ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS iii xiii xiv xx 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 GENERAL 1 1.2 THE PROBLEM STATEMENT 3 1.3 WEATHER RADAR IN HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 4 1.4 RADAR RAINFALL ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES 6 1.5 OVERALL FRAMEWORK 7 1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 9 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 9 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 2.1 GENERAL 11 2.2 THE HISTORY OF RADAR 11 2.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RADAR 13 2.4 DOPPLER RADAR BASICS AND RADAR BANDS 14
x CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.5 Z-R RELATIONSHIP FOR WEATHER RADAR 16 2.6 WEATHER RADAR FOR RAINFALL- RUNOFF MODELING 18 2.7 HYDROLOGIC MODEL (HEC-HMS) USING DWR RAINFALL DATA 27 2.8 RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING FOR AN UNGAUGED WATERSHED 30 2.9 SUMMARY 33 3 STUDY AREA 35 3.1 GENERAL 35 3.2 STUDY AREA 37 3.3 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL 43 3.4 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 44 3.4.1 Alfisols 44 3.4.2 Entisols 44 3.4.3 Vertisols 45 3.4.4 Inceptisols 46 3.5 DRAINAGE 47 3.6 LAND USE PATTERN 48 3.7 SUMMARY 49 4 DATA COLLECTION AND METHODOLOGY 50 4.1 GENERAL 50 4.2 METHODOLOGY 50 4.3 RAIN GAUGE RAINFALL DATA 51 4.4 RADAR DERIVED RAINFALL DATA 52
xi CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.5 RADAR RAINFALL DATA ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES 73 4.6 HEC-HMS RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL 80 4.6.1 Basin Model Processing with HEC- GeoHMS 83 4.6.2 SCS CN Loss Method for Single-event Simulation 86 4.6.3 Muskingum Routing Method 89 4.6.4 SCS UH Method 89 4.6.5 Meteorologic Model 92 4.6.6 Control Specifications 93 4.6.7 HEC-HMS Simulation 93 4.7 HEC-HMS MODEL CALIBRATION 96 4.8 SUMMARY 100 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 101 5.1 GENERAL 101 5.2 RADAR AND RAIN GAUGE RAINFALL DATA COMPARISON 102 5.3 RADAR CALIBRATION FACTOR FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS 113 5.4 VALIDATION OF HEC-HMS MODEL 114 5.5 RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR NEMAM WATERSHED 116 5.6 RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR ADYAR WATERSHED 122 5.7 SUMMARY 127
xii CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 129 6.1 GENERAL 129 6.2 SUMMARY 129 6.3 CONCLUSION 131 6.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY 133 6.5 FUTURE SCOPE 134 REFERENCES 136 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 148 CURRICULUM VITAE 149
xiii LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Major milestones in radar history 12 2.2 Weather radar classification based on the frequency band 16 2.3 The interpretation of dbz factor 18 3.1 Locations of rainfall stations proximate to the study areas 42 3.2 Taxonomy of the soils 45 4.1 HEC-DSS file description 56 4.2 Calibration factors for the study period 75 4.3 HEC-HMS optimization techniques 97
xiv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 2.1 Natural radar 13 2.2 General block diagram of Doppler weather radar 15 3.1 Chennai basin with drainage details 36 3.2 Map of Adyar and Nemam watersheds 38 3.3 Nemam watershed with Thiessen polygon 39 3.4 Adyar watershed with Thiessen polygon 40 3.5 Adyar gridded watershed with hydrological elements 41 3.6 Nemam gridded watershed with hydrological elements 42 3.7 Hydrological soil map of Adyar watershed 46 3.8 Hydrological soil map of Nemam watershed 47 3.9 Land use map of Nemam watershed 48 3.10 Land use map of Adyar watershed 49 4.1 Framework of research methodology 51 4.2 Radar rainfall data processing methodology 52 4.3 CDR radar rainfall data format 54 4.4 Radar data text files to standard ASCII files conversion 54 4.5 Radar rainfall data in ASCII format 55 4.6 ASCII format to HEC-DSS database file 58
xv FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.7 Projected radar rainfall data in ArcGIS and HEC-GridUtil tools 59 4.8 Grid set creation in HEC-GridUtil tool 61 4.9 Grid set view in HEC-DSSVue tool 62 4.10 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:18:00 (UTC) 63 4.11 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:19:00 (UTC) 63 4.12 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:20:00 (UTC) 64 4.13 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:21:00 (UTC) 64 4.14 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:22:00 (UTC) 65 4.15 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:23:00 (UTC) 65 4.16 Precipitation Accumulations 06-Nov- 2010:24:00 (UTC) 66 4.17 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:01:00 (UTC) 66 4.18 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:02:00 (UTC) 67 4.19 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:03:00 (UTC) 67 4.20 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:04:00 (UTC) 68
xvi FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.21 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:05:00 (UTC) 68 4.22 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:06:00 (UTC) 69 4.23 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:07:00 (UTC) 69 4.24 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:08:00 (UTC) 70 4.25 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:09:00 (UTC) 70 4.26 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:10:00 (UTC) 71 4.27 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:11:00 (UTC) 71 4.28 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:12:00 (UTC) 72 4.29 Precipitation Accumulations 07-Nov- 2010:13:00 (UTC) 72 4.30 Identification of radar calibration factor 76 4.31 Radar ASCII file before applying the calibration factor 77 4.32 Perl scripting for batch processing 78 4.33 Radar ASCII file after applying the calibration factor 79 4.34 Nemam watershed with parameters in HEC- HMS 81
xvii FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 4.35 Adyar watershed in HEC-HMS 82 4.36 Cartosat DEM of Adyar and Nemam watersheds 84 4.37 Curve number loss parameters for Adyar watershed 88 4.38 Muskingum routing parameters K and x for Adyar watershed 90 4.39 Basin lag time parameter for Adyar watershed 91 4.40 Simulated outflow details in HEC-HMS 94 4.41 Simulated outflow details in HEC-DSSVue Utility 95 4.42 Schematic of model calibration procedure 97 4.43 Model calibration with peak-weighted RMS error 98 4.44 Model calibration with percentage error in peak flow 99 5.1 Display radar rainfall values at rain gauge locations 102 5.2 Rainfall data comparison at Korattur station 103 5.3 Rainfall data comparison at Sriperumbudur station 104 5.4 Rainfall data comparison at Thiruvallur station 105 5.5 Rainfall data comparison at Chembarambakkam station 106 5.6 Rainfall data comparison at Chengalpattu station 107
xviii FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.7 Rainfall data comparison at Tambaram station 108 5.8 Rainfall data comparison at Meenambakkam station 109 5.9 Rainfall data comparison at Tharamani station 110 5.10 Rainfall data comparison at Nungambakkam station 111 5.11 Rainfall data comparison at Anna University Campus 112 5.12 Radar rainfall intensity and calibration factor relationship 113 5.13 Runoff hydrograph at Adyar watershed for Jal 114 5.14 Flow comparison using rain gauge input 115 5.15 Flow comparison using radar derived rainfall input 115 5.16 Runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Nisha 117 5.17 Runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Phyan 117 5.18 Runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Jal 118 5.19 Hourly runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Phyan 120 5.20 Hourly runoff hydrograph at Nemam watershed for Jal 121 5.21 Runoff hydrograph at Adyar watershed for Nisha 123
xix FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 5.22 Runoff hydrograph at Adyar watershed for Phyan 123 5.23 Hourly Runoff at Adyar watershed for Phyan 124 5.24 Hourly Runoff at Adyar watershed for Jal 125
xx LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS Symbols a - Total area of the sub-catchment A - Total area of the watershed a i - Area of the part of the sub-catchment belongs to the rain gauge i A i - Area with curve number CN i CN - Curve Number CN i - Curve number of the sub-area A i ( i = 1 to any number N) CN w - Weighted curve number D - Raindrop diameter G i - Rain gauge rainfall accumulation at each watershed for each event h i - Rain gauge precipitation value at rain gauge i - Spatial average of precipitation i - Number of rain gauges (1 to any number n) I a - Initial abstraction of rainfall by soil and vegetation N(D) - Number of drops of given diameter per cubic meter P - Rainfall Q - Runoff depth R i - Radar rainfall accumulation at each watershed for each event S - Potential maximum soil moisture retention t c - Time of concentration t lag - Basin lag time
xxi Abbreviations AMC - Antecedent Moisture Condition ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer AWS - Automatic Weather Station CAPPI - Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator CDR - Cyclone Detection Radar centre CRADA - Cooperative Research and Development Agreement dbz - Decibel of Reflectivity DEM - Digital Elevation Model DHR - Digital Hybrid Reflectivity DRR - Daily Radar Rainfall DSS - Data Storage System DTYPE - Data Type DUNITS - Data Units DWR - Doppler Weather Radar ECR - East Coast Road EMR - Electromagnetic Radiation ESRI - Environmental System Research Institute GIS - Geographical Information Systems GPS - Global Positioning System GSLV - Geo-Stationary Launch Vehicle GSSHA - Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis HEC - Hydrologic Engineering Center HEC-DSS - Hydrologic Engineering Center's Data Storage System
xxii HEC-DSSVue - HEC-Data Storage System s Visual Utility Engine HEC-GeoHMS - Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension HEC-GridUtil - Hydrologic Engineering Centre's Grid Utility HEC-HMS - Hydrological Modeling System HRAP - Hydrologic Rainfall Analysis Project HRR - Hourly Radar Rainfall HRRS - Estimated Hourly Radar Rainfall IMD - India Meteorological Department INSAT - Indian National Satellite IR - Infrared IRS - Indian Remote Sensing IWS - Institute for Water Studies KINEROS2 - Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model LU/LC - Land Use/Land Cover MAPE - Mean Absolute Percentage Error NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NPOL - NASA S-band Polarimetric Doppler radar NRSC - National Remote Sensing Centre NWS - National Weather Service PAC - Precipitation Accumulation PER-CUM - Period Cumulative PERL - Practical Extraction and Report Language PMM - Probability Matching Methods PR - Precipitation Radar PWD - Public Works Department QC - Quality Control RF - Radio Frequency RMS - Root Mean Square RS - Remote Sensing
xxiii SCS - Soil Conservation Service SCS-CN - Soil Conservation Service- Curve Number SHG - Standard Hydrologic Grid SRI - Surface Rainfall Intensity SRTM - Shuttle Radar Topography Mission T/R - Transmit/Receive TRMM - Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TSMS - Turkish State Meteorological Service TV - Television UBRB - Upper Bernam River Basin UDSWM - Urban Drainage Storm Water Management UH - Unit Hydrograph UK - United Kingdom URBS - Unified River Basin Simulator USACE - United States Army Corps of Engineers USDA - United States Department of Agriculture UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator VA - Virginia VB - Visual Basic WFIUH - Width Function Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph WGS - World Geodetic System WSR - Weather Surveillance Radar WSR-88D - Weather Surveillance Radar 88 Doppler Z-R - Reflectivity-Rainfall rate