3.1: Place of collection of entomopathogenic nematode isolates : Measurement of 12 bacterial isolates 45
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1 List of Tables 3.1: Place of collection of entomopathogenic nematode isolates : Measurement of 12 bacterial isolates : Colony morphology of bacteria on nutrient agar : Colony morphology of bacteria on Nutrient broth : Biochemical characteristics of 12 bacterial isolates : Gas production from carbohydrates : Acid production from carbohydrates : Measurement of 12 bacterial strains : Place of collection of entomopathogenic nematode isolates : Identification based on sequencing of 16S rdna : Antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus and P. eruginosa : Antifungal activity against A. flavus, F. oxysporum and R. solani : Insecticidal activity of bacterial cells and its toxic secretions : Nematicidal activity of bacterial supernatant against M. incognita : Sub fractions and solvents used for TLC : Antimicrobial activity of organic acid mixture against the test organisms.. 7.3: Antimicrobial activity of methanol/ethyl acetate fraction against test organisms
2 List of Figures 3.1: EPN infected Galleria mellonella larvae : Infective juveniles of EPN : Typical Gram stain appearance of bacteria : Scanning electron micrograph of bacterial isolate B : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate B : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate N.. 3.7: Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate K : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate SI : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate BEC : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate 51 RRI : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate NED : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate KAV : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate KO : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate M : Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of bacterial isolate DH.. 52
3 3.17: Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate B : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate N : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate K : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate SI : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate BEC : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate RRI : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate NED : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate KAV : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate KO : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate M : Effect of ph on the growth of bacterial isolate DH : Growth of bacterial isolate B by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate N by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometricmethod) : Growth of bacterial isolate K by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate SI by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate BEC by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate RRI by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate 532 by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate NED by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate KAV by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method).. 56
4 3.38: Growth of bacterial isolate KO by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate M2 by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : Growth of bacterial isolate DH by turbidity measurements (Spectrophotometric method) : PCR Amplification of D2-D3 expansion fragment of the 28S rdna region of four EPN isolates K, B, N and Hy : Phylogenetic analysis of four EPN isolates using the nucleotide sequence of D2-D3 expansion fragment of the 28S rdna region : Multiple sequence alignment of the D2-D3 expansion fragments of the28s rdna region of four EPN isolates : PCR Amplification of 16S rdna of 12 Symbiotic bacteria from Entomopathogenic nematode isolates : Selection of recombinant clones on LA medium containing ampicillin and X-gal/IPTG 5.3: Phylogenetic tree of 12 symbiotic bacteria isolated from Entomopathogenic nematode isolates constructed using the neighbour-joining method of the TREECON software with 100 bootstrap replicates 5.4: Multiple sequence alignment of the 16S rdna of 12 Symbiotic bacteria from EPN isolates : The restriction patterns of PCR-amplified 16S rdna from 12 symbiotic bacterial strains digested with the enzyme Alu : Dendrogram (UPGMA) of genetic relationships among 16S rdna genotypes identified by PCR-RFLP analysis : Antibacterial activity of organic fraction against B. subtilis : Antibacterial activity of organic fraction against S. aureus : Antibacterial activity of organic fraction against E. coli : Antibacterial activity of organic fraction against P. aeruginosa : Common control 97
5 6.6: Control : Antimycotic activity of organic fraction against A. flavus : Control : Antimycotic activity of organic fraction against F. oxysporum : Control : Antimycotic activity of organic fraction against R. solani : Control : TLC profile of fraction : Positive test for organic acid : HPLC elution profile of fraction 1 on Aminex HPX-87H column (Biorad) : Antibacterial activity of organic acid mixture against B. subtilis : Antibacterial activity of organic acid mixture against S. aureus : Antimycotic activity of organic acid mixture against A. flavus : Antimycotic activity of organic acid mixture against F. oxysporum : Antimycotic activity of organic acid mixture against R. solani : TLC profile of fraction : HPLC elution profile of Cyclo (pro-leu). C -18 reverse phase column, 50methanol-water as the mobile phase : C 13 NMR of Cyclo (pro-leu) : H 1 NMR of Cyclo (pro-leu) : Melting point of Cyclo (pro-leu)
6 - 7.14: FTIR of Cyclo (pro-leu) : Structure of Cyclo (pro-leu) : TLC profile of fraction : HPLC elution profile of fraction 3 on C -18 reverse phase column, 100% methanol as the mobile phase Antibacterial activity of methanol/ethyl acetate fraction against B. subtilis : Antibacterial activity of methanol/ethyl acetate fraction against S. aureus. 7.20: Antimycotic activity of methanol/ethyl acetate fraction against A. flavus : Antimycotic activity of methanol/ethyl acetate fraction against F. oxysporum 7.22: Antimycotic activity of methanol/ethyl acetate fraction against R. solani : Common control : Common control : Common control : Common control. 120
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doi:10.1038/nature10244 a O07391_MYCAV/127-243 NLPC_HAEIN/80-181 SPR_SHIFL/79-183 P74160_SYNY3/112-245 O24914_HELPY/301-437 Q51835_PORGI/68-178 DPP6_BACSH/163-263 YKFC_BACSU/185-292 YDHO_ECOLI/153-263
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