~RESEARCH & EXTENSION

Transcription

1 ~RESEARCH & EXTENSION Texas A&M System COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIFE SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 2 May 2012 MEMORANDUM To: From: Dr. Dave Reed, GOC Dean and Chair, Graduate College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Dr. Pete D. Teel, Associate Department Head for Subject: Course changes for ENTO 619 Insect Toxicology. We respectfully request the Graduate Programs Council approval for the following two changes to ENTO 619 Insect Toxicology. We wish the course be changed from a 4 credit-hour course to a 3 credit-hour course with the corresponding change from a lecture-laboratory course to a lecture-based course only. The new syllabus and course change form is submitted as attachments. Please let me know if you have any questions, or need additional information. Cc: Dr. David Ragsdale, Head Attachments: As described. Room 412, Minnie Belle Heep 2475TAMU College Station, Texas Tel Fax entomain@ag.tamu.edu

2 Form Instructions Texas A&M University Departmental Request for a Change in Course Undergraduate + Graduate + Professional Submit original form and attachments. 1. Request submitted by (Department or Program Name): ---=E::.:n.:.::to:.::m::.:o::..:l0:::Jg:>.y'-- 2. Course prefix, number and complete title of course: _E=.:..,;Nc.,::T-"O:...6=-1::..:9 3. Change requested Attadl a hrief su ) )OI tin~ statcmcnt for ('han~es madc to items.'a thru.'d, and (, hchm. a. Prerequisite(s): From: To: b. Withdrawal (reason): c. Cross-list with: Cross-listcd ('OUJ'scs I'cquin' thc si~natuj'c of hoth dcpal tmcnt hcads. d. Change in course title and description. Enter complete current course title and current course description in item 5; enter proposed course title and proposed course description in item 6. Complete item 7 for change in title. e. Change in course number, contact hours (lab & lecture), and semester credit hours. Complete item 7. Attach a course syllabus. 4. For informational purposes only, please indicate course number if this course will be stacked: 5. Complete current course title and current catalog course description: 6. Complete proposed course title and proposed catalog course description (not to exceed 50 words): 7. David Ra sdale Department Head or Program' Chair Chair, College Review Committee Date Department Head or Program Chair (Type Name & Sign) Date Dean of College Date (if cross-listed course) Submitted to Coordinating Board by: Chair, GC or VCC Date Associate Director, Curricular Services Date Effective Date Questions regarding this form should be directed to Sandra Williams at or sandra-williams@tamu.cdu. Curricular Services - 02/11

3 SYLLABUS Insect Toxicology ENTO 619 Spring Semester Lecture: MWF 10:20-11: 10 a.m. Location: Heep Center Room 207 Credit: 3 COURSE DESCRIPTION: Classification and properties of major types of insecticides; chemistry, metabolism and mode of action; selectivity, use hazards, residues and resistance; environmental problems: biological magnification, persistence and effects on non-target organisms. PREREQUISITES: one course in organic chemistry and ENTO 615 (Insect Physiology) or approval of instructor. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of the course, students should be able to demonstrate competency by: ~ Describing the mode of action of the major groups of insecticides, comparing broad chemical structures by chemical group and/or site of action (target site). ~ Describing the most common mutations in target sites that lead to insecticide/acaricide resistance through target site insensitivity, and the applications of molecular biology to insect toxicology (resistance detection). ~ Comparing organismal symptoms, biochemical and molecular responses of insects to synthetic and biological insecticides or plant pesticides (transgenic plants) and when known, to symptoms in mammals. ~ Predicting, evaluating and assessing health and environmental risks to insecticides in novel situations. ~ Comparing and contrasting the molecular basis of insecticide selectivity, efficacy and safety to non-targets, especially mammals. ~ Assessing best practices for safe insecticide handling and disposal. ~ Constructing a bioassay (theory-dry/lab), analyzing data and interpreting numeric and in, graphical summaries (Probit analysis) to assess the presence of insecticide resistance. ~ Demonstrating mastery of a selected topic through classroom presentation and supporting

4 documentation. Instructor: Patricia V. Pietrantonio, Professor Office: Heep Center Room 517 Mail Stop Phone Office: (979) I Lab: Fax: (979) Consultation & Office Hours: By appointment. Resource Materials: Reading assignments, supporting reference materials, and lectures will be posted to the course website Grading Policies: Assignment Mid-term Examination Master Lecture* Final Comprehensive Exam Total Maximum Points Percentage ofgrade Final Grade: A % oftotal points, B-80-89%, C-70-79%, D-60-69%, F-Below 60%. *Student Master Lectures are 45 minute power-point presentations on an instructorapproved topic pertaining to insect toxicology, based upon a scientific review of the topic (consisting of sources). Presentation is to be accompanied by handouts and bibliography. Evaluation will include written assessments by student audience and instructor. Student Attendance: Class attendance is a student responsibility (see Student Rules at ); 3 or more unexcused absences to lectures will result in a 5% reduction ofcourse grade. Students are responsible for communicating with the instructor about absences and for obtaining the material(s) and handouts given while absent. Lecture Topics and Schedule (Weekly basis): 1. Explanation of the course content and goals. Literature. Overview of the course ("big picture"). The insect as a target. Insect 'systems as targets: nervous system, midgut, etc. Subcellular targets. Summary of the intoxication process. Penetration. Distribution. Metabolization. Target tissues. Molecular targets. General classification of chemical classes of insecticides and acaricides by mode of action (target site). New Classification by modes of action, meaning of numbers. Introduction to Molecular toxicology (Suggested Readings: Molecular biology and its applications to toxicology, Glossary ofmolecular terms). 2. Critical vocabulary: Toxicology. Toxicity. Toxins. Toxicants. Toxicological risk. Exposure. Estimation of toxicity. Bioassays. The quantal problem. Probit analysis. Graphic method.

5 Concept of LD9o, LDso, LCso, LC90, etc. Bioassay principles and techniques. Synergism. Additive effects. EPA and WHO pesticide toxicity classifications. Introduction to the concept of insecticide resistance (see also 15). Resistance ratio. A tutorial on probit and resistance and real world Texas example can be found at: 3. Insect Targets: Review of Nervous system. Nerves. Neurons. Action potential. Insect channels as targets for insecticides. Ligand~ and voltage-activated channels. The sodium channel, a voltage-gated channel. Molecular structure. Insecticides acting on the sodium channel: DDT, methoxychlor, indoxacarb, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, N-alkylamides, pyrazolines. DDT as an historical case: success, malaria control, resistance to DDT and environmental pollution. Endocrine disruptors and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP's). Biomagnification. The sodium channel: Botanicals: pyrethrins. Synthetic: Pyrethroids. Structure and mode of action. Type 1 Type II. Symptoms. Non-ester pyrethroids. Evolution of chemical structure, new pyrethroids. Resistance. Sodium channel blocker: Indoxacarb. 4. Insect channels as targets for insecticides: CI channels. Ligand gated channels. Concept of agonist and antagonist, examples. Insecticides acting on chloride channels. Organochlorinated insecticides and G.A.B.A. receptor: GABA blockers. Lindane. Ciclodienes. Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin. Molecular structure of the GABA receptor. Insecticide Resistance to organochlorinated insecticides (Rdl: resistance to dieldrin). Fipronil: GABA receptor. 5. Insect channels as targets for insecticides: CI channels. Avermectin and GABA receptor. Glutamate receptors in insects (Gluq and GlUi). Molecular structure of Glutamate receptors. Avermectins and Glutamate-activated CI. channel (Caenorhabditis elegans). Structure~activity relationships. Resistance. 6. Chemical events at the synapse. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nachr): a cation channel. Nicotinic receptor historical significance (discovery, receptor concept). Toxins as probes for receptors. Specific examples. Molecular characterization of insect acetylcholine receptors. Insecticides that act at the nicotinic receptor. Old: Nicotine. New synthetic chloronicotinyls/neonicotinoids: Imidacloprid, acetamiprid. "Green chemistry": Nicotinic AchR modulator, Spinosad (TracerTM). 7. Chemical events at the synapse. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Molecular structure. Insecticides inhibitors of AchE: Introduction to Organophosphates and Carbamates. Mode of action. Organophosphates (OP's). Classification. Diversity. Examples. Malathion. Parathion. Structure-activity relationships. Safety and Intoxication by OP's and carbamates. Symptoms in mammals/humans. Acetylcholine muscarinic receptor. Treatment. 8. Carbamates: Examples. Mode of action. Carbaryl. Resistance to OP's and carbamates. Mutated AchE. EPA re~registration of OP's and carbamates (1996). Implications. G proteincoupled receptors as targets. Octopamine receptor. Formamidines: Chlordimeform, amitraz. MIDTERM EXAM. 9. Insect Targets: Midgut. Bacterial Toxins. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Lepidopteran

6 Toxins. Toxicity. Structure. Activation. Classification 1989 and Internet application: database. Mode of action: organismal level Mode of action at the molecular level The search for midgut toxin receptors. Models. Methods. Cloning ofputative receptors: APN, cadherin-like. Reading from Molecular Insect Science (7 volumes). Chapter by M. Soberon, A. Bravo, S.S. GilL 10. Pesticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. Transgenic plants/crops. B.t. cotton, B. t. com. Review of EPA recommendations on transgenic plants. Statement from scientific organizations regarding transgenic plants as "pesticides". Resistance and its management. Bt Vegetative stage toxins. Applications. Overview of diverse toxin combinations in different transgenic crops. Mosquitocidal toxins. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Cloned toxins. Mode of Action. Bacillus sphaericus toxins. Cloned toxins. Mode of Action. Other mosquitocidal strains: B.t. fukuokaensis, etc. Cloned toxins. A midgut-specific toxin isolated from a nematode. 11. Insect Targets: Hormone Receptors. Growth regulators. JH agonist: Methoprene and other juvenoids. Resistance. Ecdysone agonist: tebufenozide and similar compounds. Insect growth regulators: Inhibitors of chitin synthesis. Diflubenzuron. Other compounds. Insecticides affecting respiration: Mitochondria Electron-Transport (Met) chain. Met site I inhibitor: Rotenone. Fish toxicity. Met site II inhibitors: hydramethylnon. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Other miscellaneous insecticides. Other botanicals (neem). 12. Metabolism: Enzymes involved in metabolism of xenobiotics. Mixed function oxidases (cytochrome P450). Esterases. Esterases and gene amplification. Glutathione-S-transferases. Synergists and enzyme inhibitors. PBO, DEF, etc. 13. Insecticide Resistance. Mechanisms: Reduced Penetration. Metabolic Resistance. Resistance to OP's in mosquitoes: Esterases and Gene amplification. Resistance in aphids. Target site insensitivity. Examples worldwide. Implications. Present and future. Structure-based drug design. New potential insect targets. New insecticides, what is next? Compounds in the "pesticide pipeline". New chemistries (miticides, etc.). 14. Student master lectures: The instructor will provide a list of current topics to be selected by students within the first week of classes. Students are welcome to propose topics as long as they are NOT their research for graduate studies. 15. Student master lectures (cont.). Last lecture of this week for review session and conclusions: Review of the insecticide classification by target site presented in lecture 1. Summary of the key knowledge and understanding acquired through this course. Student evaluations of instructor at end of lecture. The instructor is available for an extra "out of schedule" review session if students indicate this need. FINAL EXAM according to University Calendar.

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