k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss sszh-imkv{xw

k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss sszh-imkv{xw tum. Pn. tnsnbøv ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE Thalassery, Kerala, India - 670 101 Ph: 0490 2344727, 2343707 Web: www.alphathalassery.org, Email: alphits@gmail.com

Title: Published by: Published on: k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss sszh-imkv{xw Patrology The Director, Alpha Institute, Archdiocese of Tellicherry, Sandesa Bhavan, Tellicherry, 670 101, Kannur, Kerala Ph: 0490-2344727, 2343707 2014 December 25 (X mas) D QQ- QS w D S w Editorial Board: Rev. Dr. Joseph Pamplany Rev. Dr. Joseph Kakkaramattathil Rev. Dr. Thomas Kochukarottu Office Assistance: Rev. Sr. Glorista SABS Mr. Renjith K.C. Mrs. Anitha Vijayan Mrs. Maneesha Shinoj Mrs. Jeshitha Vijesh Miss. Bhavya K Language Mentor: Rev. Fr. Mathew Edamula Printing: Copy Right: Vimala Offset Press, Thalassery All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher 1. k`m-]n-x-m - m... 5 2. A -kvtxm-eni ]nxm- - m... 15 3. {Ko v ]nxm- - m... 63 4. eøo k`m]nxm- - m... 95 5. ]uckvxy k`m ]nxm- - m... 127 6. kndn-bm- m-c Xmky... 154

01 k`m-]n-x-m - m B[mc {KŸßƒ 1. tum. Pn. tnsn-b-øv, k`m-]n-xm- - m, (tim bw: ]uckvxy hnzym- ]o-tw, hs-hm-xq, 1987). 2. tum. Pn. tnsn-b-øv, BZn-a-k-`-bpsS ktµ-iw, (tim bw: ]uckvxy hnzym-]otw, hs-hm-xq, 1981). Published for the use of the students of Alpha Institute of Theology and Science Kpcp- - msc ]nxm- - m-sc v ]pcm-x-\-imeøp hnfn- pi ]Xn-hm-bn-cp p. "\n߃ v {InkvXp-hn ]Xn-\m-bncw D]-tZ-jvSm- ƒ D mbn-cn- mw. F m ]nxm- - m hf-sc-bn-. kphnti-j-{]-kwkwhgn tbip-{in-kvxp-hn \n߃ v P w \ In-bXv Rm\mWv' F v ]utemkv «olm ]d-bp p (1 timdn 4:15). injy- m-cpss ]nxm- - mcm-bn-cp p Kpcp- - m. ]Tn- n- pi F Xv sa{xm- m-cpss {][m\ I Ø-hy-ß-fn H m-bn-cp- -Xn- \m, ]nxmhv F v sa{xm- msc hnfn- p ]Xnhv {]mno-\-{in-kvxob k`-bn DS-se-Sp-Øp. Imem- c-øn k`-bpss s]mxp-]m-c-º-cy-øns h m- -fmb Fgp-Øp-Im-sc-sb mw ]nxm- - m F p hnfn- p-xp-s-ßn. ]n me ss{ikvx-h-k` k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss Ime-L- -Øn\v AXncpw Ipdn- n- p- v. ]m m-xy-k- `-bn alm-\mb {KnKdn hsc (+604), AYhm skhnense Ckn-tZm hsc (+636); AXm-bXv Cu Ime- L- -Øn\p apºv Pohn- n-cp- -h am{xta ]t{sm-f- 4 5

Pn-bn Dƒs -Sp- p- p. Ahsc am{xta \njvir-jvsm -Øn k`m-]n-xm- - m-sc p hnfn- m ]msp q F p kmcw. k`m-]n-xm- - m F kw -bv v A l-cm-b-h Nne khn-ti-j-x-i-fpss Ah-Im-in-I-fm-bn-cn- -Ww. H m-asø \n_- \ c m-k-tµiw Ahn-I-e-ambpw ]q Æ-ambpw Ah {Kln- n-cn- Ww; Pohn-X-Øns `mk-am- nbn-cn- Ww; If- -c-ln-xambn ]I p simsp-øn-cn- -Ww. \n Ω-ehpw t{ijvthpw [otcmzmøhpamb ss{ikvx-h-po-hn-x-øns DS-asb am{xta k`m-]n-xmhv F p hnfn- m-\m-hq. At±lw hc- p-im- p {InkvXp-Nn{Xw ]q Æ-am-bn-cn- -Ww. Pohn-X-Øn Bkz-Zn- dn Znhy-k-tµiw Ahn-I-e-ambn ssiam-d-ww. k`m-]n-xmhv kxy-hn-izm-k-øns h m-hm-wv, F p]d- m kxy-hnizm-k-tøm-sp AZ-ay-amb ` n, kxy-k-`-tbm-sp hniz-kvxamb H p-tn-c Ft A -ap- q. bmsxmcp coxn-bn-epap sx pw Aev]w-t]mepw C m-ø-h-cm-bn-cp p F m ]nxm- - mcpw F p ]d-bpi Aev]w kml-k-am-wv. c m-asø \n_- \ Pohn-X-hn-ip- n-bm-wv. AtX- - nbpw Cßs\ Xs ]d-bm-\m-hpw. Ahcpw Xß-fpsS kml-n-cy-øns k m-\-ßfm-bn-cp- p. C sø hnip- sc _lp-am-\n- p- -Xp-t]mse BZna-k` Ahsc hwßn _lp-am-\n- n-cp- p. G hpw tim`-tbmss C pw Pzen- p \ -{X-߃ ]nxm- - m-cn \nc-h[n Ds - p Imcyw Hcn- epw hnkva-cn- -Ø- -X-. F m \ -{Xßfpw Hcp-t]m-se-b- -t m. k`m-]n-xm-hmbn Hcmƒ AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sm-\p aq m-asø LSIw k`-bpss AwKo-Im-c-a-t{X. ]n m-e-k` AwKo-I-cn- p-i-gn-bp-tºmƒ AXp k`-bpss AwKo- Im-c-ambn amdp-i-bm-bn-cp p ]Xn-hv. C sø am\-z-wvu-ßsfm pw A n- m-bn-cp- p. Ah ]ucm-wn-ixzw D -h-cm-bncn- -Ww F -XmWv \mem-asø khn-ti-j-x. AXm-bXv BZysØ F c \q m- n\p apºv Pohn- n-cp- -h Bbn-cn- - Ww. k`m-]n-xm- - m F kw -bpss Iogn hcp- -h am{xa ]t{sm-f-pn-bnse N m-hn-j-bw. ]nxm- - m A m-ø-hsc-sb- mw-iqsn ss{ikvx-h-k`m kmln-xy-im-c- m F p hnfn- p- p. ]t{sm-f-pn- ]mj-wvunisf - nbpw (B-cn-bqkv:+336) ioiva- m-sc- - nbpw (s\m-th-jy :+257/8) ]cm-a in- p- p. F m ^otem, spmtk-^qkv F o bqz- m-cp-ssbpw BZna k`m-im-e-øp a v Ass{I-kvX-h-cp-sSbpw IrXn-Iƒ BZn-a- k-`-sb- n ]Tn- m klm-b-i-am-sw- nepw, Ah-sbm pw ]t{sm-f-pn-bn Dƒs -Sp- n-. k`m-]n-xmhpw k`m-a ]m\pw XΩn hyxym-k-ap- v. F mw \q m- n-\p-ti-jhpw k`m-a ]m- m D m-bn- p- v. F m a ]m- mcpw ]nxm- - m-c ; F m ]nxm- - msc mw a ]m mcmwv. ]nxm- - m-cn Xs hfsc {]i-kvx-cm-b-hcp- v. AØ-c-Øn s henb k`m-]n-xm- - m Ipd-t -bp- p. ]m m-xy-tem-iøp \mepw ]uc-kvxy-tem-iøp \mepw; Ah hn. Awt{_mkv (+397), hn. Ptdmw (+420), hn. AK-Ãn (+430), alm-\mb {KnKdn (+604) F o ]m m-xycpw alm-\mb hn. t_kn (+ 379), hn. {KnKdn \kym k (+390), hn. tpm {InskmkvtXmw (+407), hn. AØ-\m-tkymkv (+373) F o ]uckvxy-cp-am-wv. c m-asø hn`m-k-ønse BZysØ aq p-t]sc km -{XnI aev]m- m-cmbn {Ko p-k` IW- m- p- p. sbmlm-s kv sk lm Uv F -bm-fmwv ]t{sm-fpn F \maw Cu sszh-imkv{xim-jsb Ipdn- m BZy-ambn D]- tbm-kn- -Xv. ]s{sm-tfm-pnb F t]cn 1653 At±lw Hcp IrXn {]kn- o-i-cn- p. {]mno\ ss{ikvxh kmln-xy-im-c- msc- - nbpw Ah-cpsS sszh-imkv{x kw`m-h-\-i-sf- - nbpw hnnn- \w snøp coxn hfsc t\c-tø-bp- m-bn-cp- p. k`m-n-cn- {X-Im-c-\mb Fhp-tk-_n-b-kmWv (+339) BZy-ambn C{]-Imcw Hcp kwc-w`-øn\v apxn -Xv. A p-h-sc-bp k`m-km-ln-xy- Im-c- m-cpss IrXn-I-fn \n p D -c-wn-iƒ, Ah-cpsS hni- Z-hn-h-c-߃, IrXn-Iƒ F nh Xs k`m-n-cn-{x-øn At±lw \ In. F nepw BZy-ambn ss{ikvxh sszh-imkv{x kmln-xy-ncn{xw Fgp-Xn-bXv Ptdm-amWv (+420). al-zvhy- n-iƒ F Xs IrXn-bn A p-h-sc-bp {]ap-j-cmb ss{ikvxh kmln-xy- Im-c- m-sc- n hnh-cn- p- p. t_xve-tl-an h p 392 suivkvss F s{]mt m-dn-b {]os^-ivsns Bh-iy-{]-Imc-amWp Ptdmw C{]-Imcw snbvx-xv. ]t{xmkv apx Ptdmw hsc-bp- -h-sc mw AXn Dƒs -Sp- p. 135 Xe-s - n-em-bn- mwv Ptdm-ans hnh-c-ww. ^otem, tpmtk-^qkv F o bqzkm-ln-xy-im-c- m-scbpw, sks\- m-sbbpw Nne A_-t m-]- tz-i-i-scbpw Ptdmw Xs IrXn-bn Dƒs - -Sp-Øn. 78 Xe-s - p-iƒ Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns\ ]Zm-\p-]Zw B{i-bn v Fgp-Xn-bn- p- 6 7

-Xm-Wv. Cu IrXn {]kn- o-ir-x-amb DS Xs AK-Ãn (tej\w 40) CXns Ipdhp Nq n- m- n. Ptdmw kxy-hn-izmkn-i-sfbpw A_-t m-]-tz-i-i-scbpwxωn th Xn-cn p ImWn- n-. an -bn-s-ß-fnepw hkvxp-\n-jvt-a- mø hnh-c-w-߃ CXn Zriy-am-Wv. Ptdm-ans CjvSm-\njvS߃ AXn DS- \ofw ImWmw. F nepw Hcm-bncw h j-tø p Ptdm-an-s Cu IrXn-bm-bn-cp p ]t{sm-f-pn-bpss hen-sbmcp Dd-hn-Sw. P m-un-bqkv CtXt]-cn 480 Hcp IrXn {]kn- o-i-cn- p. Ptdm-ans IrXn-bpsS XpS -bm-bn- mwv CXp hnc-nn-x-amb-xv. Ckn-tZm CtX-t]-cn 615 \pw 618 \pw at[y Hs -gp-xn. CXpw Ptdm-ans IrXn-bpsS XpS -bm-bn-cp- p. kvs]bn-\nse {KŸ-I Øm- ƒ m-bn-cp p AXn ap Xq- w. sxmtf-tzmbnse C t^m kpkv (+667) CtX-t]-cn {]mtz-in-i- Nmbvhp Hcp IrXn {]kn- o-i-cn- p. hn. Ptdm-an-s bpw spm m- Un-bp-kn-s bpw Nph-Sp-]n-Sn p a[y-im-e-l- -Øn ]ecpw ss{ikvx-h-km-ln-xy-n-cn{xw Fgp-Xm {ian- p. k-`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss `mj c mw -\q- m- ns Ah-km-\w-hsc {Ko m-bn-cp p k`bpss {][m\`mj. tdma km{am-py-ønse \K-c-ß-fn-se mw {Ko p-`mj {]N-cn- n-cp- p. tdmw, DØ-cm-{^n- m, Kmƒ F nhn-s-ß-fpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-am-bn-cp- n-. Aßs\ t\m p-tºmƒ {Ko m-bn-cp p ]t{sm-f-pn-bpss `mj. ]n osv ]m m-xy-tem- IØv eøo {]K- -sc-øn. ]uc-kvxy-tz-i-ß-fn kpdn-bm- \n, tim]v n-iv, A ta-\n-b F o `mj-i-fnepw ]nxm- - m IrXnIƒ cnn- p-hm XpS-ßn. F nepw {Ko p-xs H mw ÿm\-øp-\n- p. k-`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss {]k n k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss {]k- n-sb- mwv? k`m-]n-xm- - m hni-kn- n-s -SpØ sszh-im-kv{x-øns {]txy-i-x-iƒ Fs mw? Ccp-]-Øn-sbm mw \q m- n k`m-]n-xm- - m-cpss {]m[m\yw F mwv? \q m- p-iƒ ]n n k` ]nxm- - msc F{]-Imcw ]cn-k-wn- n-cp p? "k`m-]n-xm- - m ' k`-bpss _en-jvt-kvxw-`-ß-fm-wv. k h- Im-enI k`-bv p-th n Ah imizx [ Ωw \n -ln- p- p. Ah-cpsS {]t_m-[-\-tømspw A[ym-]-\-tØmSpw s]mcp- Ø-s - p-t]m-sb- nte C sø kphn-ti-j-{]-tlm-j-whpw HutZym-KnI {]t_m-[-\hpw Ahn-I-e-am-Iq. k`m-]n-xm- - m-cm- Ip kpoh Dd-hbn \n v D -hn-t - -hbmwv F m B ym-flni krjvsn-ifpw k`m-ip-{iq-j-ifpw. A\p-Zn\w hf-cp- Ibpw hni-kn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p hnip k`mku-[-tømsp Iq n-t Øp ]Wn-bp Hmtcm ]pxnb I pw k`m-]n-xm- - m t\csø ]Wn-Xn- p- -Xn-t\mSv A\q-cq-]-s - Sp- -Xm-bn-cn- -Ww. Cu ku[-tømsv Hmtcm I pw Cf-Im-Øhn[w ÿm]n- -Ww. {InkvXp aqe- pw hnip «ol- m ASnÿm-\-hp-amb ku[ønse _e-ta-dnb XqWp-I-fmWv k`m- ]n-xm- - m F p ]cn-ip- -]n-xmhv tpm t]mƒ c m-a am ]m ]Tn- n- p- Xp XnI pw icn-bm-wv. k`-bpss D -h- Øn hnip «ol- m p AXp-ey-ÿm-\w- t]m-sem p k`-bpss hf -bn k`m-]n-xm- - m p- v. Ah \n ln [ Ωw km -{XnI k`-bv p-th- n-bm-wv. Xß-fpsS Np p- ]m-sp-ap- -h-sc ap n - p-sim- mwv Ah hn\w {]kw- Kn- -Xv. F m {InkvXz-m\p-`-h-tØmSv ASpØp s]cp-am-dp-ibpw AXp kzmwio-i-cn- p-ibpw hymjym-\n p simsp- p-ibpw snbvx- Xp-sIm v Ah-cpsS hymjym-\-߃ p k`-bn khn-ti-jamb ÿm\-ap- v. B[p-\n-I-k-`-bpsS Bcm-[-\-{I-aw, Im\ \n-b-aw, k\ym-k- {]-ÿm\w BZn-bm-b-h-sb mw k`m-]n-xm- - m-cm-ip kpoh t{kmx-n-eqss hcp- -h-bm-wv. Ah-cpsS {]m \mpohn-xamwv ]n X-e-ap-d-bpsS amxr-i. Ah-cpsS {]m -\m-\p-`hw ]n m-e-k-`-bpss {]m \m \nb-a-am-bn. si n-s-øn ]pxnb I p-iƒ IW-s, Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Cu k`m-ku-[-øn Iq n-t s -Sp p; ]Wn-Xp-b Ø-s -Sp p; ]ns - ns hbv -s -Sp I p-iƒ t\csø Iq n-t -s I p-i-tfmsv tn p-t]m-ip- -Xm-bn-cn- -Ww. F nse Ah ^e-zm-b-i-am-iq. ÿe-ime kwkvim-c-ß-fpss Imcy-Øn Ipsd-sbms hn`n- -am-bn-cp-s - n-epw kxy-hn-izm-k-{]-tlm-j-w-øn k`m-]n- Xm- - m GIm-`n-{]m-b- m-cm-bn-cp- p. Ahn-I-e-ambpw ]q Æambpw {Kln c m-k-tµiw Pohn-X-Øns `mk-am- p-ibpw If- -c-ln-x-ambn ]I p-sim-sp- p-ibpw snøp- -Xn Ah ZØ-{i- -cm-bn-cp- p. kxy-hn-izm-k-tøm-sp hniz-kvx-amb H p-tn-cepw Ah-cpsS apj-ap-{z-bm-bn-cp- p. A m-c-w-øm Ah ]n X-e-ap-d-bpsS am K-Z in-i-fmbn; F mime-øp-ap ss{ikvx-h-cpss amxr-i-i-fmbn, \nb-a-zm-xm- -fm-bn. 8 9

{]mno-\-k`xs bpw sxm p-aptº IS- p-t]mb ]Wv-Un-Xcpw ]cn-ip- -cp-amb k`m-t\-xm- - msc k`m-]n-xm- - m F v A`n-kw-t_m-[\ snøp-ibpw BZ-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Aßs\ "{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ]nxmhv', "]nxmhv Fe-hp-tØ-cqkv', "kn{]nbm ]m (]n-xm-hv)' F p-xp-s-ßp ]Z-{]-tbm-K-߃ \mw Z in- p- p. \njym-kq-\-l-tzm-kn-\p-tijw (325) Pohn k`m- X-\-b \njym-bnse "318' sa{xm- msc "]nxm- - m ', F p hnfn- p- p. tik-dn-bm-bnse hnip t_kn (+379) Fgp- Xp p: "Rß-fpsS {]t_m-[\w Rß-fpsS Nn mk m-\-sam- p-a-, ]ns tbm hnip ]nxm- - m-cn \n p R߃ v e`n- n- p- -Xm-Wv'. \mepw A pw \q m- p-i-fnse k`m-kw-_- -amb X -ß-fn ]nxm- - m-cn-te p Xncn-bp-Ibpw AhcpsS {]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s -SpØn kxy-hn-izm-k- Øns \np-ÿnxn shfn-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp coxn s]mxpk-hn-ti-j-x-bm-bn-øo p. hnizm-k-k-xy-ß-fpss \ymbo-i-c- W-Øn\v ]nxm- - m-cn \n- p D -c-wn-i-fpss kam-lm-c߃ tij-cn- p {]h-wx DS-se-Sp-Øp. "k`m-]n-xm- - m ' D z-e-{]-imiw e`n sszh-im-kv{x- - m-cm-wv. ItØm-en- m-k-`-bpss {]t_m-[-\-߃ Db Øn- n- Sn- m Ah k m-fl\m {i n- p. P\-ß-tfmSp Ahn-I-eambn sszh-h-n\w {]kw-kn- m\pw Ah-cpsS ss{ikvx-h-po-hn- X-Øn\v Ah D]-bp- -am- m\pw ]cn-{i-an AP-]m-e-I-cm-Wh. A -kvtxm-eni {]kw-k-øn\v \n nx cq]-`m-h-߃ \ Im {ian BZy-hy- n-i-fm-w-h. AP-]m-e-I F \nebn kphn-ti-j-k-tµiw Np p-]m-sp-ap a\p-jy p a\-nem-i-ø coxn-bn hnh-cn- p-sim-sp- m ]nxm- - m X{Xs - p. thz-]m-tw, sszh-im-kv{xw, hnip {KŸw, en Pn, AP- ]m-e\ tpmen-iƒ F n-h-sb mw H n- p-t]m-ip- -h-bm-bn-cp p, shdpw `uxn-i-x-e-øn am{xw HXp-ßp- -Xm-bn-cp- n AhcpsS {]h Ø\w ]ns tbm, kºq Æ hy nsb D w-h- psim- p- -Xm-bn-cp- p. Ah hnip- -{KŸw hymjym-\n p sszh-imkv{xw hf Ønsb-SpØp. thz-]p-kvx-i-hym-jym-\-øn k`m-]n-xm- - m \ΩpsS {]t_m-[-icpw Kpcp- - m-cp-am-wv. Ah-cpsS hymjym- \sø adn-i-s p hnip- -{K-Ÿ-Øn\p kzx-{ -hym-jym\w \ Ip- Xp henb sx m-wv. Ah-sc mw kv\m]-i-s\-t mse c -I- \mb anin-lm-bn-te p hnc Nq- n. \q m- p-iƒ p-døv Pohn- p \ap v Ah-cpsS hymjym-\hpw hymjym-\-co-xn-ifpw X n- -f-bm-\m-hn-. Ahcpw \mapw Htc kwk-xn-sb- n Nn n- p p: "\ap- p-th n sszhw a\p-jy-\mbn \Ωp-sS-bn-S-bn Ah-X-cn- p'. AXn-\- p-d-søm pw \ap p ]d-bm-\n-. ÿe-im-e-km-l- N-cy-߃ -\p-krxw C mcyw hnh-cn- p-tºmƒ hyxymkw hcpsa- nepw ASn-ÿm-\-XXzw H p- -Xs. hnip- -{KŸw ]Tn- n- p {]kvxpx bmym yw «ol- m-cn \n- pw Ah-cpsS ]n Km-an-I-fn \n pw ]nxm- - m {Kln- p. B A\p-`hw Ah ]I p-sim-sp-øp. imkv{x-km-t -Xn-I- m\w ]ptcm-k-an-s - nepw ]nxm- - m-cpss AXp-eym-hÿ C pw \ne-\n-ev p- p. k`m-]n-xm- - m p hnip- -{K-Ÿ-tØm-Sp kvt\l-sø- n tpm t]mƒ c m-a am ]m C{]-Imcw {]kvxm-hn- p p: "]nxm- - m sszh-h- -N\w Xß-fpsS B ym-fln-i-po-hn-x- Øn-s bpw AP-]m-e-\Po-hn-X-Øn-s bpw ` -Whpw \nc- c Nn m-hn-j-b-hp-am n. Ah hnip- -{KŸw ]Tn- p-ibpw `mjy߃ cnn- p-ibpw P\-߃ p hymjym-\n- p-sim-sp- p-ibpw snbvxp. hnip- -{K-Ÿ-Øns Bgw, {]k- -n, A{]-am-ZnXzw F n-hbv v Ah henb {]m[m\yw \ In. "\n߃ p sszhh-n-\-ap- -t m, as mcp {]t_m-[-is\ At\z-jn-t - ' F p hnip- -{KŸw hymjym-\n- p-sim v \nc-h[n hnin-jvs-{]-`m-j- W-߃ \S-Ønb hnip tpm {IntkmkvtXmw ]d-bp- p. "\ns hnip enjn-x-߃ Fs Ie n- mø B\-µ-am- Is, Ah-bpsS ]T-\-Øn F\n p h -\-]- m-sx-bpw, h - \bv p hnt[-b-ambn Rm Ahsb Dt]- n p If-bm-sXbpw Ccn- s.' F p hnip- -{KŸw a\-n-em- m-\p Ir]-bv mbn At]- n hnip AK-Ãns {]m \ A\p-kva-cn- m-øh-cn- -t m. hnip- -{K-Ÿ-Øn ]q m-]-c-hn-cp- -ambn H p-an ; hnip- -{K-Ÿ-Øn sx p-iƒ Btcm-]n- msx kz w A X G p-]-d-bp-i-bmwv icn-bmb at\m-`mhw F p hnip PÃn ]d-bp- p. CXp- k`m]nxm- - m-cpss s]mxp-hmb at\m-`m-h-am- Wv. lnt m-bnse sa{xm CXm-h Øn- p-sim v hfsc i - amb `mj-bn ]d-bp- p. "... hnip- -{K-Ÿ-Øns I Ømhv kxyw-]-d- n- n m' F p \o ]d-bm ]m-sn, ]ns tbm, "Cu ssisø-gp-øp-{]-xn-bn sx p-hcmw; hnh Ø-\-Ønepw sx phcmw, \n\ p a\-n-em-bn-s phcmw' Ft ]d-bm-hq.' ]nxm- - m-sc- m-hcpw hn. {KŸ-Øn AKm-[-]m-WvUn-Xyap- -h-cm-bn-cp- p. Ah-sc- m-hcpw hn-\-øns ip{iq-j-bv mbn 10 11

Xß-sf-Øs ka n- p. ss nƒ hn m-\o-b-øns almk-ap-{z-amwp ]nxm- - m-cpss IrXn-Iƒ. ss nƒ hymjym-\- Øns {]Y-a-Kp-cp- - m F v Ahsc hnfn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. sszh-h-n-\m-[n-jvtn-x-amb sszh-cmpyw ]Sp-Øp-b Øm Ah X{X-s - p. AP-]m-e- -tim- p-j-am-bn-cn- m Ah {i n- p. hnizmk-øns shfn- -Øn X߃ hni-zo-i-cn p simsp-øh AtX Acq-]n-bn hnizm-kn-iƒ kzoi-cn- -W-sa v Ah v \n _- -ap- m-bn-cp- p. hnhn[ coxn-i-fn-ep hymjym-\-߃ ]nxm- - m-cn \n p \ap v e`n- n- p- v. hn. kphn-ti-jw -Xs sshhn-[ym-[n-jvtn-x-am-b-xn-\mepw `mjy-im-c- m sshhn-[y-ap- -h-cm-i-bmepw hnhn-[-xcw `mjy-߃ \ap p e`n- n-cn- p- p. Ah-sbms ka{k{inkvxp-c-lkyw \ mbn a\-n-em- m \sω klm-bn- p- p. {]Xo-Im-fl-hym-Jym-\w, cq]-im-fl-hym-jym-\w, A m- \o-b-hym-jym\w F n-ßs\ hymjym\-co-xn-isf aq mbn Xncn- mw. F n-epw Hcp kwk-xn-bn Ah tbmpn- p- p. Ah-cpsS-sb mw hymjym\w, {InkvXp ti{µo-ir-x-am-wv. "shfn-]m-sns bpw c m-i-c-]- -Xn-bp-sSbpw Bcw-`hpw ti{µ-_n-µphpw Ahkm-\hpw' {InkvXp-hm-Wv. hn.- {K-Ÿ-Øns samø-øn-ep sfiyhpw c m-i-c-]- -Xn-bpsS {Ita-W-bp shfn-s -Sp-Øep-Ifpw ]ptcm-k-xnbpw c -Is GI-Xzhpw ]nxm- - m-cpss ss n-ƒ hn m-\o-b-øn apg- p-\n p- p. KmV-amb thz- ]p-kvxi ]cn-n-bhpw ASn-bp-d hnizm-khpw Ahsc \ew-xn- I ss nƒ `mjy-im-c- m-cm- n. AXp-t]mse {InkvXob Pohn-X-hp-ambn _ -s -SpØn ]Tn- n- -Xn-\m Ah imiz- Xo-I-cn- -s - p. A -kvtxm-eni {]t_m-[-\-ß-fn-emwp X߃ ]mz-aq- nbn-cn- p- -sx v ]nxm- - m hniz-kn- n-cp- p. Ah AXv Bh Øn p {]Jym-]n- n-cp- p. kq\-l-tzm-kp-i-fn ]mkm- p \nb-a-߃ A -kvtxm-eni {]t_m-[-\-øn A[n-jvTn- X-am-bn-cn- -W-sa v Ah p \n _- -ap- m-bn-cp p. CtX- n tpm t]mƒ c m-a am ]m m ]d-bp- Xp {it -b-amwv: ]mc-º-cy-tøm-sp AZ-ay-amb H p-tn-c F -XmWv ]nxm- - m \ Ip c m-asø ]mtw. \ΩpsS Nn s]s v sftd-\n-b-kn-te p Xncn-bp- p. AXp \ymb-am-wv. F m At±lw At\-I-cn Hcp-h am{x-am-wv. ]mc-º-cy-tøm-sp Ah-iym-h-iy-amb H ptnc F XXzw Hcn-P\nepw sx Øp- ey-\nepw hn. AØ-\m-tkym-knepw hn. t_kn-enepw \mw ImWp- p. Cu XXzwXs Bg-ambpw kzm Hm a-bn \ne-\n Ø- Ø coxn-bnepw Hcn- qsn hn. AK-Ãn Bh Øn- p p: "ItØm-en m k`-bpss A[n-Imcw Fs B\-bn- n- m-bn-cps - n Rm kphn-ti-j-øn hniz-kn- p-am-bn-cp- n-. AXv {InkvXp-hn A[n-jvTn-X-amWv; «ol- m-cn-eq-ss, CS-ap-dn-bm-Xp ss«lni ]n Xp-S -hgn AXv \ΩpsS ] FØn-bn-cn- p- p.' Ah-X-cn hn-\-amb anin-lmsb hc p Im pi F Xv k`m- ]n-xm- - m-cp-ss-sb mw Nn -mhn-j-b-am-bn-cp- p. sszh-]p-{x Fßs\ a\p-jy-]p-{x-\mipw? ]nxm-hns GI-Pm-X Fßs\ I\y-I-bpsS BZy-Pm-X-\mIpw? Cutim-an-inlm F GIhy n Fßs\ Htc-k-abw sszhhpw a\p-jy-\p-amipw? Htchy- n-bn Fßs\ sszh-kz-`m-hhpw a\p-jy-kz-`m-hhpw H n p \ne-sim pw? F p XpS-ßnb {]iv\-߃ v DØcw Is -Øm k`m-]n-xm- - m {ian- p. Nne am\p-jni hi- Øn\p IqSp-X Du \evin-sb- n, a p-nn-e sszhni hi-øn\p Du simsp-øp. X ^-e-ambn X -ßfpw hmz- {]-Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw D m-bn. F nepw C sø FIyp-sa-\n- ho -W-Øn Nn n- p-tºmƒ Cu sshhn-[y-ß-sfms ]ckv]c ]qc-i-ß-fm-bn-cp-s v a\-n-em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. {InkvXp- `mjyw hymjym-\n- p- -Xn Nne ]cm-p-b-s -Sp-Ibpw ]mj- WvU-X-I-fpsS \o p-gn-bn s]sp-ibpw kxy-hn-izm-k-øn ambw tn p-ibpw snbvxp. {InkvXp-hns a\p-jyxzw \ntj[n- -h, {InkvXp-hn\p a\p-jym-flm-hn-s p k -ev]n- -h, {InkvXp-hns icocw amb-bm-sw p Icp-Xn-b-h, {InkvXphns sszh-kz-`m-h-øn a\p-jy-kz-`mhw ebn v GI-kz-`m-hambn Xo s v hmzn- -h, c p hy n-xz-ß-fpss DS-a-bmWv {InkvXp F p Icp-Xn-b-h, ZsØ-Sp- hgn tbip sszh-]p- {X-\mbn F p ]Tn- n- -h, tbip kv\m\w-hgn anin-lm-bmbn F p hnnm-cn- -h, tbip-hnse _u n-im-flm-hn-s\bpw _u nti- -tbbpw \ntj-[n- -h, {InkvXp-hns sszhxzw \ntj-[n- p-ibpw {InkvXp Hcp krjvsnbpw \n Ωn- -s hkvxp-hpamwv F v Icp-Xn-b-h Cß-s\-t]m-Ip p A_- -{]-t_m-[- I-cpsS \o ] n-i. Ch-cpsS a[y-øn, «ol- m-cn \n p e`n kxy-hn-izmkw If- -c-ln-x-ambn ]n X-e-ap-d-bn-te p ]nxm- - m ]I p-simspøp. kºq Æ a\p-jy\pw kºq Æ sszh-hp-amb, a\p-jy-\p-th n a\p-jy-\m-bn-øo, 12 13

a\p-jys sszh-ambn Ah-X-cn hn-\sø Ah hkvxp-\njvt-ambn ]Tn- n- p. Chn-tSbpw tpm t]mƒ c m-a am ]m- -bpss hm p-iƒ {it -b-amwv. ""a\p-jy-c- -I-\mb anin-lm-sb- - n-bp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-amWv ]nxm- - m \ Ip aq m-asø henb ]mtw. {InkvXp-clkyw hni-z-am- m\pw ]mj-wvu-x-isf FXn m\pw snbvx ]cn-{i-a-øn-\n-s-bn a\p-jy-s\- - n-bp {]t_m-[\w Ahy- -ambn am{xta ]nxm- - m ]Tn- n- pffq F p Nn n- p- h-cp- m-imw. F m Bg-ambn hni-i-e\w snøp- -h p adn- p-xs a\-n-em-ipw. Ah kvt\l-]q w _u n-i-ambn {InkvXp-c-l-kysØ D p-t\m- n. At mƒ B {InkvXp-c-l-ky- Øn a\p-jy-c-lkyw {]Im-in-X-am-Ip- Xpw A -kw-]p-jvsam-ip- Xpw Ah Z in- p. a\p-jy-c- sb kw_- n- p {InkvXob {]t_m-[\w AXn-kzm-`m-hnI a\p-jy-imkv{xw {InkvXp-c-lkyw kw_- n- p {]t_m-[-\sø Ac- n- p-d- n- m ]e-t mgpw ]cym-]vx-am-wv. "{InkvXp sszh-a-s - n, Ahn-Sp v \sω sszh-ß-fm- n-bn- n ' F v Bcy X - Øn-\n-S-bn hn. AØ-\m-tkymkv i n-bmbn hmzn- p- p. hn\w _u n-im-flm-hp kºq Æ a\p-jys\ FSp-Øn- ns - n ka-{k-a-\p-jys\ Ahn-Sp v kap- -cn- n- n-. Imc-Ww, FSp- -s -Sm-ØXp c n- -s - n- n ' F v At m-fn-\m-cn-b X -Øn-\n-S-bn hn. {KnKdn \kym k ]d-bp- p. {InkvXp Htc-k-abw sszhhpw a\p-jy-\p-a-s - n ]q Æ-a-\p-jy\pw ]q Æ-ssZ-hhpw sszh-øn-s bpw a\p-jy-cp-ssbpw CSbv v a[y-ÿ-\m-bn-cn- m Ahn-Sp-tØbv v km[n- p-i-bn ' F p "sszh\kc'øn hn. AK-Ãn ]Tn- n- p- p. "shdp-samcp a\pjy am{x-a- mø sszhwiqsn-bmb a\p-jys\ At\z-jn- pi' F pw At±lw Fgp-Xp- p.'' c mw høn- m kq\-l-tzmkpw CXp-Xs ]Tn- n- p p: Ah-X-cn hn-\-øns cl-ky-øn am{xta a\p-jy-c-l-ky- Øn\p bym -Øn {]Im-in-X-am-Im km[n- q. ]pxnb BZ-amb {InkvXp ]nxm-hn-s bpw Ahn-SpsØ kvt\l- Øns bpw cl-kysø icn-bmbn shfn-s -Sp-Øn-s m v a\pjy\p a\p-jys\ ]q Æ-ambn shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. {InkvXp am{xamwv a\p-jys bym -c F p k` Xf-cmsX {]tlmjn- p- p. Cu {]tlm-j-w-n-cn-{x-amwp ]nxm- - m-cpss {]t_m- [-\w. 02 A -kvtxm-eni ]nxm- - m H mw \q m- nepw c mw \q m- ns BZy- L- -Ønepw Pohn- n-cp ss{ikvxh kmln-xy-imc- m-sc-bmwv A -kvtxm-eni ]nxm- - m F p hnfn- p-i. hn. «ol- m-cpss {]t_m-[-\-co-xn-i-tfmsv Ah-cpsS D]-tZ-i-߃ p hfsc kmao]yap -Xn- \m Ah {]txyiw _lp-am-\y-cmbn KWn- s - n-cp- p. k`m-cw-`-im-eøv "A -kvtxm-eni ]nxm- - m ' F kw A m-x-am-bn-cp- p. 17 mw \q m- nse ]WvUn-X- m-cmwv B t]cn\p {]Npc-{]-Nmcw \ In-b-Xv. 1672 sp.-_n. simsø-ensb Cu kw -bpss Iogn A p k`m-kmln-xy-im-c- msc Dƒs -SpØn: _ Wm- -_m-kv, tdmanse hn. s sa v, At ym-iy-bnse hn. Ct - jy-kv, kvan W-bnse hn. s]mfn- m v, sl amkv. Cu t]cp-i-tfm-sp-iqss ]n osv lnsb-cm-s m-foknse ] n-bm-kv, Ubm-t - -kn-\p tej-\- Øns I Ømhv F o t]cp-ifpw Iq n-t s - p. B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv UnUm-s -bpss I Ømhn-s\bpw CXn Dƒs -Sp-Øn. Ch-sc mw GXm v Htc Ime-L- -Øn Pohn- n-cp- -Xn-\m Htc kw -bpss Iogn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. 14 15

1. tdmanse hn. Ivsfsa v (92 101) tdmanse \mem-asø sa{xm-\m-bn-cp p hn. Ivsfsa v. ]t{xmkv, eo\q-kv, A\m-Ivsf-d-kv, Ivsfsa v F p XpS-ßp p tdmanse sa{xm- m-cpss enãv. (C-c-s\-bqkv ]mj-wvun-iƒs -Xntc= ]mj 3:3 37; Fhp k`m 3:15-34) hn. ]utem-kv, ^nen]y tej- \-Øn (4:3) ]d-bp Bbp-ns ]pkvx-i-øn t]cv Fgp- X-s - n-cn- p IvfnΩokv Ct±-l-am-sW v Hcn-P\pw (+253) Fhp-tk-_n-bkpw (+339) F n-^m-\n-bkpw (+403) Ptdmapw (+420) km n- p p. ]t CXp sxfn-bn- m Ah p km[n- n- n-. ]t{xm-kn \n v t\cn p s sa n\p ssish v In n-sb p sx Øp-ey km n- p p (sz s{]kv{in-]vkntbmsw 32). F n-^m-\n-b-kns A`n-{]m-b-Øn Ivsfsa v ]t{xm-kn \n p ssish v kzoi-cn-s - nepw A\m-Ivsf- - kns ac-ww-hsc ImØn-cp- p. 92 apx 101 hsc tdmanse sa{xm-\m-bn-cp Ivsfsa ns _mey-im-esø kw_- n p \ap v Adn-shm- p-an-. hn. ]t{xm-kn-t\mspw ]utem-kn-t\mspw Ivsfsa p t\cn v _ -s - n-cp- p-sh p Cc-s\-bqkv ]d-bp- p. skhp-ssm- -Ivsf-sa-ss kmln-xy-øn s an ns\ tdma cmp-ip-spw-_mw-k-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- p- v. 95 tem 96 tem sim -s Hcp Ivsfsa v tdmanse Ivsfsa m-sw v Untbm- Im-n-bpkv (Hist. Rom. 67,14) ]d-bp- p. Ivsfsa v c -km- n-bmbn acn- p-sh v Hcp ]mc-º-cyhpw D v Ch-bvs m- n\pw th {X ASn-ÿm\w C. ae- c ItØm-en m Ip _m-\-bnse A mw a yÿ {]m -\-bn (Xp_vtZ-\n ) tdmanse hn. s sa ns\ Hm p- p- v. ae- -c-{i-a-øn Ivsfsa-s ns t]cn Hcp Ip _m\ XIvkm Adnbs -Sp- p. \hw-_ 23- -\mwv Ivsfsa ns s]cp- mƒ. sumaojy, t\ hm {SmP F o tdma N{I-h Ønam-cpsS Ime-ØmWv Ivsfsa v k`sb \bn- -Xv. tdmanse Ivsfsa ns tzhm-ebw (_-kn-en- ) Ivsfsa ns hosv Ccp- n-s-ømwv F p sxfn-bn- -s - n- p- v. simdn-t m-kp-im s -gp-xnb tej\w Ivsfsa p 95- \pw 97- \pw CSbv p simdn-t m-knse k`bv v Hcp tej\w Ab- n- p- v. thz-]p-kvx-i-tøm-s-spø ÿm\w Ivsfsa ns tej-\-øn\v BZn-a-k` \ In h p. tej-\- I Øm-hns t]cpw ÿm\hpw Imehpw IrXy-ambn Adn-bmhp- -Xn k_- -kvtxm-eni ImesØ G w {][m-\-s tcj-bmbn CXns\ IW- m mw.- sumaojys `c-w-im-eøv simdn- y k`-bn-ep- mb Hcp X -amwv Cu tej-\-sa-gp- Xm s sa ns\ t{]cn- n- -Xv. hn.- ]u-temkv simdn- y k`bnse X -ßsf \n»n-x-ambn hna in- p. F m Ah ho pw \msº-sp-øp. k`m-[n-im-cn-ifpambn Nne a -bp- -Øn- \n-d-ßn. Nne A[n-Im-cn-Isf Ah ÿm\-ß-fn \n v Xpc- Øn. Hcp sndnb Iq w am{xw s{]kv_n- am-tcmsv hniz-kvxx Im n. AhcpsS CS-bnse Ielw Ah-km-\n- n v sfiyhpw kam-[m-\hpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n- pi F -Xm-bn-cp p Ivsfsa ns Dt±-iw. Ie-l-sØ- - n-bp hm Ø tdman FØn- Xv timdnt m-kn \n p h tdmam- m-cm-bn-cn- mw. Hcm-apJw (1-3), c p {][m\ `mk-߃ (4-36; 37-61). Hcp-]- kw-lmcw (62 65) F n-ßs\ \mep `mk-ß-fp v tej-\-øn- \v. hg- n\p ap ]p im n \nd k`m- -co- -sø- n BapJw {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- p. A m-eøp \ -sn-øm k`mw-k߃ ap n- n-cp p; k` ]pjvsn {]m]n- n-cp p; sfiyw ]men- n-cp- p. aq mw A ym-bw, Chbv p IS-I-hn-cp- -amb Ie-lm- -co w hnh-cn- p- p. H m-asø {][m-\-`mkw s]mxp-kz-`mh-ap- -Xm-Wv. kv] bpw hg pw Ie-lhpw \nµm lhpw h Pyhp-am-sW v ChnsS FSp-Øp-Im- p p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn \n pw ss{ikvx-h-im-e-øp-\n pw \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm AXp shfn-hm- p p (4 6). A\p-Xm-]w, {]mb- n-øw, AXn-Yn-k mcw, ` n, Ffna F n-hbv v Ahsc t{]cn- n- p-ibpw AØc- m-cpss amxri Nq n- m- p-ibpw snøp- p o `mk-øv. sszh- Øns \, krjvsn-bn ImWp HsØm-cpa (harmony), sszh- Øns k -i- n, Dbn v, hn[n, Xmgva, anx-xzw, hnizmkw F n-h-sb- n Ivsfsa v Npcp n N snøp- p. c m-asø {][m-\-`mkw simdn-t m-kp-im-cp-ss-bn-s-bnse Iel-sØ- - n-bmwv {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bnse {Ia-Øns {kjvsmhv krjvsn-bn {Iahpw hnt[-b-xzhpw {]Xo- n- p- p. tdma ssk\y-øn-s bpw ]g-b-\n-b-a-l-b-cm n-bp-ssbpw A\pk-c-Wbpw Nn bpw amxr-i-bmbn FSp-Øp-Im- p- p. AXp-t]mse 16 17

{InkvXp A -kvtxm-e- m-scbpw Ah sa{xm- m-scbpw Uo - m-scbpw \nb-an- p. Ie-l-Øns ÿm\øp kvt\lw D m- I-Ww. kvt\lw an- m \sω t{]cn- n- -Ww. Ie-l-Øn\p Imc-W- m A\p-X-]n- pi Xs thww. kam-[m\w timdnt m-kn ]p\x-ÿm-]n- -s p F kzzm Ø-bp-ambn ZqX- m FØs F p IØp {]Xymi {]I-Sn- n- p- p. k`m-n-cn{xw kw_- n v Cu tcjbv p hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap- v. ]t{xm-kns tdmam-hm-kw, ]utem-kns kvs]bn bm{x, Ah-cn-cp-h-cp-sSbpw tdman h p acww F nh kv]jvs-ambn s sa v hnh-cn- p- p. \ΩpsS Xe-ap-d-bnse al-\ob amxr-i-iƒ \ap p ]cn-k- Wn- mw. Akq-bbpw hntzz-jhpw \nanøw t{ijvt-x-chpw AXn- ]-cn-ip- -hp-amb XqWp-Iƒ (Kem 2:9) ]oun- n- -s p; Ah ac-ww-hsc s]mcp-xn. t{ijvt-cmb «ol- msc \ap v A\pkva-cn- mw. \nxy-amb Akqb \nanøw ]t{xmkv Ht m ct m A At\Iw IjvS-X-Iƒ kln- p. F nepw km yw \evin Ah\v A l-amb al-øz-ÿ-eøp {]th-in- p. Akq-b-bnepw Ie-l-Ønepw kl-\-øns {]Xn-^-e- -Øn-\p hgn ]utemkv Nq n- m- n. Ggp XhW At±lw Nß-e-I-fm _ n-x-\mbn; \msp-i-s-ø-s p; Is -dn-b-s p (2 simdn. 11:23 ff). At±lw Ing pw ]Sn- mdpw ktµ-i-hm-l-i-\m-bn, hnizm-k-øns t{ijvt {]Xn-^ew t\sn. At±lw temi-sa mw \oxn {]kwkn p ] n-a-tz-i-øns A w hsc FØn. cmpm- - mcpss apºmsi km yw hln- n v temi-øn \n p IS- pt]mbn; kl-\-øns hninjvs amxr-i-bmbn Xo -tijw hnip ÿe-tø v FSp- -s p (5:1 7). Bdmw A ymbw \otdm-bpss Ime-Øp- mb ax-a ±-\sø- n kqnn- n- p- p. \nc-h[n ss{ikvx-h A v c -km- n- I-fmbn; Ah-cn \nc-h-[n-t] kv{xoi-fm-bn-cp p: hnip PohnXw \bn Chsc IqSmsX, Akq-b-\n-anØw At\Iw ]ou-iƒ kln- p-ibpw tim` ]c-øp amxr-i-ifm-bn-cn- p-ibpw snøp sxc-s -Sp- -s - -h-cpss Hcp henb Iq w \ΩpsS CS-bn D v (6.1). \ΩpsS CS-bn F Xv tdmam- m-cpss CS-bn F v kv]jvs-am-w-t m. Smkn- kv Xs IrXn-bn (Annals, 15.44) \otdm sim hen-sbmcp Iq -sø- n (multitudo ingens) ]dbp- Xv Ivsfsa ns ]cm-a i\-hp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip- p. sszh-imkv{xw (1) tum -I-fpsS Ncn{Xw ]Tn- p- -h v Cu tcj hfsc {]m[m-\y-a ln- p- -Xm-Wv. k`m-`-c-wm-[n-im-c-øns (ecclesiastical jurisdiction) am\n-s^tãm F v Ivsfsa ns tej- \sø hnfn- mw. A -kvtxm-eni ]n XpS -sb- n hy - ambpw kv]jvs-ambpw kwkm-cn- p BZysØ tcj-bm-wn-xv. s{]kv_n- amsc P\-߃ v am p-hm A[n-Im-c-an-, Imc-Ww, P\-ß-fn \n- Ah A[n-Imcw kzoi-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. `cn- p-hm-\p A[n-Imcw Ah A -kvtxm-e- m-cn \n p-amwv {]m]n- Xv; A -kvtxm-e- m {InkvXp-hn \n- pw, {InkvXp sszh-øn \n pw (44:1 3). (2) tdma k-`-bpss A y- -ÿm\w kw_- n p kwibm-xo-x-amb sxfn-hmwv Cu tej-\w. tdma k-`-bpss ]cam[n-im-c-sø- n tcj kwkm-cn- p- n-. F m timdn-t mknse {]iv\w Ivsfsa v ssiimcyw snbvx coxn tdma k-`bpss A[n-Im-csØ {]I-S-am- p- p. Hc-[n-Imcn Iogp- -h-tcmsv kwkm-cn- p a n-emwv tdmam-k` simdn-t m-knse k`-tbmsv kwkm-cn- p- -Xv. Zqsc ÿnxn snøp simdn-t m-knse {]iv\-ß-fn t\csø Xs CS-s]-Sm km[n- m-ø-xn Ivsfsa v Ip w G p ]d-bp- p. Ahsc imkn- p-ibpw Xncp- Øp-Ibpw snøpi Xs IS-a-bmbn tdmanse sa{xm IcpXn: ]nw- hpw Ie-lhpw ]nf pw ]m]-am-sw v At±lw kv]jvs-ambn Ah s -gpxn (59:1 2). ]cn-ip- m-flm-hns t{]c- W-bm-emWv Xm\n-sX-gp-Xp- -sx v Ivsfsa n\p t_m[yw D mbn-cp- p. ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn-\m \mw \n߃s -gp-xn-bxv \n߃ A\p-k-cn- p-i-bpw... \n߃ \ap pw B\µhpw kt m-jhpw ]I p Xcpw (63:2). (3) acn- -h-cpss Dbn n-s\- n 24 Dw 25- Dw A[ym-b-߃ N -sn-øp- p. ^o\nivkv IYbpw Cu `mk-ømwv hcp- -Xv. k`m-tc-j-i-fn BZy-ambn Cu sfxnlyw ]cm-a in- p- Xv Ivsfsa m-wv. ]n me ss{ikvxh kmln-xy-ønepw Iebnepw Cu IY hf-sc-b-[niw kzm[o\w snep-øn-bn- p- v. (4) temi-øn Zriy-am-Ip sfiyw (harmony)- 20- mw A[ym- 18 19

b-øn N bv v hnj-b-am-ip- p. tãmbniv XXz-im-kv{X-kzm- [o-\-øn-emwv CsX-gp-X-s - n-cn- p- -Xv. (5) Bcm-[-\m-{Iaw: (a) lb-cm nbpw A am-bcpw XΩnep hyxymkw hy -am- p- p v tej-\-øn. ]g-b-\n-ba lb-cm n-bn hnhn[ Xc- m-cp- m-bn-cp- p. F n v ]d-bp p: A am-b A am-b p-th- n-bp \nb-a-øm _ n-xcmwv (40:5). sszhw {Iao-I-cn- n- p- -h-bn \n v\n v hgp-xnam-dm Hcp-h\pw ]cn-{i-an- msx Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kz w a\- m- n- -\p-k-cww Xs ÿm\-øp-\n v sszhsø {]km- Zn- n- Ww F pw Ivsfsa v D]-tZ-in- p p (41:1). (b) {InÃy lb-cm n-bnse AwK-ßsf F n-kvt mt mbv (Episcopoi) F pw Znbm-s m-twmbv (diakonoi) F pw Ivsfsa v hnfn- p p. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn Ahsc samø-øn s{]kv_n-sø-tdmbv (Presbyteroi)F mwp hnfn- p-i (44:5; 57:1). hn. Ip _m\ A -W-amWv Ah-cpsS {][m\ tpmen (4:44). (c)ah-km\ `mk-øp {]m \ (59:4 61:3) tdma k`bv v a p k`-i-fpss sfiz-cy-øn-ep Xmev]cyw {]I-S-am- p- p. (6) {]bm-k-]q Æhpw A]-ISw \nd- -Xp-amb kml-n-cy- Øn t]mepw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]uc-[ Ωw shsn v XnI pw B -cni PohnXw am{xw \bn- p-hm ]msn-s v Ivsfsa v A\p-im-kn- p- p. ss{ikvx-h-hn-cp- hpw {Iqc-hp-am-bmepw kmaqlytam cmjv{so-btam Bb kwl-s-\-isf _e-{]-tbm-k-øm A n-a-dn- m {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Iq p-\n -cp-xv. {]XypX a\pjy-lr-z-b-ß-fn ]cn-h Ø\w krjvsn- p-i-bpw, AXp hgn kaq-l-øn Ne-\-ap-f-hm- p-ibpw snø-ø Hcp ]pfn- mbn {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw k`bpw h Øn- -Ww. Aßs\ [ Ω-k-a-c- ]m-x-bn-eqss A n-a-hn-pbw ssih-cn- p-i-bmwv ss{ikvx-h- [ Ωw. ax-]o-u-\øns Xo q-f-bn InS- p-sim- p Ivsfsa ns Cu D]-tZiw G w {it -b-amwv (37:1 3). BZn-a-k-`-bnse al-\o-b-hy- n-i-fn Hcm-fm-bn-cp p Ivsfsa v. tej-\-øn Ivsfsa ns t]cn-. tdman-ep sszh-øns k`-bmwv IØ-b-bv p- -Xv. Xs - n ]d-bptºmƒ \mw F _lp-h-n-\-amwv tej\ I Ømhv D]- tbm-kn- p-i. Hcmƒ Xs BZy-h-km\w FgpXn F p tej-\- Øn \n v hy -am-wv. Bcm-[-\-bpsS Ah-kcw timdn-t mkv k`-bn ]c-ky-ambn Cu tej\w hmbn- -s - n-cp p F v timdn-t m-knse Znh- m-tkymkv km n- p p ({In. h. 170). timdn-t mkv IqSmsX a p ]e k`m-ti-{µ-ß-fnepw Bcm-[-\- bv n-s-bn Ivsfsa ns tej\w hmbn- -s - n-cp p F v Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Fgp-Xp- p (k`m 4:23 11.3.16). bqz-a-x-øn \n p Bfm-bn-cp p Ivsfsa v F p-thww Icp-Xp-hm. ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn \n- p D -c-wn-i-fpw, bqz-tbm- -ss{i-kvxh ssienbpw CXp sxfn-bn- p- p. ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn \n v hfsc Ipd v D -c-wn-itf Ivsfsa ns tej-\-øn D q. Hcp bqztbm- -tãmbviv ] m-ø-e-amwv Ivsfsa n-t Xv. {InkvXp-hns\ \maw F pw (59:3) {]nb F pw (59:3) {]nb Ip n (egepemenos pais) (61:2-3) F pw hnfn- p- p. Cu {]tbm-k߃ bqztbm ss{ikvxh kmlnxy ] m-ø-e-øn-ep- -hbm-wv. Ah-km\ {]m \ ]g-b-\n-ba ] m-ø-e-apƒs m- p- -XmWv (59-61). ss{ikvxh k`-bpss ]gb tcj-i-fp- ambn (archaic literature) Ivsfsa n\v ]cn-n-b-ap- -Xmbn txm p- p. Ivsfsa ns tlmanse- niv l mz ssien (Homiletic Haggada) bqz ]mc-º-cy-øn \n p- -XmWv (4:1 12; 9:3 4; 10:1 7; 11:1 3; 12:1 7). 2. At ym-iybnse hn. Ct -jykv (+110) At ymiybnse aq m-asø sa{xm-\m-bn-cp p hn. C mtxymkv (C-t -jy-kv). ]t{xm-kv, Fthm-Zn-tbm-kv, Ct -jykv F p-xp-s-ßp p At ym-iy-bnse sa{xm- m-cpss ] n-i (Fhp.k`m 3:36). a t m-kns kphn-ti-j-øn (9:33 36) ]dbp inip Ct -jykv Bbn-cp-s v Hcp ]mc-ºcyw D v. Ct -jy-kn\v «ol- msc ASpØp ]cn-nbap m-bn-cp-s pw kvt\ln-x-\mb s]mfn- m n-t\m-sp-iqss hn. tbml- m «olm-bpss {]kw-k-߃ ti n-cp-s pw ]d-b-s -Sp- p. «ol- m-cpss ssii-fn \n v ssihbv p e`n BfmWv At±lw F v hn. tpm {IntkmkvtXmw km n- p- p. {SmP N{I-h Øn-bpsS ImeØv (98 117) h\y-ar-k-߃ v Fdn-b-s -Sm-\mbn Ct -jykv At ym-iy-bn h v _ n-x-\mbn. ] m-f- m kndn-bm-bn \n v tdman-tebv v At±-lsØ 20 21

sszh-øns c -Wob hym]m-c-th-zn-bmwv Cu {]]- w. Ct -jy-kns Hcp ASn-ÿm\ Nn- bm-wn-xv. Cu temi- Øns A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {Iqc-X-I-fn \n pw temi-søbpw a\p-jy-ip-e-søbpw c n- m sszhw Xncp-a-\-m-bn. {]hm- sim p-t]m-bn. {InkvXob hnizm-k-øn-\p-th n \mys\ A\p- K-an p Poh tlman- p- Xp alm-`m-ky-ambn At±lw Icp-Xn. tdman-te-bv p bm{xm-at[y Gjym-ssa-\-dnse k`-iƒ pw t]mfn- m n\pw, tdmam-k-`-bv p-ambn At±lw Ggp tej-\- ߃ Fgp-Xn. Ft^-tkm-kv, at -jy, {Xm n-b, ^nemsu ^nb, kvan Wm F o Gjym-ssa-\-dnse k`m-ti-{µßƒ mwv At±lw A p tej-\-߃ Ab- -Xv. Ft^-tkmkv, at -jy, {Xm n-b, tdmw F n-h-ns-ß-fnse kaq-l߃ p IØp-Iƒ kvan Wm-bn \n pw, t]mfn- m n\pw ^nem-su ^n-b, kvan Wm F n-hn-s-ß-fnse kaq-l-߃ pw t{xmhmkn \n pamwv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Cu IØp-Iƒhgn Cu k`m-k-aq-l-߃ v Ct -jykv \µn ]d-bp-i-bpw, Ah Xt msp Im nb HuZm-cysØ ]pi-gvøp- Ibpw snøp- p. k`m-[n-im-cn-i-tfmsp hnt[-b-xz-ap- -h-cm-bn-cn- m\pw A_ m-`n-{]m-b-ß-fn \n v AI- n-cn- m\pw At±lw Ahsc D]-tZ-in- p- p. c -km- n-xz-øn \n p Xs ]n ncn- n- p H pw snøm CS-bm-I-cp-sX p tdmanse kaq-ltømsv At]- n- p- p. tbip-{in-kvxp-hn-\p-th n acn- pi F -Xn-t\- mƒ A`n-Im-ay-ambn Ah\v H p-an- a-cww Ah\v bym Pohn-X-Øns Bcw`w am{x-am-wv. "ASp-sØmcƒØmc Hcp- -s - n-cn- p-tºm-ƒ sszh-øn-s\mcp bmk-am-bn- Øo-cpI F -Xn-ep-]-cn-bmbn H pw \n߃ F\n- -\p-h-zn-t -...' (tdmam 2:2). "XS-w-Iq-SmsX Fs Ah-Im-isØ {]m]n- m-\p `mkyw F\n- p- m-is ; \nß-fpss alm-a-\-kvix F\n v lm\n-i-c-ambn \n ptam F p Rm `b-s -Sp- p. sszhsø {]m]n- m F\n v C\n-sbm-cn- epw CXp-t]msemcp Ah-kcw In p-i-bn-. Rm sszh-øns tkmx-ºm- Wv. {InkvXp-hn\p ]mh-\-amb A w \n Ωn- m Rm h\yar-k-ß-fpss Zwjv{S-I-fm s]msn- -s -Ss ' (tdma 1:2; 2:1; 4:1). k`-bnse sfiyw A`w-Kpcw ImØp-]-cn-]m-en- m IØp- I-fn-ep-S-\ofw At±lw Blzm\w snøp- p. Dd- -hn-izm-khpw ]cn-ip- m-fl-i- nbpw [cn Hcp bym CS-b-s\-bt{X At±-l-Øns tej-\-ß-fn \mw ImWp- Xv. c -km- n- Xz-Øn-\p-th n Xo v-w-xm-]q w B{K-ln- p Hcp [oct\-xm-hn-s\-bmwv ChnsS \mw Z in- pi. {InkvXp-hn\pw {InkvXo-b-hn-izm-k-Øn-\pw-th n simebv p hn[n- -s - -hs sszhn-i-[o-c-xbpw \my-t\m-ssm- n- m-\p AS-ßmØ Zml- hp-at{x Cu IØp-I-fn Is -Øp-I. bm{x-bv n-s-bn ] m-f- m-cpss a[y-øn Fgp-X-s - -h-bmibm tej-\-߃ p Htc {]Xn-]m-Z\coXn-bm-Wv. sa{xm-t\mspw sshzn-i-tcmspw kl-i-cn v kvt\l-ønepw tbmpn- nepw Pohn- m Xp-S-sc-Øp-Ssc DZvt_m-[n- n- p- p. Cu temi-øn-emwp Pohn- p- -sx- nepw At±lw kz Ko-b-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n p Ign- p. \ap- p-th n P\n- p-ibpw Pohn- p-ibpw acn- p-ibpw Dbn p-ibpw snbvx tbip-{inkvxp Ct -jy-kns Hmtcm \munan-bn-sp- nepw Pohn- p. At ym-iy-bnse sa{xm F \ne-bn Ahn-sS-bp- m-bncp {InkvXob kaq-l-at{x Ct -jy-kns ] m-ø-ew. "bqztbm- -{In-kvXy ' ssien tej-\-ß-fn hy -am-wv. tbip-{inkvxp-hns icocw bym -a-s pw amb-bm-sw pw "tumsk- n-ãp-iƒ' hmzn- n-cp- p. At±lw Xs IØp-I-fn Cu A_- -kn- m - msc FXn Øp. ] n-tbmkv ]oem-tøm-kns \mfp-i-fn acn \{km-bt\ip kxy-ambpw a\p-jy-\m-bn- Øo sszh-am-sw v Dds {]Jym-]n- p. "{InkvXp-hns icocw amb-bm-sw v tumsk- n-ãp-iƒ hmzn- -t m-gpw, bqzbm \m n Ahs c w Xfw-sI- n- n-s- p-i-bm-bn-cp p' F p Ptdmw (+420) ]d- Xv CØ-cp-W-Øn kva Ø-hy-am-Wv (eqkn-^-dn-s\-xntc,23). At ym-iy-bn Dcp-Øn-cn Hcp kndn-b {InkvXy kaql-amwv Ct -jy IØp-I-fn {]Xy- -s -Sp-I. AtXm-sSm w "tumsk niv' {]iv\-߃ \nd Gjym-ssa-\ k`-sbbpw \ap p ImWmw. eøo Nph Ie -Xm-Wv, F m-øpkv F t]sc- nepw At±lw Nn -bnepw hm nepw XnI pw ]uckvxy-\mbn \ne-sim- p. 7 tej-\-߃ p ]pdta Ct -jy-knt -Xmbn Adn-b-s -Sp thsd Nne IrXn-I-fp-ap- v. Ah At±l-Øn-t -X F s{x ]WvUn-X-aXw. ae- -c-k` Ct -jykns\ A mw a[y-ÿ- {]m -\-bn Hm p- p. sszh-imkv{xw 22 23

N-I- m hgn bqz-a-x-øn-eqss c -bv p-th n a\p-jy-ip-esø sszhw Hcp- n. Ah-cpsS {]Xo {InkvXp-hn ]qh-wn- p. "Znhy-{]-hm-N-I- m X-s bpw tbip-{in-kvxp-hns ]mx-bn Pohn p' (a-t. 9:2). anin-lm-bpss sszh-xzhpw a\p-jy-xzhpw kv]jvs-ambn At±lw ]Tn- n p: "imco-cn-i\pw Bflo-b-\pw, P\n- -h\pw krjvsn-b- m-ø-h\pw, sszhw a\p-jy-\m-b-h\pw arxyp-hns a[y-øn-ep bym Poh-\pw, adn-b-øn \n pw sszh-øn \n pw P\n- -h\pw, BZyw kl-\m-[o-\\pw ]ns kl-\m-xo-x-\p-amb \ΩpsS I Ømhv tbip-{inkvxp F Htcsbmcp sshzy am{xta \ap- pffq' (Ft^ 7:2). "imco-cn-iambn Ah Zmho-Zns hwim-h-en-bn \n- m-wv, sszth- - bmepw sszh-i- n-bmepw Ah sszh-]p-{x-\t{x: Ah kxyambpw I\y-I-bn \n p ]nd- p. F mw ]q Øn-bm- p-hm Ah tbml- m-\n \n p kv\m\-ta p' (kvan W 1:1). {InkvXp kam-bm-xo-x\pw AZr-iy-\p-amWv: t]mfn- m ns\gp- Xp p: "Imem-Xo-X\pw Ime-c-ln-X\pw AZr-iy\pamb GI-s\- n Nn n- p-i. Ah \ap- p-th n Zriy-\m-bn. kv] i-\- Øn\pw kl-\-øn\pw AXo-X-\mb Ah \ap- p-th n F mw kln- p-ibpw snbvxp' (3:2). {InkvXp-hns a\p-jy-xz-søbpw kl-\-ß-sfbpw \ntj-[n tumsk- n-ãp-isf Ct -jykv \nin-x-ambn hna in- p p: "Nne \nco-iz-c- m, AXm-bXv Ahn-izm-kn-Iƒ, P ]n- p- -Xp-t]mse, Ahs ]oum-\p-`hw shdp-samcp Im]-Sy-am-bn-cp-s - n Ah-cmWv bym -Øn Pme-hn-Zy- m Rms\- n-\mwv XS-hp-Im-c-\m-bn-cn- p- Xv? Rm F n\v h\y-ar-k-ß-tfmsp bp w snøm-\mbn {]m n- p p? Aß-s\-sb- n Rm e y-an- msx acn- p- p.. AtX, Fs km yw I Øm-hns\-Xntc I -km- y-am-wv. amc-i-amb ^ew ]pd-s -Sp-hn- p CØcw Zpjn apf-i-fn \n v HmSn-b-I-ep-hn. AXp cpnn- pt\m- p- -h At msg acn- p- p. Ah-sbm pw ]nxm-hns Irjn-b ' ({Xm y 10- - 11,1). "Ah Ip _m-\-bn \n pw {]m \m ip{iq-j-bn \n pw AI- n-cn- p- p. \ΩpsS ]m]- ߃aqew IjvS-s -Sp-Ibpw Xs \ -bn acn- -h-cn \n v ]nxmhv Dbn n- p-ibpw snbvx \ΩpsS c -I-\mb tbip- {In-kvXp-hns ico-c-amwv hn. Ip _m-\-sb v AwKo-I-cn- m Ah hnk-ω-xn- p- p. sszh-\m-asø tnmzyw-sn-øp- -h Ah- cpss X -Øn acn- pw. kvt\ln- p-i-bpw Dbn n ] p- Im-cm-hp-Ibpw snøp-i-bm-bn-cp p Ah p \ -Xv. A{]-Im-c-ap- -hsc Hgn- p-am-dp-ibpw Ah-sc- n cl-ky-amtbm ]c-kyamtbm kwkm-cn- m-xn-cn- p-ibpw snøp-i-bm-wp-øaw' (kvan W 6:3 7:1). k`sb "Bcm-[-\m-ÿew' F v Ct -jykv hnfn- p p (Ft^ 5:2; {Xm y 7:2; ^nem 4). hnip Ip _m\ "Aa Xy- X-bpsS Huj-[hpw ac-w-øn\v {]Xn-hn-[nbpw tbip-{in-kvxphn-ep \nxy-po-h-\p-amwv' (Ft^ 20:2). At±lw D]-tZ-in- p p: "Htc Ip _m-\-bn ]s -Sp- m {ian- p-hn. Fs - m sshzn-i-k-aq-l-tømspw Fs kl-{]-h Ø-I-cmb siωm-»- m-tcmspwiqss Hcp sa{xm F -t]mse \ΩpsS I Ømhv tbip-{in-kvxp-hns ico-chpw \sω H m- n- Øo p c -Øns Imkmbpw AƒØm-cbpw GI-amWv' (^nem 4). kvan Wm- m p tej-\-øn hfsc hy - ambn Ip _m-\-sb- n {]Xn-]m-Zn- p p (7:1). {InkvXp-hns k`sb BZy-ambn ItØm-en m k` F phnfn- Xv Ct -jy-km-wv.. "tbip-an-inlm D n-søv ItØm-en m k`-bp- v. AXp-t]mse sa{xm AhnsS k nln-x-\mtwm, AhnsS P\-߃ H n- p-iq-s-s ' (kvan W 8:2). sa{xm- m p k`-bn-ep ÿm\-sø- n hy -amb Nn{Xw At±-l-Øns tej-\-ß-fn \n p {Kln- mw. sa{xm sszhsø {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p p; sshzn-i «ol- m-sc-bpw. siωm-»- m {InkvXp-hns ip{iq-j-i-cm-wv. sa{xm-\p-np pw Hcpk-aq-l-ambn Ah H n- p-iq-sp p (cf.at 6:1 2). sszh-øns {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-I-bm {]mbw-ip-d sa{xm-s\-t mepw \nµn- cp-xv. (at 3:1). P\-ßsf ]Tn- n- m-\p Npa-Xe sa{xm-\p- - Xm-Wv. sx n\pw A_- -Øn\pw AXo-X-cm-bn-cn- m Ffp- am w sa{xm-\p-ambn tn n-cn- -bm-wv ({Xm y 6; ^nem 3). sfiy-øn\pw kam-[m-\-øn-\pw-th n sa{xm hnizm-kn- Isf \nc- cw DZvt_m-[n- n- p p (Ft^ 4). Bcm-[-\-bpsS {][m-\m-nm-cy\pw sszho-i-c-l-ky-ß-fpss Imcy-hn-Nm-c-I\pw sa{xm-\m-wv. sa{xm-s\- q-smsx k`-bn H pw snbvxp-iqsm: "sa{xms ta t\m w IqSmsX kv\m\-tam, kvt\l-t`m-p-\tam A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. adn v At±lw AwKo-I-cn- p- -h-sb mw sszh- Øn\p {]oxn-i-c-am-wv. Cßs\ \n߃ snøp- -sx pw 24 25

km[phpw kpc- n-x-hp-am-bn-cn pw' (kvan W 8:2). "sa{xms AwKo-Imcw IqSmsX k`sb kw_- n- p- -sxm pw Bcpw snø-cp-xv. sa{xm-\m-tem, At±lw \ntbm-kn- p- -h-cmtem A n- -s -Sp Ip _m\ am{xw km[p-hmbn IW- m- Ww' (kvan W 8:1). hnhm-lhpw sa{xms apºm-si-bmwv \StØ Xv (t]mfn 5:2). Np n- -dßn\s "{]hm-n-i- msc' n At±lw H pw ]d-bp- n-. UnUms Ahsc kvxpxn v kwkm-cn- p- p. hnhml IqZm-isb kw_- n v Ct -jy-kns kzm[o\w hn. ]utemkv «olm-bn \n- m-wv. hnhmlw {InkvXphpw Xs h[p-hmb k`bpw XΩn-ep _ sø kqnn- n- p p: "I Øm-hns\ kvt\ln- m\pw Xß-fpsS ` Øm- - m-tcmsp k p-jvs-cmbn h Øn- m\pw Fs ktlm-z-cn-am-tcmsp ]d-b- Ww. I Ømhv k`sb kvt\ln- p- -Xp-t]mse `mcy-amsc kvt\ln- p-hm tbip-{in-kvxp-hns \ma-øn Fs ktlm- Z-c- msc DZvt_m-[n- n- pi' (t]mfn 5:1). I\y-mXz-sØ- - nbpw At±lw D]-tZ-in- p p: I Øm-hns ico-c-tøm-sp _lpam-\m w ip -X-bn Pohn- - m B s - nepw Ign-bp-sa- n - Ah Bfl-{]-iw-k-Iq-SmsX A{]-Imcw snøs (t]mfn 5:2). Ct - -jykv tdmam-k-`sb hfsc kvxpxn v kwkm-cn- p- p. tdmam- m p tej-\-øns BapJw {i n q: "AXyp- - X-\mb ]nxm-hn-s bpw Ahn-SpsØ GI-Pm-X-\mb tbip-{inkvxp-hns bpw Ir] e`n k`bv v: ""\ΩpsS sszh-amb tbip- {In-kvXp-hns kvt\l-ømepw hnizm-k-ømepw kvt\ln- s - Xpw {]Im-in-X-am-bXpw tdma {]tz-i-øns {][m\ ÿeøv A[y Bbn-cp- Xpw (t{]m-i-tø-xmbv F txmt]m timdnbq tdma-bvtkm ) sszh-øn\p tn Xpw _lpam-\hpw A`n-\-µ-\hpw kvxpxnbpw hnp-bhpw hnip- nbpw A ln- p- Xpw kvt\l-øn A[y- -ÿm-\-øn-cn- p- Xpw {InkvXp-hns \nbaw A\p-k-cn- p-sim v ]nxm-hns \maw hln- p- -Xp-amb k`bv v ]nxm-hns ]p{x-\mb tbip-{inkvxp-hn Fs A`n-hm-Z-\-߃''. Cu BapJw a p tej-\-ß-fpss Bap-J-Øn \n p XnI pw hyxy-kvx-am-wv. Ct -jykv Cu `mkøv tdmam-k-`sb hfsc kvxpxn v ]d-bp p F Xv X -a kwk-xn-bm-wv. CXp tdmam- k` A ln- p- -Xp-am-sW v At±lw Icp-Xp- p. Cu Bap-J- Ønse H p-c p {]tbm-k-߃ A]-{K-Yn mw: (1) "tdma {]tzi-øns {][m\ ÿeøv A[y Bbncn- p- Xpw' (2) "kvt\l-øn A[y ÿm\-øn-cn- p- - Xpw.' "tdma {]tziw' F Xv tdmans Np p-ap ÿe-߃ am{xa A -am- p-i. tdma {]tz-i-øns hym]vxn-sb- mwv? tdma cq]-x-bmtwm? tdma km{am-py-amtwm? F m-hcpw Htc coxn-bn-ep A -a- n-xn\p simsp- p-i. "tdma km{am- Py-Øns {][m\ ÿm\øv (tdm-an ) A[y- -bm-bn-cn- p k`' F v At\-I a\-n-em- p- p. "txmt]m' F ]Zw GsX- nepw coxn-bn {]m[m-\y-ap ÿe-sø-tbm, hkvxphn-s\tbm Ipdn- m D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. txmt]m timdnbp F - Xn-\ w {][m-\-ÿ-ew. "timdnbp' F -Xn\p ]Icw {InkvXp F p hmbn- -W-sa v Nne ]d-bp- p. {InkvXp-hns ÿm\øv A[y- -bm-bn-cn- p tdmamk` F v A w-hcpw. AXn\v Ah a p \ymb-ß-ƒ Nq n- m-wn- p p: at - jy p tej-\-øn C{]- -Imcw ImWp p: "sa{xm sszh- Øns ÿm\øpw s{]kv_n- am ss«ln-i-k-aq-l-øns ÿm\øpw A[y- - m-cm-bn-cn- -s. F\n-t - hpw {]nb-s Uo - m tbip-{in-kvxp-hns ip{iq-jm-ÿm\w Gs -Sp- s '(6:1). ChnsS "txmt]m sxhp'f p- Xpt]mse-bmWv txmt]m {InkvXp F v Nne ]d-bp- p. F m Cu hymjym\w F m-hcpw kzoi-cn- p- n-. "t{]mi-tø-xmbv' (A-[y- -bm-bn-cn- p-i), "t{]mi-tø-sat\' (A-[y- -ÿm-\-øn-cn- pi) F o ]Z-߃ A[n-Im-csØ Ipdn- p ]Z-ß-fm-Wv. shdpw _lp-am-\sø am{xw Ipdn- p ]Z-ß-f-. Ct -jy-kn Xs Cu ]Zw A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn _ - s -Sp-Øn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p- -Xv. at -jy p tej- \-w 6:2 sa{xm-t\mspw A[y- - m-tcm-sp-w tbmpn p t]miphn F p-im-wp- p. "t{]mi-tø-sa-t\m-bnkv' F hm m- Wn-hnsS D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p- -Xv. at -jy, 6:2 "t{]mi-tøsa\p' F m-wv. CXv k`m-[n-im-c-hp-ambn _ -s -Sp-Øn-bmWv {]tbm-kn- n-cn- p- -Xv. as m-cn-søpw CXp ImWp- n-. tdmamte-j-\-øns Bap-J-Øn ImWp "B[y yw' F ]Zw k`m-[n-im-c-sø-bmwv Ipdn- p- -Xv. AhnsS c p-{]m-hiyw 26 27

At±lw CXp-]-tbm-Kn- p- p. "tdma {]tz-i-øns {][m\ ÿeøv A[y- -bm-bn-cn- p k`' F Xv tdmam-k-`-bv p A[n-Im-csØ Ipdn- p- -Xmbn a\-n-em- p- -Xn sx n-s p txm p- p. "kvt\l-øn B[y yw hln- p k`' F -Xns A hpw CXn-te- mwp hnc Nq- p- -Xv. CXp tdmam-k-`bpss Imcp-Wy-{]-h Øn-I-sf-bmWv kqnn- n- p- -Xv F pw ]dbp- -h-cp- v. ImcpWyw Im p- -Xn tdmam-k` F m-ehpw ap ] n-bn \n p. F m AXn-ep-]-cn-bmb Hcp A w CXn ImWp At\Iw ]WvUn-X- m-cp- v. "t{]mi-tøsat\tøkv AKm-t]kv' F -Xnse "AKms]' F -Xns A -sa- mwv? Ct -jy-kn "AKms]' kvt\l-k-aq-l-ßfpss (k-`m-k-aq-l-ß-fp-ss) t]cmwv (^nem 11,2; kvan W 12,1; {Xm nbm 13,1; tdmam 9,3). kvt\l-_- -Øn- A[y- -bm-bncn- p k`; AXm-bXp km -{XnI k`. Xs kvt\l-øm {InkvXp k`-bv p \ Inb AXn-kzm-`m-hnI Pohn-X-Øns ]q W-X-bmWv "AKm-s]'. kvt\l-øn A[y- -ÿm-\-øncn- p p F -Xn-\v, \bn- m\pw t\xrxzw \ Im\pw tdmamk-`-bv p A[n-Imcw F w -\ Imw. kvt\l-ønepw hnizm-k-ønepw tdmam-k` ap ]- n-bn \n p- p F - XmImw Imc-Ww. t{]mi-tø-ambv (A-[y- -bm-bn-cn- p-i) F -Xn-\p-tijw ] -Ww, \K-cw, ÿew F n-ß-s\-bp ]Z-ß-fmWp hcn-i. "kvt\lw' (A-Km-s]) F \maw km[m-cw-a-. At mƒ km -{Xn-I-amb Hcp ta t m-bva-bmwv; sndn-sbmcp ÿesø-tbm, Nne kwk-xn-i-fp-sstbmtaep ta t m-bva-b hnh F p Icp-Xp- -h-cp- v. F m Cu hymjym\w Cu coxn-bn kzoi-cn- m-ø-h-cp-ap- v. tdmam-k` tdma km-{am-py-øns Xe-ÿm-\-\-K-cn-bnse k`-bm-wv. hy -n]-c-ambn Ct -jy-kn\v G hpw {]nb-s k`-bm-w-xv. AXp-sIm- m-wt m Cu k`bv v kvxpxnbpw ]pi-gv bpw _lp-am-\hpw simsp- m At±lw Xbm-dm-Ip- - Xv. "BIvkntbm' sim v 6 hm p-iƒ XpS-ßp- p. AXp-I-gn- m-wv, F{]-Imcw kvt\l-øn A[y ÿm\-øn-cn- p- -sx v ]d-bp- -Xv. C{X-am{Xw _lp-am-\-mz-c-hp-i-tfmss as mcp k`-sb- - nbpw At±lw {]kvxm-h-n- p- n-. Gjym-ssa-\-dnse k`-i-fn \n p hyxy-kvx-amb Nne kwk-xn-iƒ tdmam-k-`-bv ps v At±lw hniz-kn- n-cp- p. tdmamk`bv p t{ijvt «ol- m-cpss Iev]-\-Ifpw {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw D -Xn-\m, Xs Iev]- \-I-fpsS Bh-iy-ans v At±lw IcpXn: "]t{xm-kn-s\bpw ]utem-kn-s\-bpw-t]mse Rm \n߃ v Hcp Iev]-\bpw \ Ip- n : Ah «o-l- m-cm-bn-cp p; Rmt\m XS-hp-Im-c. Ah kzx-{ -cm-bn-cp p; Rm Ct mgpw Hc-Sna' (tdmam 4:3). "\n߃ a p- -hsc ]Tn- n- -h-cmwv' F v Ct -jykv ]dbp p (3,1). s sa v timdn-t m-kp-im s -gp-xnb tej-\-ambn-cn mw hnh-. kvt\lw-aqew sszh-]p-{x [c-bn-se-øn ]pxn-b-\n-b-ahpw {InkvXp-a-X-Øns kmc-k-øbpw a\pjy s mw A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am- m Ahsc `cn- m\pw \bn- m\pw Hcp {]txy-im-[n-imcw tdmam-k-`-bv p- v. "\o Xncn p \ns ktlm-z-c- msc Dd- n- pi' F I Xr-h-N\w (eq. 22:32) ]t{xmkv ImØp-kq- n- p. tdmam-k-`bpw XZ-\p-k-cWw h Øn- p. AXmWv api-fn ]d hmn-i-øns A w. tdmam- m-c-\- mø Hcmƒ tdmam-k-`sb kvxpxn p ]d-bp BZy-]- cm-a i-am-wn-xv. X ASn-ÿm-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ct -jykv C{]-Imcw snøp-i; AXm-bXv ss«ln-im-sn-ÿm-\w. kxy-hnizmkw A`w-Kpcw \ne-\n p p; {InkvXp-hns kvt\lw Np pw ]c-øp- p. kvt\l-k-aq-l-ß-fpss A[y- -bm-bn-cp- psim v a p- -hsc ]Tn- n- p p. CsXm-s -bmwv tdmam-k-`bpss {]txy-i-x-iƒ. Ah-fpsS al-xz-øn\v Bkv]-Z-am-bn- p- Xpw Ah-Xs. 3.kvan Wm-bnse t]mfn- m v (+ 156) «ol- m-cpss injy-\mb t]mfn- m v kvan Wm-bnse sa{xm-\m-bn-cp- p. tbml- m «olm-bpss ]mz-øn-en-cp v kzzm Ø {ihn- -h-\mwv t]mfn- m s v hn. Cc-s\-hq-kv, Fhp-tk-_n-bqkv, sx Øp-ey F n-h ]d-bp p (C-c-s\-hqkv, ]mjm 3,3,4, Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, k`m. 5:20.5) sx Øp-ey, sz s{]kv{in-]vkn-tbmw slc-øn-t m-cpw, 32:2). «ol- m-cmwv At±-lsØ kvan Wm-bnse sa{xm-\mbn \nban- -sx v Cc-s\-hqkv Hcp IØ-b- -Xv. 155- t]mfn- m pw A\n-sk- kv am ]m- mbpw XΩn k`m kw_- -amb ]e 28 29

Imcy-ßfpw tdman h v N \S-Øn. Dbn p Znhkw (Quartodecimanism) kw_- n {]iv\hpw Ah-cpsS N bn {][m\ hnj-b-am-bn-cp- p. Hcp Xocp-am-\hpw FSp- m Ah p km[n- n-. t]mfn- m v tbml- m «olm-bn \n p ]mc-º-cyhpw A\n-sk- kv Xs ap Km-an-I-fn \n- p ]mc-º-cyhpw Db Øn- m- n. F mwo Dbn p-zn-hkw kw_- n {]iv\w? ss{ikvxh-k-`-bn Nne-bn-S-ß-fn Dbn p-zn-hkw (IymXm) AYhm {InkvXy s]klm bqz-co-xn-b-\p-k-cn v \nkm amkw 14- mw XobXn tlmjn- n-cp- p. BgvN-bn GXp Znhkw h mepw A p tlmjn- pi; A m-sx, a n-s-ß-fn-se-t]mse ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN BN-cn- m Ah Iq m- n-bn-. Gjym-ssa-\-dn Cu ]mc-ºcyw i n-bmbn {]N-cn- n-cp- p. tbml- m «o-lmbn \n p e`n- -XmWo ]mc-º-cy-sa v Ahn-Sp-Øp-Im Ah- Im-i-s - p. km Zn-knse saen-t m, lnb-cms mfo-knse As m- n-\m-cn-bq-kv, kvan Wm-bnse t]mfn- m v, Fs^-kq-knse t]mfn-{im- kv F n-h Cu ]mc-ºcyw Db Øn- m- n. t]m v A\nsk- -kns\ Gjym- niv coxn-bn-te v B\-bn- m t]mfn- m v {ian p; F m AXn-e-t±lw hnp-bn- n-. F nepw Ah-cn-cp-hcpw DØa kplr-øp- -fmbn ]ncn- p. Cc-s\-hqkv t]mfn- m n-s\- n ck-i-c-amb Hcp kw`hw hnh-cn- p- p v: Hcn- t]mfn- m ns\ I am kn-b F A]-t m-]-tz-i-i Xs Adn-bptam F p t]mfn- m nt\msp tnmzn- p. At±lw {]Xn-h-Nn p: Xo -bmbpw! kmøms BZy-Pm-Xs\ F\n- -dn-bmw. ^nen- n-b s -gp-xnb tej\w Np pap ss{ikvxh kaq-l-߃ pw Nne sa{xm- m pw t]mfn- m v IØp-Iƒ Ab- n-cp- p-sh p Cc-s\-bqkv km n- p p (cf Fhp. k`m. 5.20.8). Ah-bn ^nen- n-b s -gp-xnb tej\w eøo hnh Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]q Æ-ambn \ap p ssih- n- p- v. Cu tej-\-øn\p c p `mk-ß-fp- v. (i) t\csø Fgp-Xs 13- mw A[ym-bw. AXm-bXv Ct -jykv kvan Wm-bn \n p tdman-te p t]mb DSs\ t]mfn- m v Ct -jy-kns IØp- Iƒ ^nen- n-bm- m -b p simsp-øp. Ah-bvs m-cm-ap-j- p- dn- m-bn- mwp 13- mw A[ymbw. 1 12 hsc A[ym-b-߃. GXm p Ccp-]tXm AXn-e-[n-Itam h j-߃ Ign- mwp ({In. h. 135) Cu `mkw Fgp-X-s - -Xv. Gjym-ssa-\-dn am kn-bs ]mjm-wvu-x-bvs -Xn-cm-bn- mwv CXv. HºXmw A[ym-b-Øn Ct -jykv acn- -Xmbn tcj-s -Sp- Øn-bn-cn- p p; ]Xn-aq mw A[ymbw Ct -jy-kns kmao]yw hnh-cn- p- p. Fhp-tk-_n-bkv k`m-n-cn-{x-øn 9 Dw 13- Dw A[ym-b-߃ {Ko n D -cn- p- p. F m ]Xn-aq mw A[ym-b-Øns Ah-km-\-hm-NIw hn p If p: Ct -jy-kns\- - nbpw At±-l-tØm-Sp-IqsS D hsc- - nbpw \n߃ -dnbm-hp hkvxp-\n-jvt-amb hnh-c-w-߃ Rßsf Adn-bn- - Ww. eøo hnh Ø-\-Ønte Cu hmniw D q. c p `mkhpw Hcp IsØ p Icp-Xn-bmImw tn p t]mim {]bmk-ap Cu hmniw Fhp-tk-_n-bkv hn p-i-f- -Xv. 14- mw A[ymbw Hcp A\p-_- -am-imw. ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn-epw, UnUm-s -bn-epw, _ W-_m-kn-epw, sl am-kns BZy-`m-KØpw D {]t_m-[-i-ssienbmwp t]mfn- m ns tej-\-øn-ep- -Xv. hn\o-x-\pw, ip -am-\-k- \pw, kxy-k- -\p-amb Hcp sszh-]p-cp-js\ \ap- -Xn ImWmw. At±-l-Øn\p henb XmXznI ]cn-io-e-\-sam pw kn n- n- n-. {Ko ns ]mwvun-xy-tam, ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns ]cn- m-\tam At±-l-Øn-\n-, {InkvXob {]t_m-[\ßsf \nc- cw At±lw [ym\n- n-cp- p. tej-\-øns D -S w (1) {InkvXp-hns a\p-jym-h-xmcw, Ipcn-inse acww BZnbmb Imcy-߃ A_-t m-]-tz-i-i s -Xntc Dds {]Jym- ]n- p- p p t]mfn- m v. Fs - m tbip-{inkvxp ico-c- Øn h p-sh p {]Jym-]n- m-ø-h FXn {In-kvXp-hm-Ip- p. AXp-t]mse Ipcn-ins km yw {]tlm-jn- m-ø-h ]nim-nn-t -Xm-Ip- p. Xs Zpjv a-øn\p th n I Ør-h- N-\-ßsf X n-am- p-ibpw Dbn pw, hn[nbpw Cs p ]d-bp- Ibpw snøp- -h kmøms BZy-Pm-X-\m-Ip- p (7:1). (2) ^nen- n-bm-bnse sa{xm-s\- n t]mfn- m v H pw ]dbp- n-. F m s{]kv_n- am-tcmspw Uo am-tcm-sp-ap hnt[-b-xz-sø- n At±lw ]cm-a in- p- p- v. s{]kv_n- am- 30 31

cpss Hcp IΩn- n-bm-bn-cn mw ^nen- n-b-k-`sb `cn- n-cp- -Xv. At±lw \s mcp s{]kv_n- ns Nn{Xw hc- p-im- p- p: sshzn- I A\p-I-ºbpw F m-h-tcmspw Zbbpw D -h-cm-bn-cn- -Ww. hgn-sx- n-t m-b-hsc Xncn p sim p-h-c-ww. tcmkn-isf ip{iqjn- -Ww, hn[-h-i-tfbpw A\m-Y-tcbpw Zcn-{Z-tcbpw AhKWn cpxv; ]ns tbm sszh-øn-s bpw a\p-jy-cp-ssbpw apºn am\y-am-b-sxt m AXp snø-ww. Ah F m-hn[ tim]-øn \n pw ] -]m-x-øn \n pw \oxn-bn- mø hn[nbn \n pw [\-tam-l-øn \n pw AI- n-cn- -Ww. BcpsSbpw Ip -ß-sf- n thk-øn hniz-kn- -cp-xv. \ap-s mw ]m]-߃ Ds - -dn- p-sim p a p- -hsc hn[n- p-tºmƒ I -i-\m-bn-cn- -cpxv (6:1). (3) Zm\-[ Ωw hen-sbmcp ]pwy-ambn t]mfn- m v FSp- Øp-Im- p- p. Imcp-Wy-{]-hrØn snøm I-gn-bp-tºmƒ, am n-hbv -cp-xv. Imc-Ww, Zm\w ac-w-øn \n- p -kz-x-{ -am- p p (10:2). (4) cmjv{so-bm-[n-im-cn-iƒ p-th n ss{ikvx-h {]m n- -W-sa v At±lw \n t±-in- p p (12:3). t]mfn- m ns c -km- nxzw tdman \n p Xncn-s -Ønb DSs\ (an- -hmdpw s^{_p-hcn 22, 156) t]mfn- m p c -km- n-a-ipsw NqSn. CtX- n kvan Wm-bnse k` t{k {^opn-bm-bnse ^nsem-sa-enbw F ÿesø {InkvXob kaq-l-øn\p Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn-bn- p- v. thz-]p-kvx-i-øn {InkvXp-hns Ipcn-ip-a-c-W-sØbpw hn. kvtx^m-t\m-kns c -km- n-xz-søbpw Ipdn p kay- mbn hnh-cn- p- p- v. thz-]p-kvx-i-øn\p ]pd-øv, {InkvXp-hn-s\-{]Xn acn Hcm-sf- n {]Xn-]m-Zn- p G w-]-g w sn tcj hn. t]mfn- m ns c -km- n-xzsø kw_- n- p- -Xm-Wv. c -km- n-i-tfm-sp hw w kw_- n- p G w ]pcm- X\ tcjbpw CXp-Xs (17:3). AXm-b-Xv, k`-bnse c -km- n-i-fpss `uxn-im-h-in-jvs-ß-tfm-sp hw- -hpw, B ptxmdpw Ah-cpsS Hm Ω-sIm- m-sp coxnbpw Cu tcj-bn Zriy-amWv (18:2). arko-b-amb \c-th- -bpss ZrIvkm n hnh-c- W-amWv ChnsS hc- p-im-wn- n-cn- p- -Xv. am kn-b Fs m- cm-fm-wn-sx-gp-xn-b-xv. t]mfn- m ns c -km- n-xz-tøm- SSpØ Ime-Øp-Xs Cu c -km n hnh-cww Fgp-X-s - p. F m ]n m-eøp Nne Imcy-߃ AtXm-Sp-IqSn tn s - p. t]mfn- m ns al-\ob hy n-xz-øn-te p shfn w hoip- -XmWv Cu c -km n hnh-c-ww. kvxm n-bqkv Izm{Um-Øpkv F t{]mtim kpƒ, kxyw snøp-i, Rm \ns tamnn- n- mw, {InkvXp-hns\ i]n- pi F p ]d- t mƒ t]mfn- m p adp-]sn ]d p: 86 h jw Rm Ahs\ tkhn p; Ah F\n-s mcp t{zmlhpw snbvxn- n-. Fs c n Fs cmpm-hns\ ]ns Rms\-ßs\ i]n pw? (9.3). Ah Ahs ico-c-øn BWn-b-Sn- m XpS-ßn-b-t mƒ Ah ]d p: Fs hnsp-hn. Imc-Ww, Cu A n kln- m F\n p i n \evip- -h BWn-I-fn \n p \n߃ {]Xo- n- p ap I-cp-X IqSmsX Xs \n -e-ambn NnXbn \n m F\n p Ign-hp-Xcpw (13:3). hnh-c-w-øn-\n-sbn ImWp {]m -\, ss{ikvxh {]m -\m-n-cn{xw ]Tn- p- -h p hfsc DtØ-P-\-I-c-amWv (14). Cu {]m -\-bn en Pn- ssien {]Xn-[z-\n- p- p. 4. lnsb-cm-s m-fo-knse ] n-bmkv (+130) Gjym-ssa-\-dnse lnsb-cm-s m-fo-kns sa{xm-\mbncp p ] n-bm-kv. Ct±lw hn. tbml- ms\ {ihn- n-cp-s pw hn. t]mfn- m ns injy-\m-bn-cp-s pw Cc-s\-hqkv Fgp-Xnbn-cn- p p (]m-j. 5, 33, 4= tcjm-i-iew 1:4). Fhp-tk-_n-bkns ho -W-Øn ] n-bmkv AXn-_p- n-am-\m-bn-cp- n ; IrXn-I-fn \n v AXp hy -hp-amwv (k`m 3, 39,3). \q n-ap- Xmw B n I Ør hn-\-`mjyw (temkn Hm Ipcn-bmtIm FIvsk-sK-sk-bn-kv) Fs mcp IrXn A p `mk-ßfmbn Ct±lw Fgp-Xn. ] n-bmkv kl-{km-_vz-hm-gv-n-bn (ant -\n-b-øn ) hniz-k-n n-cp p. t{kmx-p-i-fpss tijc-ønepw Ah-bpsS hymjym-\-ønepw hfsc Ipdt hna i-\-_p n ] nbmkv Im n-bp- q. Cß-s\-bm-sW- nepw «ol- m-cpss ]n Kman-I-fmb aq - m-cpss hmsam-gn-bn Nneh ] n-bmkv hgn \ap p e`n- n- p-f-f-xn-\m hfsc {]m[m-\y-a ln- p- -bm-fmwv At±lw. Xs `mjy-øn\p IqSp-Xepw ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-hm-iy-ßmwp 32 33

] n-bmkv D]-tbm-Kn- -sx- nepw hmsam-gn-bmbn FØn-bn- p-ff I Ør-{]-t_m-[-\-ßfpw txsn-]n-sn- m At±lw {i n- p. a t m-kns kphn-ti-j-sø- - n-bp-ff ]cm-a iw (F-hp.-k- `m.3, 39, 15 16) hfsc hne-s Hcp tcj-bm-wv. aømbn BZyw F{_m-b-`m-j-bn (kp-dn-bm\n Ad-am-b-Iv) BWp Xs kphntijw Fgp-Xn-b-sX pw ] n-bm-kn \n p {Kln- mw. ] nbm-kns P\-\-sØ- n IrXy-ambn ]d-bpi {]bm-k-am-wv. {InkvXp h jw 80 mam n\p ap ]p P\n p F p Icp-Xmw. sa{xm F \ne-bn-ep-ff {]h Ø-\-sØ- - n-tbm, At±-l- Øns kz`m-h-sø- - ntbm \ap p hnh-c-ß-fn-. At±-l- Øns IrXnbpw \ap p \jvs-s - n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Nne Nn d tcjm-i-i-e-ßtf \ap p ssih- n- p-f-fq. acn ÿehpw, kab-hpw, coxnbpw \ap- - m-x-am-wv. I Ør-h-N-\-ß-f-{Xbpw ]pxn-b-\n-ba {KŸ-ß-fn-en- (tbml. 21:25) F p-i kxym-t\z-jn-bmb ] n-bmkv I Ør-h-N- \-߃ txsn-bn-d-ßn «ol- m-cn tbml- ms\ am{xw {ihn- m-\n-s-bmb ] n-bmkv aq - m-tcm-sm-cm- p. Ct -jykv, t]mfn- m v, ^nen v BZn-bm-b-h-cpsS hnh-c-w-߃ At±lw ti p. aq -\mb tbml- m\pw Acn-kvXn-tbm\pw C m-cy-øn hfsc klm-bn- p. A p-hm-ey-ß-fn-embn Ah tij-cn- m ] nbmkv \t bxv\n- p. Dt -i-ip- n-bp- m-bn-cp-s - nepw ]pcmtw-xn-lmk {][m-\-amb hnh-c-߃ IØn- p-dn- -Xn-\m ] nbmkv A -kvtxm-eni ]nxm- - m-cn H mw-in-s-bn Icp-Xs -Sp- n-. 5. c -km- n-bmb hn. P-Ãn c mw \q m- nse {Ko v hnizmkka I-cn A{K-K- Wy-\mWv c -km- n-bmb hn. PÃn. BZna ss{ikvx hkmln-xy-im-c- m-cpss Iq -Øn al-\o-b-am-sbmcp hy n- Xz-Øns DS-a-bm-W-t±lw. ]e-kvxo-\m-bnse tjt -an (^vfmhnb s\bm-s m-fo-kn ) Ass{I-kvXh amxm-]n-xm- -fn \n v PÃn P\n- p. tãmbn-iv, s]cn-]-sx- n-iv, ]nø-tkm-dn-b kviqfp- I-sfm pw At±-lsØ Xr]vXn-s -Sp-Øn-bn (kw-hm-zw, 2 8). Iptd-\mƒ πt m-wniv XXz-im-kv{X-Øn At±lw hniz-kn- p. F nepw Ah-km\w {]hm-n-i- m {]tlm-jn kxy-øn At±lw FØn-t p. kxyw txsn-bp {]bm-w-øn At±lw kxyw Is -Øn. {]hm-n-i- m hc- p-im nbxpw ]ekvxo-\mbn Ah-X-cn- -Xp-amb tbip-{inkvxp F kxy-øn FØn-t -t mƒ B kxyw kzoi-cn v PÃn k p-jvs- \mbn (kw-hm-zw, 8). {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ac-wsø XrW-h K-Wn- p-sim v tbip- {In-kvXp-hns\ {]tlm-jn kw`-h-ßfpw PÃn\v {]tnm-z-\-acpfn: "tπt m-bpss {]t_m-[-ß-fn Rm kt m-jn- n-cp p: {InkvXym-\n-I-sf- n NoØ m-cy-߃ kwkm-cn- p-tºmƒ Rm B\-µn- n-cp- p. F m ac-w-øns apºnepw a p `oicbmym y-ß-fpss apºnepw Ah \n `-b-cmbn hkn- p- Xv I -t mƒ, Ah ZpjvS- mtcm kpj-t`m-kn-itfm As v F\n v t_m[y-ambn' (A-t m-f-pn, 2, 12). Xpd a\- tmspw \nc- c {]m -\-tbmspwiqss At±lw {InkvXp-hns\ txsn; Ah-km\w {InkvXp Ahs\ Xs kz -am n (A-t mf-pn, 2, 13). Ft^-tkm-kn h v 130- {InkvXym-\n-bmb PÃn XpS p PohnXw apgp-h {InkvXob hnizmkw kwc- n- m hn\n-tbm-kn- p. {Ko p-xm-xzn-i [cn- p "]menbw' [cn- p-sim v Np n-\-s v ]Tn- n p; A m-wo-\pkv ]obq-kns ImeØv tdman-se-øn-t -cp-ibpw Ahn-sS Hcp hnzym-]otw Bcw- `n- p-ibpw snbvxp. PÃns injy-\m-bn-cp p Xmky. s{ij kv F kn\niv XmXzn-Is i n-bmb FXn v PÃn\v t\cn-ts- n-h- p. tdman h v 165- mam n {]os^ivsv Pq\n-bqkv dpkvxn- pkv `c-w-øn-en-cn- p-tºmƒ PÃn\pw Bdv Iq p-imcpw sim -s - p. Ah-cpsS c -km- nxzhnh-cww \ap v e`n- n- p- v. IrXn-Iƒ \nc-h[n {KŸ-ß-fpsS I Øm-hmWv PÃn. F m aq v IrXn-Itf \ap v ssih- n- p- q. Ah Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn\pw kp m-x-am-bn-cp p (k-`m. 4, 18). c v hnizmk ka -\- ߃ (A-t m-f-pn), bqz-\mb {Sot^m-bp-am-bp kwhmzw F nh-bm-w-h. Xpd a\pw kxy-k- -X-bp Hcp {KŸ-Im-cs\bpamWv IrXn-I-fn ImWm Ign-bp-I. Xs FXn-cm-fn-Ifp-am-bn [mc-w-bn-se-øm At±lw DZy-an- p- p. ""kxyw kwkm-cn- m Ign-hp- m-bn-cn- p-ibpw F m kxyw 34 35