Effect of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) extract on germination and growth of Avena fatua L.) no shell and shelled.

Transcription

1 International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at IJACS/2014/7-12/ ISSN X 2014 IJACS Journal Effect of Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) extract on germination and growth of Avena fatua L.) no shell and shelled. Leyla Nourani, Anita Namayandeh MSD university azad shiraz, Iran and Dr, Department of Horticultural, Shraz Branch, Islamic Azad University,Shiraz, Iran Corresponding author ABSTRACT: Herbicides are harmful to human health and the environment damage, So it is better to use natural methods to control weeds. In order to evaluate the effects of extract of Tarragon on Oats germination and growth, the experiment was conducted at Agricultural College of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications and 4 treatments. Treatments are different concentrations of Tarragon extract, containing 0,2,4, and 8% of the volume weighted. Twenty of oat seeds was placed in Petri dishes and 5cc Tarragon extract added to Petri dishes contents.germinated seeds 3,5,7, and 9 days after start of experiment, counted and different parameters was measured.the results showed that increasing the concentration of extract can decrease growth and germination of Oat and extract 8%, has the most significant effect on the inhibition of germination, shoot length, root length, wet weight, dry weight, rate of germination and of Oat seed's germination. A recent evaluation of allelopathic effects on weeds, crop residues, and other materials to reduce reliance on herbicides is normal damage. So because of Tarragon extract can prevent germination and growth of Oat, we can use it to control weeds in further studies. key words: Avena, weed, germination Tarragon INTRODUCTION The term release of allelopathic chemicals by one plant, and inhibiting the growth of nearby plants. or decrease is called (Mohsen zadeh, 1988). More than ten thousand years that scientists have observed between the inhibitory effect on plant growth (Hejazi et al., 2004). The first experiments were conducted involving allelopathy in 1804 by Sasvrh (Schreiner and Reed, 1908). An allelopathic not a new concept, but during the past three decades as a means to understand the interrelationships of plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems has attracted much attention (Nojavan and Rezaei, 2001 ). Plants, there are several organic compounds on behavioral methods of plant communities, power plant maintenance seed production crops affect (Einhellig and Leather, 1988). The composite component materials or substances of plant secondary metabolic pathways in plants are classified as sub-including terpenes, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids Queenes, coumarin, phenolic and Glycosides cialozenik is. (Balandrin et al., 1985). These materials can be obtained from the branches and leaves of the plants or their residues or by root environment are secreted (Nojavan and Rezaei, 2001). (Hejazi et al., 2004) as a solution to the allelopathic weed control are mentioned. Experiments indicate that the chemicals released by plants or plant material decomposes ability the quartiles and weed control herbicides or pesticides to be used as a natural act (Balandrin et al., 1985). Compositae family garden plants often are grown as garden flowers are grown in a year. There are many plants in this family. Talkhun or Tarragon scientific name Artemisia dracunculus perennial plant of the family compositae 30 cm to one meter in height and has simple leaves are green. The plant is used in Tarragon leaves and young branches. Tarragon flavored foods such as Brine is used for. Tarragon is the main source of alluvial valleys in the western Russian region of North America has been growing, but now it is common in all parts of Iran (Zargar, 1993). Oats, scientific name Avena Fatua, annual plant, monocots and Poaceae (poaceae), which reaches a height of one meter. This plant is very competitive with wheat, rye and barley yields are strongly influenced by the

2 influx of wild oat emergence of the use of nitrogen fertilizer in early spring or fall, which stimulates the ((Rezai, 2003). Sorghulon material in the production of sorghum root tip that has a deterrent effect (Yang et al., 20004). Persian clover and Barsim effect on the germination of weeds, ivy and pigweed, wild rye Mustard is enhanced germination (Mikati et al., 2000). Thistle extract concentration reduced wild oat seed germination and seedling emergence in the greenhouse, laboratory and wild oat reduced root length and shoot and Thistle extract on the germination and growth of weeds wild buglass prevent and reduce the dry weight of them is (. (Rabiea et al., 2012). Essential oils of rosemary, licorice, chamomile and eucalyptus are allelopathic potential and threshold concentrations for different actions inhibitory effect of essential oils of rosemary and chamomile have the greatest impact on wild oat leaves and stems of these plants have a greater effect than (Anosheh et al., 2011). Dicot plant monocots barley plant allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus Sisymbrium irio more resistant than Eucalyptus allelopathic substances have the potential for herbicide has been Sisymbrium irio seed extract and eucalyptus in the amount of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a ratio Sisymbrium irio Dvgyah atmosphere is further reduced Reduced growth in dry weight of the air, land and atmosphere is Sisymbrium (Sarai et al., 2013). The use of chemical herbicides because weeds resistant to herbicides and herbicide-sensitive crops is the complete elimination of chemical weed through the use of herbicides is not always effective And better methods of sustainable and environmentally safe materials, weeds to be controlled. Use of residual herbicides that are of biological origin Polluting effects on the environment due to the lack of particular importance. Research has been done allelopathic plants Research finding could provide a reason for reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers on the farm, improve biological cycle is Effect of herb tarragon on hand and can be used to control weeds in organic oats, weeds in agriculture is an effective step was taken, and the cause for the sustainable agriculture. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to evaluate the effects of plant residues on germination and growth of tarragon Oat without a test shell and shelled two parts in a randomized complete block design with three replications with four treatments were performed. The tarragon plant in the shade was completely dry, the powder mill. Powder was prepared by a ratio of 2, 4 and 8 wt% by volume of distilled water was poured And stirred for 24 hours. Device Shaker And then the mixture was passed through a filter paper. To understand the effect solution prepared at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8 percent on the seed germination of weed seeds oats car 20 8 cm placed in petri dishes And the concentrations were added to Petri dishes (distilled water were used as controls). The Petri dishes at 20 Celsius germinator machine day and night, 10 degrees Celsius with humidity of 50 was placed. The number of germinated seeds on days 3,5,7 and 9 days Seedlings count at the end of harvest and shoot length, root length, seedling dry weight was measured. For each treatment, germination of equation (1) GE (%) = [(a / 3 + b / 5 + c / 7 + d / 9) / S] * 100 GE was calculated which is equal to Germination Efficiency and a, b, c and d, respectively, germinated during 3,5,7 and 9 days after the experiment, and S is the total number of seeds. Germination of equation (2) PG = 100 (n / N) Deferoxamine calculate n, number of seeds planted seeds germinate and N is the total number Germination rate using the formula (3) R = (ΣDn) / Σn n = number of seeds germinated on day D and D the number of days elapsed since the start of the experiment, were calculated Data analysis was performed using SAS software and the means were compared by Duncan test at 5% level was used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A recent assessment of the allelopathic effects of crop residues on weeds, which aims to reduce reliance on the use of natural allelopathic substances are herbicides (Einhellig and Leather, 1988). that the aqueous extract of black cumin and chickpeas is very efficient for weed control of wild oat So that 60% of the concentration of the plant extracts reduced germination as well as Cumin Chickpeas towards greater allelopathic potential of oat control(moradi et al., 2011). Results of oats portions without skin treatments, germination percentage, germination rate, germination, root length, shoot length and fresh weight were significant at the 0.01 level And 0.05% in the dry treatment was significantly different (Table 1). 924

3 Table 1. Analysis of variance aqueous extract Tarrgon on weeds Oats no shell Shoot length Root length Germination Germination rate Percentage df Sources germination changes *.18 * Block 2.11 *.001 ** 2.06 ** 5.94** ** ** ** 3 Treatment Error Coefficient of variation *, **: Significant at the 5% and 1% respectively (Maki zadeh et al., 2000) reportin wild rve extracts of germinating oat will prevent weed growth and increasing concentration of the extract, oat seed germination and reduced. Allo Kemykales such as alkaloids, coumarin, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, queenes of affect several physiological processes and family synamykv benzoic acid flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides are as germination inhibitors are presented. The results shelled oats germination percentage, germination rate, germination and lower weight percentage significantly different at the 0.05 level, but the treatment root length, shoot length and dry weight of 0.01% is statistically (table 2). Table 2. Analysis of variance aqueous extract Tarragon on weeds Oats shelled Shoot length Root length Germination Percentage Germination germination rate 2.49 *.001 * 2.48 * **.0014 * 5.73 ** ** * * * *, **: Significant at the 5% and 1% respectively df Sources changes Block Treatment Error Coefficient of variation Marco and colleagues (Marco and Barbera. 1990) reported Allo Kemykalhay prune the aqueous extract of Artemisia vegetative organs negative effects on seed germination and growth of weeds, oats and sagebrush deterrence effects on germination of oat germination from the toxic effects of Artemisia Artymyzyn. The results in Table 3 indicate that germination of germination, shoot length and fresh weight of oats without hulls Tarragon extract decreased with increasing concentration However, no significant differences in the concentrations of 2 and 4 percent Oat germination rate of 8 percent, the largest decrease in the concentration of Has. Significant differences between the control and the dry weight and the concentration of 2% has been observed between serum concentrations of 4 and 8%, 2%, and there was a significant difference (Table 3). Table 3. Comparison of mean traits in weed oat no shell under different concentrations of aqueous extract Tarragon Percentage Treatment Shoot length Root length Germination Germination germination rate.0027a.051a 2.2a 3.44a 32.5a 24.03a 78.33a Witness.0021a.027b 1.17b 1.81b 18.63b 16.01ab 50b Tarragon2 %.0017b.025b 1.11b 1.7b 17.26b 10.2bc 41.66b Tarragon 4%.0007b.006c.16c 0c.41c 2.33c 1.66c Tarrgon8 % Comparisons are done on each column separately. the numbers of common letters are not significantly different. According to the results of Table 4, a significant difference between the control germination percentage, germination rate, germination, shoot length and dry weight of oat hulls and concentrations of 2 and 4% have been observed However, a concentration of 8% difference between control and the root length was significantly different concentrations of 4% and the concentration of 4% and 8% difference was significant And control in wet weight and the concentration of 2% and 8% concentrations were significantly different (Table 4). 925

4 Zarandi and colleagues (Zarandi and Rezvani, 2012) reported the lowest percentage of germination rate and root and shoot length and seedling dry weight of oat seeds was under the influence of datura extract Tropane alkaloids, which seems to have its greatest impact on germination and seedling growth traits of Oat has decreased with the increasing concentration of Datura. Table 4. Comparison of the average traits of weeds oats shelled under different concentrations of aqueous extract of Tarragon Shoot length Root length Germination Germination rate Percentage Treatment germination.0029a.05a 3.36a 5.4b 15.36a 17a 48.33a Witness.0023a.04a 3.26a 3.9ab 10.93a 16.81a 33.33a Tarragon2%.0019a.02ab 2.26a 2.9b 10.16a 14.46a 30a Tarragon 4%.0005b.003b.38b.13c 1.16b 3.16b 3.3b Tarragon8% Comparisons are done on each column separately. the numbers of common letters are not significantly different. (Wu et al., 1998) reporting that allo chimecal material reduces the growth of different plant organs such as leaves and plant dry weight could be due to reduced uptake nutrients and water by the roots, cut the leaves for photosynthesis and also reduce photosynthesis by chemical materials that result in reduced biomass production in plants. These substances are also causing a reduction in cell division and protein synthesis and hormones are (Al- El-(Khatib et al., 2004). The results showed that the aqueous extract of tarragon will prevent the germination and growth of weeds and increasing the concentration of oats, oat germination and growth is reduced. The studies showed that different concentrations Tarragon has the greatest impact on the concentration of 8%. In order to achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture can result in the fight for control of weeds is Biological Employing these methods can be less damaging to human health and the environment to enter. 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