Taxonomy Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya, mostly heterotrophic, live in all sorts of environments Largest group of organisms on Earth Only a small amount cause disease Most have very important roles:, such as cyanobacteria : decomposers that break down dead material. : they have a relationship with other organisms (bacteria in your gut). Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites, and marine life where they produce methane. Vast differences in genetic and biochemical make-up from other bacteria. = have a nucleus, can be unicellular or multicellular 1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes, multicellular algae 2. Kingdom Plantae: have cell walls made of cellulose, and obtains energy through photosynthesis 3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtains energy by absorbing nutrients 4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtains energy by ingesting other organisms 1
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Wacky History of the Cell Video Questions (http://viewpure.com/4opbylwh9du?start=0&end=0) 1. Name of the spectacle maker from the Netherlands who lived in the early 1600 s. 2. What was this scientist famous for? 3. Name of the Dutch scientist who made his own microscope. 4. What famous discovery did this scientist make with his home-made microscope? How did he make this discovery? 5. What did he call his discovery? 6. Name of the English scientist who is credited for coming up with the term cell. 7. What was this scientist looking at when he came up with the name cell? 8. Why did he call them cells? 9. What did Robert Hooke do to make Sir Isaac Newton mad? 10. Why does no one know what Robert Hooke looked like? 11. Name of the German botanist (one who studies plants) from the 1800 s. 12. What discovery was this German botanist famous for? 13. Name of another German scientist from the 1800 s that studied animals. 14. What was this German scientist famous for? 15. What part of the cell theory did Schleiden and Schwann disagree on? 16. What did Schleiden believe? 17. What did Schwann believe? 18. Who was right? 19. What scientist proved all cells come from other cells? 3
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes Oldest fossil prokaryote 3.5 billion years No One strand of circular membrane bound organelles Very small Single celled Ex - Bacteria Eukaryotes Evolved 1.5 bya Has a with membrane bound organelles is linear and stored in the nucleus Multicellular or unicellular Larger, more complex Ex - Plants, animals, fungi, and protists How are they similar? Both have to make, cell membrane,, and cytoplasm 4
Benefits of Bacteria to humans and animals, especially in digestion. : some produce oxygen, while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus throughout the environment. : living things break down pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil and are used to clean up oil spills. Bacterial diseases Cross Section of Intestinal Wall Food comes in Bacteria help break down food Bacteria produce needed vitamins Bacteria keep the intestine wall clean Can attack the cells in tissues. o Ex - Tuberculosis/TB, is caused by bacteria that invade the lungs and use the tissues for nutrients Can make poisons called toxins o Blood carries it to other parts of the body. o Ex - Food poisoning Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to fight o Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria o Work by stopping the from developing. Animal cells and viruses do not have cell walls. : overuse of antibiotics has caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to medications. This allows bacteria to survive and reproduce. 5
Cell Structures Organelle Function Plant Animal peroxisome Cilia centriole lysosome cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondrion smooth endoplasmic reticulum flagellum cytoskeleton Contains enzymes that are responsible for metabolic processes Hair like projections that aid in movement Aids in cell division (mitosis) Contains enzymes that break down old cell parts, bacteria, and viruses Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; selectively permeable A jellylike liquid that contains dissolved materials and or]ganelles Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration Makes lipids, breaks down drugs and alcohol, controls calcium Whip-like tail projection that aids in movement Network of proteins that maintains cell shape nuclear pores Allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm nuclear Double membrane around the nucleus, protection membrane/envelope DNA Coiled around proteins called histones; DNA + proteins = chromatin nucleolus Dense region in center of nucleus that makes ribosomes nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes golgi body golgi vesicle amyloplast plasmodesma Control center of the cell, stores DNA Covered in ribosomes, produces and transports proteins Site of protein synthesis Processes, sorts, and packages proteins and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of cell; UPS of the cell Contains and transports substances throughout the cell; UPS delivery truck Synthesizes and stores starch Allows neighboring plant cells to exchange materials tonoplast Semi-permeable membrane that regulates what goes in and out of vacuole central vacuole Large fluid filled sac used for storage of needed materials (H 2O, food, enzymes, etc) chloroplast Carries out photosynthesis by capturing and converting solar energy cell wall Rigid outer surface made of cellulose that supports, protects, and gives shape to the cell 6