seasons, the angle of sunshine striking the surface of the earth and the area covered by sunlight.
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1 ANGLE OF SUNLIGHT 1 OUTCOME: Students learn about another reason for the seasons, the angle of sunshine striking the surface of the earth and the area covered by sunlight. PROCEDURE: Direct light in summer heats the Earth more than the indirect light we receive in the winter. Helping children to understand indirect light can be very difficult, but it is key to understanding one of the causes of the seasons. SUPPLIES: punched sheet, overhead projector, globe A specially prepared sheet can be found in the supply kit. Evenly spaced holes were punched down the paper. By placing this sheet on the overhead, circles of light are projected on the wall. Place a globe in the path of the light with the light from the center hole on the sheet shining on the Equator on the globe. Excerpt from Meteorology and More 1
2 Notice that the circle at the Equator is round. Sunlight shines directly onto the Equator. The circles of light shining on the Northern and Southern Hemisphere are oval. Sunlight does not shine directly onto the land in these parts of the globe. Because of the curve of the Earth and the tilt of the axis of the Earth, the sunlight is spread out over more area in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere than at the Equator. TEACHER BACKGROUND Both the oval and the circle were made by the same source of light, the overhead projector. The oval has the same amount of light as the circle. Since the oval is bigger, the light is spread out more. S U N Slanted rays of sunlight spread out more over the Earth s surface than light that shines directly at the surface. Both situations carry the same amount of sunlight from the sun, but since the light that hits a slanted surface is spread out over a larger area, the light and heat is less intense. Places at the equator, where the sun shines directly, receive more direct sunlight. Places far from the equator receive less sunshine because it is spread out over a larger area. Excerpt from Meteorology and More 2
3 ANGLE OF SUNLIGHT 2 OUTCOME: Students learn about another reason for the seasons, the angle of sunshine striking the surface of the earth and the area covered by sunlight. Direct light in summer heats the Earth more than the indirect light we receive in the winter. Helping children to understand indirect light can be very difficult, but it is key to understanding one of the causes of the seasons. Students can think indirect is bounced light, sometimes from invisible objects in space. SUPPLIES IN THE KIT: flashlight SUPPLIES TO FIND: graph paper, protractor, ruler PREPARE: Use a rubber band to attach a flashlight to a twelve-inch ruler. PROCEDURE: Place a sheet of graph paper on a table. Place the end of a student ruler in the center of the graph paper. Shine the light from the flashlight onto the paper at a ninety-degree angle and notice the circle illuminated by the flashlight. Excerpt from Meteorology and More 3
4 Move the ruler so that it forms a forty-five degree angle to the graph paper. How does the number of squares on the graph paper change? Compare the circle of light created if the ruler is vertical to the table or at an angle to the table. Count the number of squares that are brightly illuminated if the flashlight shines on the graph paper from above the paper or from the side. Use a protractor to move the ruler so that it forms a 90º, 60º, 45º or 30º angle to the table. Count the squares brightly illuminated and graph them using the student worksheet. TEACHER BACKGROUND Both the oval and the circle were made by the same source of light, the flashlight. The oval has the same amount of light as the circle. Since the oval is bigger, the light is spread out more. MATH CONNECTION: Use worksheet to graph the results of the experiment. Excerpt from Meteorology and More 4
5 SR: Graph Paper Excerpt from Meteorology and More 5
6 SR: Angle of Sunlight Name: Record the squares covered by the light: Graph the results of your data here: Degree of Angle: Squares Illuminated: KEY day night Squares Illuminated Angle of Flashlight Excerpt from Meteorology and More 6
7 SR: Angle of Sunlight Nombre: Registra los cuadros cubiertos por la luz: Muestra los resultados de tu investigación aquí: Grado del Ángulo: Cuadros Iluminados: CLAVE dia noche Cuadros Illuminados Ángulo de la Linterna Excerpt from Meteorology and More 7
8 HOURS OF SUNSHINE OUTCOME: Students learn that there are more daylight hours in the summer than in the winter. This is one of the causes of seasons. Introduce one cause of the seasons, hours of sunlight each day, with a student worksheet. SUPPLIES: worksheets, overhead transparency of worksheet PROCEDURE: Ask students if the time for sunrise and sunset are the same all year long. When they get up for school at the beginning of the year is it dark? How about in December? In uly? We re going to use a chart to calculate the length of the day in Oregon on the twenty-first day of each month for a year. Hand out the charts for the year. Show how to calculate the first month or two. Sunrise and sunset change through the year. The Earth's tilt causes the length of the day to change in our state. Due to this difference in the length of day, we have more daylight in the summer than we do in the winter. Excerpt from Meteorology and More 8
9 The simplest method might be to count out loud from sunrise 6:15, 7:15, 8:15, etc. until the sunset. Continue to process the data while students each complete a chart. Some students may calculate on their own; others may simply copy your work. The information for this activity was found at: MATH CONNECTION: Information can also be graphed on a bar and line graph using the worksheets provided. Excerpt from Meteorology and More 9
10 SR: Calculate Hours of Daylight Name: Calculate the hours of daylight given the sunrise and sunset times for the twenty-first day of each month in Oregon: Month Sunrise Sunset Hours of daylight anuary 7:43 am 5:04 pm 9 hours 21 minutes February 7:04 am 5:48 pm March 6:12 am 6:27 pm April 5:17 am 7:06 pm May 4:37 am 7:41 pm une 4:26 am 8:02 pm uly 4:46 am 7:50 pm August 5:22 am 7:08 pm September 5:59 am 6:11 pm October 6:36 am 5:16 pm November 7:18 am 4:38 pm December 7:47 am 4:34 pm Excerpt from Meteorology and More 10
11 Nombre: Calcula las horas de luz del día dando la hora del amanecer y del atardecer los días 21 de cada mes en Oregon: mes Amanecer Atardecer horas de luz enero 7:43 am 5:04 pm 9 horas 21 minutos febrero 7:04 am 5:48 pm marzo 6:12 am 6:27 pm abril 5:17 am 7:06 pm mayo 4:37 am 7:41 pm junio 4:26 am 8:02 pm julio 4:46 am 7:50 pm agosto 5:22 am 7:08 pm septiembre 5:59 am 6:11 pm octubre 6:36 am 5:16 pm noviembre 7:18 am 4:38 pm diciembre 7:47 am 4:34 pm Excerpt from Meteorology and More 11
12 SR: Calculate Hours of Daylight Answer Key ANSWER KEY Calculate the hours of daylight given the sunrise and sunset times for the twenty-first day of each month in Oregon. Month Sunrise Sunset Hours of daylight anuary 7:43 am 5:04 pm 9 h 21 m February 7:04 am 5:48 pm 10 h 44 m March 6:12 am 6:27 pm 12 h 15 m April 5:17 am 7:06 pm 13 h 49 m May 4:37 am 7:41 pm 15 h 4 m une 4:26 am 8:02 pm 15 h 36 m uly 4:46 am 7:50 pm 15 h 4 m August 5:22 am 7:08 pm 13 h 46 m September 5:59 am 6:11 pm 12 h 12 m October 6:36 am 5:16 pm 10 h 40 m November 7:18 am 4:38 pm 9 h 20 m December 7:47 am 4:34 pm 8 h 47 m Excerpt from Meteorology and More 12
13 Name: Hours of Sunlight and Darkness on the Twenty First Day of the Month in Oregon F M A M A S O N D hours each day of sunlight month of the year KEY day night Excerpt from Meteorology and More 13
14 SR: Calculate Sunlight and Darkness Answer Key ANSWER KEY Hours of Sunlight and Darkness on the Twenty First Day of the Month in Oregon F M A M A S O N D hours each day of sunlight month of the year KEY day night Excerpt from Meteorology and More 14
15 SR: Calculate Sunlight and Darkness Answer Key Nombre: Horas de Luz del Sol y de Obscuridad en los Días 21 de cada Mes en Oregon: horas de luz del sol diarias F M A M A S O N D mes del año CLAVE DIA NOCHE Excerpt from Meteorology and More 15
16 SR: Calculate Sunlight and Darkness Answer Key Nombre: Horas de Luz del Sol y de Obscuridad en los Días 21 de cada Mes en Oregon: horas de luz del sol diarias F M A M A S O N D mes del año CLAVE DIA NOCHE Excerpt from Meteorology and More 16
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