. The plant specimens were identified through the available literature (Ali & Qaisar, ). Results and Discussion Parts wise percentage of plant use In investigated area mostly the elder people have great knowledge of traditional use of medicinal plants, according to them, different plants parts can be used as a medicinal purpose. But leaves and whole plants are used in high percentage(leaves are 26.43%, Whole plant 24.13%, while Fruit 17.24%, Root 10.34%, Bark 8.04% and Other 13.43% while seed and stem 3.44% each, Gum 2.29%, fronds, petal, flower, and loil1.14% each part, however at also represented in Fig. 2, while family wise use we summarize in Fig 3. Figure 2 Figure 3 The ethnomedicinal data of 61 plant species belonging to 35 families showed (table1-49) that although people prefers to the quick action of Synthetic chemicals, still they use the traditional method of natural drugs. Some of the drugs are used 18

3 singly while some are used in combination with other plant parts or items such as wheat flour, sugar, ghee etc. Similarly certain medicinal plants are specified only for one disease where as several have multiple of therapeutic uses. It has been found that many plants collected in this study are present in other parts of the province and have been reported by other workers (Matin et al., 2001; Qureishi & Khan 2001; Shah 2001; Shinwari & Khan 2001). So the same plant have multiple of uses which need to be explore properly. Most of the local people are dependent on these products for income generation. Due to lack of knowledge, unbalanced grazing and people collecting these plants with not a proper method which highly affect the important medicinal plants. So the most important thing is that to promote awareness among the local people and protect the medicinal plants. Disease Wise Inventory of Plants Along with Their Local Name and Family Name Table 1. Plants Used As Diuretic 1 Acacia modesta Wall. Pahlosa Mimosaceae 2 Amarenthus viridus Ganhar Amarenthaceae 3 Cynodon dactylon () Pers. Khabal Ghass Poaceae 4 Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae 5 Euphorbia hirta Dudhi Euphorbiaceae 6 Equisetum arvensse Bandakei Equisetaceae 7 Xanthium strumarium Linn Geshka Asteraceae Table 2. Plants Used As Carminative 1 Zizyphus mauritiana Bera Rhamnaceae 2 Zizyphus nummularia bada Beri Rhamnaceae 3 Micromeria biflora Benth. Narai shamakai Lamiaceae 4 Mentha spicata Podina Lamiaceae 5 Allium cepa Piaz Liliaceae 6 Chenopodium album Sarmae Chenopodiaceae 7 Mentha longifolia ()Huds. Enaley Lamiaceae Table 3. Plants Used As Astringent 1 psidium guajava Amrood Myrtaceae 2 Rosa damascene Miller. Gulab Rosaceae 3 Verbena officinale Shamakai Verbenaceae 4 Cynodon dactylon () Pers. Khabal Ghass Poaceae 5 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sahwa Paplionaceae 6 Dodonaea viscose ()Jacq. Ghuraskay Sapindaceae 7 Albizia Lebbek Benth. Benth Siris Mimosaceae 8 Eucalyptus lanceolata Lachi Myrtinaceae 9 Juglans regia Ghoz Juglandaceae 10 Verbascum Thapsus zangali tumako Scropholariaceae 11 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea 12 Withania somnifera ()Dunal Kotilal 13 Xanthium strumarium Linn Geshka Asteraceae Table 4.Plants Used As Antidiabetic 1 Mentha spicata Podina Lamiaceae 2 Morus alba Speen Toot Moraceae 3 Momordica charantia, Kerela cucurbitaceae 4 Melia azadrach Tora shandai Bikiana Meliaceae 5 Allium sativum Oga Liliaceae 6 Allium cepa Piaz Liliaceae 19

4 Table 5. Plants Used As Sedative 1 Zizyphus nummularia bada Beri Rhamnaceae 2 Xanthium strumarium Geshka Asteraceae Linn Table 6. Plants Used As Antirheumatic 1 Acacia modesta Wall. Pahlosa Mimosaceae 2 Hibiscus esculentus Bendi malvacea 3 Juglans regia Ghoz Juglandaceae 4 Lactuca sativa Salad Asteraceae 5 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akash Bail Cuscutaceae Table 7. Plants Used For Dental Cavities 1 Acacia modesta Wall. Pahlosa Mimosaceae Table 8. Plants Used For Snack Bite 1 Acacia modesta Wall. Pahlosa Mimosaceae Table 9. Plants Used As Cardio Tonic 1 Acacia nilotica ()Delile. Kikar Mimosaceae Table 10. Plants Used As Emolient 1 Acacia nilotica ()Delile. Kikar Mimosaceae 2 Allium cepa Piaz Liliaceae 3 Lactuca sativa Salad Asteraceae Table 11. Plants Used As Blood Purifiers 1 Albizia Lebbek Benth. Benth Siris Mimosaceae 2 Amaranthus caudatus Ganharsaag Amaranthaceae 3 Saccharum spontaneum Kahi Poaceae 4 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea Table 12. Plants Used As Tonic 1 Albizia Lebbek Benth. Benth Siris Mimosaceae 2 Juglans regia Ghoz Juglandaceae 3 Punica granatum Anar Punicaceae 4 Punica granatum Anar Punicaceae 5 Solanum nigrum Auct. Kachmachoo or Kachmach Table 13. Plants Used As Bronchiodilator 1 Allium sativum Oga Liliaceae 20

5 Table 14. Plants Used For Cough 1 Chenopodium ambrosioides skha boty Chenopodiaceae 2 Calotropis procera (Wild.) R.Br. Spalmai 3 Mentha longifolia Enaley Lamiaceae ()Huds. 4 Solanum xanthocarpum Maraghone 5 Verbascum Thapsus zangali tumako Scropholariaceae 6 Allium cepa Piaz Liliaceae Table 15. Plants Used As Expectorant 1 Adiantum venustum Don. Sumbal Pteridaceae 2 Euphorbia hirta Dudhi Euphorbiaceae 3 Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Thermera Brassicaceae 4 Solanum xanthocarpum Maraghone 5 Vitex negundo Marvandai Verbenaceae 6 Allium cepa Piaz Liliaceae Table 16. Plants Used As Antianthalmintics 1 Ailanthus altissima (Mill) Swingle spina shandai Simarubaceae Table 17. Plants Used In Dysentery 1 Ailanthus altissima (Mill) spina shandai Simarubaceae Swingle 2 Calotropis procera (Wild.) Spalmai R.Br. 3 Diospyrus lotus Amlok Ebenaceae 4 Lufffa Acutangula Roxb Toree cucurbitaceae 5 Punica granatum Anar Punicaceae 6 Psidium guajava Amrood Myrtaceae Table 18. Plants Used In Dirrhea 1 Ailanthus altissima spina shandai Simarubaceae (Mill) Swingle 2 Platanus orientalis Linn Chinar Platanaceae 3 Punica granatum Anar Punicaceae 4 Psidium guajava Amrood Myrtaceae Table 19. Plants Used As Diaphoretic 1 Asparagus filicinus Liliaceae Bunch.Ham.ex D.Don 2 Ficus palmate Forssk; Waroky inzer Moraceae 21

6 Table 20. Plants Used In Headache 1 Adiantum venustum Sumbal Pteridaceae Don. 2 Melia azadrach Tora shandai Bikiana Meliaceae Table 21. Plants Used In Backache 1 Adiantum venustum Sumbal Pteridaceae Don. 2 Chenopodium skha boty Chenopodiaceae ambrosioides Table 22. Plants Used As Laxative 1 Broussonetia papyrifera Gul toot Moraceae () Ventenat 2 Cynodon dactylon () Khabal Ghass Poaceae Pers. 3 Chenopodium album Sarmae Chenopodiaceae 4 Ficus palmate Forssk; Waroky inzer Moraceae 5 Malva neglecta Wallr. Panerak Malvaceae 6 Saccharum spontaneum Kahi Poaceae 7 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea 8 Rosa damascene Miller. Gulab Rosaceae Table 23. Plants Used As Poison 1 Chrozophora tinctoria kuronda Euphorbiaceae ()Raffin. Table 24. Plants Used As Febrifuge 1 Broussonetia papyrifera () Ventenat Gul toot Moraceae Table 25. Plants Used As Cathartic 1 Chrozophora tinctoria kuronda Euphorbiaceae ()Raffin. 2 Melia azadrach Tora shandai Bikiana Meliaceae Table No-26 Plants Used As Antiinflammatory 1 Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae Table No-27 Plants Used As Estrogenic Plants 1 Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae Table No-28 Plants Used As Antipyretic 1 Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae 22

7 Table No-29 Plants Used As Hypotensive 1 Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae Table No-30 Plants Used As Anthelmintic 1 Cannabis sativa Bhang Cannabaceae 2 Calotropis procera Spalmai (Wild.) R.Br. 3 Chenopodium album Sarmae Chenopodiaceae Table No-31 Plants Used As Antiasthmatic 1 Calotropis procera Spalmai (Wild.) R.Br. 2 Verbascum Thapsus zangali tumako Scropholariaceae 3 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea 4 Ficus palmata Forssk. Waroky inzer Moraceae Table No-32 Plants Used As Diaphoretic 1 Calotropis procera Spalmai (Wild.) R.Br. 2 Xanthium strumarium Geshka Asteraceae Linn Table No-33 Plants Used As Irritant 1 Calotropis procera Spalmai (Wild.) R.Br. Table No-34 Plants Used As Stimulent 1 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sahwa Paplionaceae Table No-35 Plants Used For Wounds And Swellings 1 Dodonaea viscose Ghuraskay Sapindaceae ()Jacq. 2 Verbascum Thapsus zangali tumako Scropholariaceae 3 Solanum nigrum Auct. Kachmachoo or Kachmach Table No-36 Plants Used In Vomiting 1 Mentha longifolia Enaley Lamiaceae ()Huds. 2 Mentha spicata Podina Lamiaceae 3 Euphorbia hirta Dudhi Euphorbiaceae 4 Cichorum intybus kasni asteraceae 23

8 Table No-37 Plants Used As Antiseptic 1 Eucalyptus lanceolata L Lachi Myrtinaceae 2 Ficus carica Enzer Moraceae 3 Morus alba Speen Toot Moraceae 4 Solanum nigrum Auct. Kachmachoo or Kachmach 5 Vitex negundo Marvandai Verbenaceae Table No-38 Plants Used In Tuberculosis 1 Equisetum arvensse Bandakei Equisetaceae Table No-39 Plants Used As Purgative 1 Ficus carica Enzer Moraceae Table No-40 Plants Used As Demulcent 1 Hordeum vulgare Linn Jau Poaceae 2 Menttha arvensia Podina Lamiaceae 3 Lufffa Acutangula Toree cucurbitaceae Roxb 4 Solanum xanthocarpum Maraghone 5 Cichorium intybus Kasni Astereceae 6 Platanus orientali Linn Chinar Platanaceae Table No-41 Plants Used As Painkiller 1 Lufffa Acutangula Toree cucurbitaceae Roxb 2 Solanum xanthocarpum Maraghone L 3 Cichorium intybus kasni Astereceae 4 Platanus orientalis Linn Chinar Platanaceae Table No-42 Plants Used As Stomachache 1 Mentha longifolia Enaley Lamiaceae () Huds. 2 Malva neglecta Wallr. Panerak Malvaceae 3 Punica granatum Anar Punicaceae 4 Cichorium intybus L kasni Astereceae 5 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea 6 Verbena officinale Shamakai Verbenaceae Table No-43 Plants Used As Emolient 1 Xanthium strumarium Geshka Asteraceae Linn 2 Menttha arvensia Podina Lamiaceae 24

9 Table No-44 Plants Used In Respiratory Infection 1 Morus alba Speen Toot Moraceae Table No-45 Plants Used In Digestive Disorders 1 Punica granatum Anar Punicaceae 2 Psidium guajava Amrood Myrtaceae 3 Tribulus terristris marchondi Zygophyllaceae 4 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea Table No-46 Plants Used As Emollient To External Wounds 1 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea 2 Verbascum Thapsus zangali tumako Scropholariaceae 3 Withania somnifera Kotilal ()Dunal Table No-47 Plants Used To Reduce Inflammation 1 Withania somnifera Kotilal 2 Verbascum Thapsus zangali tumako Scropholariaceae Table No-48 Plants Used In Dyspepsia 1 Vitis venifera Angor vitacea 2 Solanum nigrum Auct. Kachmachoo Table No-49 Plants Used As Heamorrhages 1 Tribulus terristris marchondi Zygophyllaceae References Abbasi AM., Khan MA., Ahmad M., Zafar M., Jahan SS., Sultana., Ethno pharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North West Frontier province Pakistan Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 128(2): Ahmad SS., Hussain SZ., Ethnomedicinal survey of plants from Salt Range (Kalar Kahar) of Pakistan. Pak. Journal of Botany. 40(3): Ali SI and Qaisar M., Flora of Pakistan, Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Ibrar M., Hashim S., Marwat KB., Ethnobotanical study of the weeds of five crops in District Abbottabad, NWFP. Pakistan Jour. of Weeds Sci. Research. 9(3/4): Matin A., Khan MA., Ashraf M., Qureshi RA., Traditional use of Herbs, Shrubs and Trees of Shogran Valley, Mansehra, Pakistan, 4(9): Qureshi RA., Gilani SA., Ashraf M., Ethnobotanical studies with special reference to plants phenology at Sudhan Gali and Ganga Chotti Hills (District Bagh, A. K.). J. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry (EJEAFChe), 6(7): Qureshi SJ., Khan MA., Ethnobotanical study of kahuta from Rawalpindi District Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. (1): Shah SA., Interplay of Local Communities and Biodiversity in Ayubia National Park. In: Shah SR., Hassan G., Rehman A,. Ahmad I, Ethnobotanical studies of the Flora of District Musakhel and Barkhan in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Pak. Journal of Weed Sci. Res. 12(3): Sher H., Shakespeare G., Women Indigenous Knowledge of Folk medicine in Malakand Division Pakistan, Proc of inter. Workshop on the Technology for product development from medicinal plants, Jan 20-26, 2000, HEJ. Inst. University of Karachi: Shinwari, Z. K. and A. A. Khan (eds.): Proceedings of Workshop on Ethnobotany applied to Participatory Forest Management in Pakistan, May 7-8, WWF Pakistan. Zaidi S F., Yamada HK,. Kadowaki M,. Usmanghani K,. Sugiyama T, Bactericidal activity of medicinal plants, employed for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, against Helicobacter pylori Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 121(2):