Transport of ions across plasma membranes
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1 Transport of ions across plasma membranes Plasma Membranes of Excitable tissues Ref: Guyton, 13 th ed: pp: th ed: pp: th ed: p57-71,
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3 Electrical properties of plasma membranes
4 Part A: A basic en:rc circuit, superimposed on an image of a membrane bilayer to show the relationship between the two. Part B: A more elaborate en:rc circuit, superimposed on an image of a membrane bilayer. This RC circuit represents the electrical characteristics of a minimal patch of membrane containing at least one Na and two K channels. Elements shown are the transmembrane voltages produced by concentration gradients in potassium (green) and sodium (blue), The voltage-dependent ion channels that cross the membrane (variable resistors;k=green, Na=blue), the non-voltage-dependent K channel (black), and the membrane capacitance.
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8 Nernest equation
9 Electro-chemical Equilibrium
10 E k+ E (mv) = - 61.log (Ci/Co) E = Equilibrium potential for a univalent ion Ci = conc. inside the cell. Co = conc. outside the cell.
11 Concentration of Ions
12 Membrane permeability
13 Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation i = Conc. inside o = Conc. outside P = permeability of the membrane to that ion.
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15 Resting membrane potential Activity K+ channels Activity of Na+ channels Na+/K+ pumps
16 Na+ and K+ conductance at resting potentials
17 Conductance of plasma membrane (Ohm s Law) I = V/R G (conductance)= 1/R I = G. V
18 The cord Conductance equation describes the contributions of permeant ions to the resting membrane potential
19 Measuring Currents at specific membrane potential
20 Patch Clamp Patch still attached to the rest of the cell, as in (A), or detached, as in (B).
21 Patch Patch clamp Clamp electronic device is employed to maintain, or clamp, the membrane potential at a set value recording the ionic current through individual channels
22 Recording of currents in Patch Clamp
23 Na+ and K+ conductance at resting potentials
24 Changes in Resting membrane potential
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26 Changes in Channels activity results in action potential
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29 Ionic currents cause depolarization
30 Resistance to Ionic currents and activation of channels
31 Action potentials
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33 Generation of action potentials
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35 Na+ and K+ conductance at resting potentials
36 Refractory periods
37 Refractory periods and Na+ Channels
38 Refractory periods
39 Involvement of other Ions in Action potential
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41 Cardiac Conduction Generation of Action potential every 0.8 seconds, or 75 action potentials per minute at the SA node (Pacemaker of the heart)
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43 Cardiac Muscle Action Potential Plateau (maintained depolarization) due to Ca 2+ inflow when voltage-gated slow Ca 2+ channels open and K + outflow when some K + channels open Membrane potential (mv) Rapid depolarization due to Na + inflow when voltage-gated fast Na + channels open 3 Repolarization due to closure of Ca 2+ channels and K + outflow when additional voltage-gated K + channels open sec Depolarization Repolarization Refractory period Contraction
44 Generation of action potential at Neural cells
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46 Supportive cells
47 Conduction of impulse
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49 Continuous Conduction in Unmyelinated axons
50 Continuous Conduction in Unmyelinated axons
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57 Chemical gated Channels
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62 Summation of postsynaptic potentials
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65 Synaptic organization
66 Monophasic action potential Vs Biphasic action potentials
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68 Compound action potentials
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