Bacillus subtilis Aspergillus flavus

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1 Bacillus subtilis Aspergillus flavus (9-98) * (89/7/7 : - 88// : )... Aspergillus flavus Bacillus subtilis BsP. BsP4 PDB 29/03 27/4 58/88 BsP38 BsP5 B 26/6 2/80 86/85. B B. BsP B B BsP B. subtilis.. Bacillus subtilis Aspergillus flavus :. B. Aflatoxin Aspergillus flavus mfarzane@ut.ac.ir : : *

2 (El-Nezami et al., 998; Gratz et al., 2005;.Peltonen et al., 200) Rhodococcus erythropolis Pseudomonas Bacillus subtilis Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans fluorescens Nocardia corynebacterioides (formerly Flavobacterium aurantiacum) D'Souza & Brackett B.200; Hormisch et al., 2004; Reddy et al., 2009). A. flavus B. subtilis (). subtilis Bacillus A. flavus R5 (Ali-Bakhshi, 2009). BsP38 BsP5 BsP4 BsP A. flavus R5 (Sedaghat-Telgerd, 2009). (AFB, ACROS ORGANICS, USA) B (Aflatoxin Mix: B, B2, G, G2; SIGMA). A. flavus R (NB) 25.(Abbas, 2005)..(Park, 993).(Abbas, 2005) Bacillus subtilis.(sedaghat, 2009; Kimura & Hirano, 988).(Laciakova et al., 2008) A. niger, A. parasiticus, Trichoderma viride, Mucor ambiguous B.(Huynh et al., 984; Mann & Rehm 976) ) ( 72..(Huynh et al., 984).(Laciakova et al., 2008). Bifidobacterium Lactobacillus Lactococcus Propionibacterium 2. Nutrient Broth (NB). Aflatoxin B (AFB)

3 93... Bacillus subtilis : 0/4. 0/22 ( 500) B / (Alberts et al., 2006) (2005) Teniola et al (HPTLC) 5. (TLC Silica gel 60 F254, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). ( 9 ) -. HPTLC (CAMAG.VideoScan TLC/HPTLC Evalution Software V ) Mini-tab (Teniola et al., 2005) PDB 5 NB 2. B B NB g B g 0. PDB g High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography 5. Ultrasonic. PDB 2. ppb (parts per billion) 3. Plates

390 2 42 94 27/4 58/88 BsP38 PDB BsP5 BsP4 29/03. ( 2/4) - B %00 86/85 A. flavus BsP BsP4. ( 2/49).

4 /4 58/88 BsP38 PDB BsP5 BsP4 29/03. ( 2/4) - B %00 86/85 A. flavus BsP BsP4. ( 2/49).(3 2 ) GLM SAS. %. %5 SPSS. A. flavus R5. BsP. Biomass A. flavus R5 B.subtilis - 30 PDB (AFB) -2 B. A.( 365 ).( 9) -

5 95... Bacillus subtilis : B. PDB BsP BsP38 BsP4 BsP5. B.subtilis - PDB 30 () 0 88/5 92/ * d c bc ** 0 465/3 480/5 BsP BsP4 BsP5 96/6 b 50/8 BsP38 00 a 52/7. % *. ** B. subtilis B.(4 ) 5. BsP % BsP4. B. subtilis -3 A. flavus R5 B PDB.HPTLC 30 BsP5 ( BsP ( BsP4 (.BsP38 (... Retention Factor (Rf)

6 B.subtilis ( 50) B.subtilis (Laciakova et al., 2008). Propionibacterium Bifidobacterium Lactococcus (El-Nezami et al., 998;.Gratz et al., 2005; Peltonen et al., 200) (200) Haskard et al. Lactobacillus. BsP. (2009) Reddy et al. (988) Kimura & Hirano B. subtilis (NK-330).. (Cotty & BsP B.Bhatnagar, 994) ( ).

7 97... Bacillus subtilis : BsP 4.. BsP.. B. subtilis. B A. flavus Bacillus sp..(guan et al., 2008) B R. erythropolis M. fluoranthenivorans P. fluorescens Stenotrophomonas B.(Guan et al., 2008) N. corynebacterioides maltophilia.(bergot et al., 977; Grove et al., 98).(Guan et al., 2008). Coumarin REFERENCES. Abbas, H. K. (2005). Aflatoxin and food safety. CRC Press. New York, USA, 565 pp. 2. Alberts, J. F., Engelbrecht, Y., Steyn, P. S., Holzapfel, W. H. & Vanzyl, W. H. (2006). Biological degradation of aflatoxin B by Rhodococcus erythropolis cultures. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 09, Alibakhshi, Z. (2009). Study on effect of hyphal anastomosis on transferring of genetic materials between aflatoxigenic and non aflatoxigenic isolates of the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link, isolated from Pistachio and their analysis by molecular marker rep-pcr. MSc. dissertation, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. (In Farsi). 4. Bergot, B. J., Stanley, W. L. & Masri, M. S. (977). Reaction of coumarin with aqua ammonia. Implications in detoxification of aflatoxin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 25, Cotty, P. J. & Bhatnagar, D. (994). Variability among atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains in ability to prevent aflatoxin contamination and production of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway enzymes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, D'Souza, D. H. & Brackett, R. E. (200). Aflatoxin B degradation by Flavobacterium aurantiacum in the presence of reducing conditions and seryl and sulfhydryl group inhibitors. Journal of food protection, 64, El-Nezami, H., Kankaanpaa, P., Salminen, S. & Ahokas, J. (998). Ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen, Aflatoxin B. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36, Gratz, S., Mykkanen, H. & El-Nezami, H. (2005). Aflatoxin B binding by a mixture of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium: in vitro versus ex vivo. Journal of food protection, 68, Grove, M. D., Plattner, R. D. & Weisleder, D. (98). Ammoniation products of an aflatoxin model coumarin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29, Guan, S., Ji, C., Zhou, T., Li, J., Ma, Q. & Niu, T. (2008). Aflatoxin B Degradation by Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia and Other Microbes Selected Using Coumarin Medium. International

8 Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9, Haskard, C. A., El-Nezami, H. S., Kankaanpaa, P. E. & Salminen, S. (200). Surface binding of aflatoxin B() by lactic acid bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, Hormisch, D., Brost, I., Kohring, G. W., Giffhorn, F., Kroppensted, R. M., Stackebrandt, E., Färber, P. & Holzapfel, W. H. (2004). Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans sp. nov., a fluoranthene andaflatoxin B degrading bacterium from contaminated soil of a former coal gas plant. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27, Huynh, V. L., Gerdes, R. G. & Lloyd, A. B. (984). Synthesis and degradation of aflatoxins by A. parasiticus. II: comparative toxicity and mutagenicity of aflatoxin B and its autolytic breakdown products. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 37, Kimura, N. & Hirano, S. (988). Inhibitory strains of Bacillus subtilis for growth and aflatoxinproduction of aflatoxigenic fungi, Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 52, Laciakova, A., Cicooova, P., Mate, D. & Laciak, V. (2008). Aflatoxins and possibilitiesfor their biological detoxification. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 64 (3), Mann, R. & Rehm, H. J. (976). Degradation products from aflatoxin B by Corynebacterium rubrum, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and Mucor ambiguus. European Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2, Park, D. L. (993). Controlling aflatoxin in food and feeds. Food Technology, 47, Peltonen, K., El-Nezami, H., Haskard, C., Ahokas, J. & Salminen, S. (200). Aflatoxin B binding by dairystrains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, Reddy, K. R. N., Reddy, C. S. & Muralidharan, K. (2009). Potential of botanicals and biocontrol agents on growth and aflatoxin productionby Aspergillus flavus infecting rice grains. Food Control, 20, Sedaghat-Telgerd, N. (2009). Study on biological control of Aspergillus flavus in pistachio by using atoxigenic isolate and Bacillus subtilis. M. Se. dissertation, university of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. (In Farsi). 2. Teniola, O. D., Addo, P. A., Brost, I. M., Farber, P., Jany, K. D., Alberts, J. F., Van-Zyl, W. H., Steyn, P. S. & Holzapfel, W. H. (2005). Degradation of aflatoxin B() by cell-free extracts of Rhodococcus erythropolis and Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans sp. nov. DSM 44556(T). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 05, -7.

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY. Screening of Chemical Libraries in Search of Inhibitors of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis. A Thesis Submitted to the

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY. Screening of Chemical Libraries in Search of Inhibitors of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis. A Thesis Submitted to the NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY Screening of Chemical Libraries in Search of Inhibitors of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis A Thesis Submitted to the University Honors Program In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements