AMBIO. Electronic Supplementary Material. This supplementary material has not been peer reviewed.

Transcription

1 AMBIO Electronic Supplementary Material This supplementary material has not been peer reviewed. Title: The progress of interdisciplinarity in invasion science Authors: Ana S. Vaz, Christoph Kueffer, Christian A. Kull, David M. Richardson, Stefan Schindler, A. Jesús Muñoz-Pajares, Joana R. Vicente, João Martins, Cang Hui, Ingolf Kühn, João P. Honrado 1

2 Table S1. Search performed in ISI Web of Science (from February to September 2015). A set of search terms was compiled based on a list derived from a number of core references (see below) and the expert knowledge of the research team. The research team included members with a disciplinary as well as interdisciplinary background and experience in interdisciplinary collaboration, i.e., from biology, ecology, human geography, and mathematics. The final search string (in bold in table below) was derived through an iterative procedure, by (1) reviewing a short list of key publications, and including pertinent keywords for the search, (2) checking the records retrieved by the search, and including or excluding pre-existent and new keywords, and (3) re-conducting the search with the new set of keywords. New terms were step-by-step added and then the first 10 hits were checked for relevance. If the new search results were an improvement over the old ones the new term was kept, else it was removed. The search was performed in the field topic of ISI Web of Science for records from We considered records written in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese. Keywords on TOPIC Hits Comments "Ecological invasion*" 63 Add new term "Ecological invasion*" OR "Biological invasion*" 5739 Add new term "Invasion biology" 6042 Add new term "Invasion biology" OR "Invasion ecology" 6220 Add new term Add new term species" Add new term species" OR "Alien species" Add new term species" OR "Alien species" OR "Introduced species" Add new term "Non-native species" Add new term "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" OR "Nonindigenous species" Add new term 2

3 "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" OR "Nonindigenous species" OR "Non-indigenous species" "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" OR "Nonindigenous species" OR "Non-indigenous species" OR "allochthonous species" species" OR "Alien species" OR "Introduced species" OR "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" OR "Nonindigenous species" OR "Non-indigenous species" OR "allochthonous species" OR "Exotic species" "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" OR "Nonindigenous species" OR "Non-indigenous species" OR "allochthonous species" OR "Exotic species" OR "Released species" "Non-native species" OR "Nonnative species" OR "Nonindigenous species" OR "Non-indigenous species" OR "allochthonous species" OR "Exotic species" OR Invader Add new term Add new term Add new term Drop released species due to irrelevant hits Drop invader due to irrelevant hits Core references: Blackburn, T.M., P. Pyšek, S. Bacher, J.T. Carlton, R.P. Duncan, V. Jarošík, J.R.U. Wilson, and D.M. Richardson A proposed unified framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: Estévez, R.A., C.B. Anderson, J.C. Pizarro, and M.A. Burgman Clarifying values, risk perceptions, and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management. Conservation Biology 29: Jeschke, J.M., S. Bacher, T.M. Blackburn, J.T.A. Dick, F. Essl, T. Evans, M. Gaertner, and P.E. Hulme, et al Defining the impact of non-native species. Conservation Biology 28:

4 Kueffer, C., and G. Hirsch Hadorn How to achieve effectiveness in problem-oriented landscape research: the example of research on biotic invasions. Living Reviews in Landscape Research 2. Lowry, E., E.J. Rollinson, A.J. Laybourn, T.E. Scott, M.E. Aiello-Lammens, S.M. Gray, J. Mickley, and J. Gurevitch Biological invasions: a field synopsis, systematic review, and database of the literature. Ecology and Evolution 3: Richardson, D.M., P. Pyšek, and J.T. Carlton A compendium of essential concepts and terminology in invasion ecology. In: Fifty years of invasion ecology. The legacy of Charles Elton Pages, ed. D.M. Richardson, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Richardson, D.M., P. Pyšek, M. Rejmánek, M.G. Barbour, F.D. Panetta, and C.J. West Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6: Schindler, S., B. Staska, M. Adam, W. Rabitsch, and F. Essl Alien species and public health impacts in Europe: a literature review. NeoBiota 27:

5 Table S2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to the main dataset. The records retrieved by the search in Web of Science (total number, n = ) were subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria to eliminate non-relevant information for the research goals. These criteria related to both the type of record, and the population being targeted by the record retrieved by the search. The criteria were applied by checking the title and keyword of each record. We considered records written in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese (where the English keywords were at least referred in the title of the record). After applying these criteria, the final dataset consisted of records. Criteria type Exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria Record type Targeted population Biographical items, corrections/corrigendum, items about an individual, poetry, and anonymous documents which could not be found for checking veracity. Records which focus on alien species in relation to space (mostly in astronomy, astrophysics and physics); alien species linked to literature and films with no connection to the real world; human population considered alien species (e.g., woman as an alien species; mostly from literature and movies); invasive species from a poetic perspective and attributed to human population (mostly religious and philosophical studies); clinical terms which use alien species for referring to an organism outside the human body (mostly in dentistry, ophthalmology, dermatology, oncology) or animals in laboratory experiences (clinical laboratory). Research articles, book chapters, book reviews, editorial material, letters, meeting abstracts, news items, notes, proceeding papers, reviews. All records unless otherwise stated in the exclusion criteria. 5

6 Table S3. List of ISI research areas attributed to the records retrieved by our search, with the classification into research fields. Articles were classified according to nine broad research fields (RF) based on 110 subordinate research areas (RA). RAs were slight adaptations of those used by ISI Web of Science (ISI WOS). Classification into RFs was conducted by an interdisciplinarity team (with academics from e.g., mathematics, biology, ecology, and social sciences), and followed previous work by Leydesdorff and Rafols (2009), Porter and Rafols (2009), Rafols et al. (2010), and Wagner et al. (2011). This classification was adapted to best represent the most intuitive combinations of RAs in the biological invasion literature, and to facilitate the dissemination of the set of RAs retrieved by our search (reason why the fields of ecology, environment, biology, and (other) natural sciences were considered as separated research fields; whereas, the broad research fields of social sciences and humanities were not subdivided). Original names of RAs adopted by ISI WOS Names of the research areas (RAs) adopted in the study Classification of RAs into research fields (RFs)* Acoustics Acoustics Agriculture Agriculture Environmental Sciences Allergy Allergy Anatomy & Morphology Anatomy Anthropology Anthropology Humanities Archaeology Archaeology Humanities Architecture Architecture Humanities Area Studies Area Studies Art Art Humanities Arts & Humanities - Other Topics Humanities Humanities Audiology & Speech- Language Pathology Audiology Automation & Control Systems Automation Behavioral Sciences Behaviour Biology Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Biochemistry Biology Biodiversity & Conservation Biodiversity Ecology & Evolution Biophysics Biophysics Biology Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology Biotechnology Biology Business & Economics Economics Cell Biology Cell Biology Chemistry Chemistry (Other) Natural Sciences Communication Communication Computer Science Computer 6

7 Construction & Building Technology Construction Cultural Studies Culture Humanities Demography Demography Developmental Biology Development Biology Education & Educational Research Education Electrochemistry Electrochemistry (Other) Natural Sciences Emergency Medicine Emergency Endocrinology & Metabolism Endocrinology Energy & Fuels Energy Engineering Engineering Entomology Entomology Ecology & Evolution Environmental Sciences & Ecology Environment Environmental Sciences Ethnic Studies Ethnic Evolutionary Biology Evolution Ecology & Evolution Fisheries Fisheries Environmental Sciences Food Science & Technology Food Forestry Forestry Environmental Sciences General & Internal Medicine Internal Medicine Genetics & Heredity Genetics Biology Geochemistry & Geophysics Geochemistry Geosciences Geology Geology Geosciences Government & Law Law Humanities Health Care Sciences & Services Health Care History History Humanities History & Philosophy of Science History & Philosophy Humanities Imaging Science & Photographic Technology Imaging Immunology Immunology Infectious Diseases Diseases Information Science & Library Science Information Instruments & Instrumentation Instrumentation 7

8 Integrative & Complementary Integrative Medicine Medicine International Relations Relations Legal Medicine Legal Medicine Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Biomedicine Topics Linguistics Linguistics Literature Literature Humanities Marine & Freshwater Sciences Marine Ecology & Evolution Materials Science Materials Mathematical & Computational Biology Mathematics Biology Biology Mathematical Methods In Mathematics Social Mathematics Mathematics (Other) Natural Sciences Mechanics Mechanics Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Meteorology Geosciences Microbiology Microbiology Biology Microscopy Microscopy Mining & Mineral Processing Mining Mycology Mycology Ecology & Evolution Neurosciences & Neurology Neurology Nuclear Science & Technology Nuclear Science Nutrition & Dietetics Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Obstetrics Oceanography Oceanography Geosciences Operations Research & Management Science Operations Optics Optics Paleontology Paleontology Biology Parasitology Parasitology Biology Pathology Pathology Pharmacology & Pharmacy Pharmacology Philosophy Philosophy Humanities Physical Geography Physical Geography Geosciences 8

9 Physics Physics (Other) Natural Sciences Physiology Physiology Biology Plant Sciences Plant Sciences Ecology & Evolution Psychology Psychology Public Administration Administration Public, Environmental & Occupational Health Public Health Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Radiology Imaging Religion Religion Humanities Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Reproductive Biology Reproduction Research & Experimental Research Medicine Medicine Robotics Robotics Science & Technology - Other Topics Technology (Social) Geography Geography Social Issues Social Issues - Other Topics Sociology Sociology Spectroscopy Spectroscopy Sport Sciences Sport Telecommunications Telecommunications Toxicology Toxicology Environmental Sciences Transportation Transportation Tropical Medicine Tropical Medicine Urban Studies Urban Environmental Sciences Veterinary Sciences Veterinary Virology Virology Water Resources Water Environmental Sciences Zoology Zoology Ecology & Evolution *Description of research fields: Biology Includes biological RAs that are not covered by any of the other RAs (Ecology & Evolution and Environmental Sciences). These include for instance theoretical biology, mathematical biology, biophysics, cell biology. Ecology & Evolution Include RAs concerning many areas relating to the study of the interrelationship of organisms and their environments, including evolutionary ecology, biogeography, marine ecology, wildlife and biodiversity research. 9

10 Include RAs concerning the application of engineering and technology to deal with a wide range of issues, including the construction, design and operation of equipment and tools used for different purposes. Environmental Sciences Include the study of the environment, its contamination, toxicology, health, monitoring and management, including soil science and conservation, water resources research and engineering, and climate change. Geosciences Include RAs with a general approach to the study of the Earth, including geology, geochemistry/geophysics, meteorology and atmospheric sciences. Humanities Comprise the RAs with a focus on human culture, including arts, religion, history, and anthropology. Covers medical research related to human and animal health, including public health and sports studies. (Other) Natural Sciences Include those RAs focused on the description and understanding of natural phenomena, and that could not be accounted in other categories, including mathematics, chemistry and physics. Include RAs with a focus on society and their intrinsic relationships, including a variety of RAs which range from economics to public management and sociology. References Leydesdorff, L., and I. Rafols A global map of science based on the ISI subject categories. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 60: Porter, A.L., and I. Rafols Is science becoming more interdisciplinary? Measuring and mapping six research fields over time. Scientometrics 81: Rafols, I., A.L. Porter, and L. Leydesdorff Science overlay maps: A new tool for research policy and library management. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61: Wagner, C.S., J.D. Roessner, K. Bobb, J.T. Klein, K.W. Boyack, J. Keyton, I. Rafols, and K. Börnerf Approaches to understanding and measuring interdisciplinary scientific research (IDR): A review of the literature. Journal of Informetrics 165:

11 Table S4. Focal questions and categories considered, and classification of records (n = 283) resulting from the literature review process. This review process was considered in the final step of our analytical framework (Step 4), in which we cross-checked the set of records classified as social-ecological (n = 293 out of ). Each individual record was reviewed to confirm its social-ecological scope, by subsequently screening the title, keywords and abstract of each record. After removing unsuitable articles, the complete text of the final set of records (n = 283) was reviewed analysed to answer a set of focal questions related to our research goals. % Codes Description records STEP 4A. Social-ecological approaches A1. What is the main direction of influence between the social system and the invasion process? Social Invasion (S I) The social system drives the invasion process 44 Invasion Social (I S) The invasion process influences the social system 29 Invasion Social (S I) There is reciprocity between the two systems 27 A2. What is the main direction of impacts provoked by the invasion process? Anthropocentric The invasion process provokes impacts (partially/totally) on the social system 75 Ecocentric The invasion process provokes impacts exclusively on the ecosystem 25 A3. Which form of knowledge dimension does the study produce? Systems knowledge Oriented towards analysing and improving the causal ( causes ) understanding of the invasion process 32 Target knowledge ( valuation ) Transformation knowledge ( solutions ) Oriented towards clarifying conflicts of interests and values, including peoples perceptions, valuations and conceptualizations Oriented towards improving or avoiding a particular situation related to the invasion process STEP 4B. Invasion process B Which component of the invasion process is studied? Introduction Focuses on the pathways of species introduction from one geographical region to another Establishment Focuses on the determinants of success of species establishment Expansion Focuses on the patterns and mechanisms of species expansion Dominance Focuses on patterns and processes related to invaders that have become dominant in an invaded area, including

12 impacts and management Stage independent Studies that do not specify the stage of the invasion process, mostly because they address the invasion process as a whole 33 STEP 4C. Management type C. Which aspects of invasion management are considered by the study? Focuses on preventing the introduction of new invasive Prevention species (including risk assessments of source areas, 26 transportation pathways, and species characteristics) Monitoring Focuses on mapping, assessing and monitoring the distribution and impacts of invasive species 11 Mitigation Focuses on reducing the (likelihood) of impacts of an invasive species, including containment of further spread and eradication 30 Focuses on dealing with, and tolerating impacts (including Adaptation tolerating species or using them, e.g., for timber, medicinal 15 or ornamental goals) No management There is no focus on the management of invasive species 12 Unspecified The study does not specify the management type 6 12

13 Figure S1. Plot of the number of records/observations classified into one of the main research fields. Values in the y-axis are expressed in a logarithmic scale. 13