Interdisciplinary research for carbon cycling in a forest ecosystem and scaling to a mountainous landscape in Takayama,, central Japan.

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Asia-Pacific Workshop on Carbon Cycle Observations (March 17 19, 2008) Interdisciplinary research for carbon cycling in a forest ecosystem and scaling to a mountainous landscape in Takayama,, central Japan. - Scaling from plot to landscape by Satellite Ecology - Hiroyuki MURAOKA Director of 21 st Century COE Program Satellite Ecology, Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University, Japan

Revealing carbon cycle processes and scaling Carbon cycling in plot, landscape, regional, continental and global In mountainous landscapes, scaling should be done carefully from a canopy to ecosystems, landscape, regional, If we don t t want to miss the consequences of the processes East Asia National level forested catchment including Takayama site Landscape level Regional level

Spatial resolution must be tested carefully Vegetation and land-use type distribution in a forested catchment of Takayama site (2-10m resolution by CASI-III, ALOS, QuickBird) 0.01º (1 km) MOD15, MOD17 0.001º (100 m) 600m a.s.l 20km 1500m a.s.l High spatial resolution provides: (1) consequences of ecosystem structure/function meteorology topography interactions (2) accurate estimate of spatial patterns of ecosystem functions (3) application to ecosystem management policy 0.0001º (10 m)

CO 2 cycling research: scale and methods Ecological process research CO 2 flux / meteorological observation Simulation models Satellite remote sensing

Topics Introduction Carbon cycling study in a cool-temperate forest. - Combining ecological process research and CO 2 flux obs. in Takayama site, central Japan. Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape. - Satellite Ecology : an interdisciplinary approch for fine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates. Networking for future research and education.

Topics Introduction Carbon cycling study in a cool-temperate forest. - Combining ecological process research and CO 2 flux obs. in Takayama site, central Japan. Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape. - Satellite Ecology : an interdisciplinary approch for fine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates. Networking for future research and education.

Takayama super-site site to bridge research communities FLUXNET JapanFlux LTER (Long Term Ecological Research network) JaLTER http://www.asiaflux.net/

Prec Takayama super-site site Evergreen coniferous forest (TKC) Deciduous broadleaf Forest (TKY) TKY Temp TKC

Interdisciplinary approach for carbon cycling study Interdisciplinary approach < Tower observation > Continuous measurements in high temporal resolution - ecosystem scale response to climatic conditions - < Ecological process study > Revealing the processes of carbon flow and pools - ecological mechanisms of the ecosystem reponse -

CO 2 flux: seasonal change CO 2 flux by tower measurements CO 2 flux: diurnal change CO 2 uptake release CO 2 flux: yearly change NEP: Net Ecosystem Production

Carbon pools and flows by ecological research Carbon pools Carbon flows

Yearly NEP and its ecological determinants in TKY NEP ( gc m -2 day -1 ) 8 6 4 2 0-2 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002~ GPP (Gross Primary Production) NPP (Net Primary Production) Re (Ecosystem Respiration) Rs (Soil Respiration) NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) Ra (Aboveground Respiration)

Yearly GPP depends on LAI and leaf photosynthesis Leaf Area Index Leaf photosynthesis Process-base model LAI (m 2 m -2 ) Vc max25 (μmol m -2 s -1 ) 1-D process-based Hourly outputs Sun/shade partitioning FvCB + BWB calculation DOY GPP (mmol CO 2 m -2 day -1 ) 2003 Canopy GPP Understory GPP snow 2075.4 (gc m -2 y -1 ) 2004 2005 2202.2 (gc m -2 y -1 ) 2115.7 (gc m -2 y -1 )

Topics Introduction Carbon cycling study in a cool-temperate forest. - Combining ecological process research and CO 2 flux obs. in Takayama site, central Japan. Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape. - Satellite Ecology : an interdisciplinary approch for fine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates. Networking for future research and education.

CO 2 flux estimates by remote sensing MODIS GPP estimation (MOD17) at Takayama site Satellite remote sensing is useful, but still needs careful tests considering the spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and complexity in topography and micro-climatic conditions.

21 st Century COE Program Satellite Ecology in Gifu Univ. Linking ecosystem ecology, remote sensing, micrometeorology and modeling for studying ecosystem structure and function in complex landscape. Ecological Process Research Vegetation structure, plant growth, plant ecophysiology, soil respiration, etc... Satellite Ecology (SATECO) Meteorological Obs. and Modelling Measurements of CO 2 and heat fluxes, simulation models Remote Sensing Analysis Distribution of various ecosystems and their components (leaf area, biomass), etc...

Study plots around Takayama site Takayama Gifu deciduous broadleaved forest (50-yr) TKY Takayama city field station evergreen coniferous forest (50-yr) TKC deciduous broadleaved forest (20-yr) 600m asl deciduous coniferous forest (50-yr) 1500m asl

Plot scale research tree density leaf area biomass Plant growth (CO 2 uptake) CO 2 flux obs. Linking processes and integration Canopy spectral reflectance Ecology Leaf physiology Micrometeorology biochemistry Ecology Remote sensing optical propoerty Land use (ecosystem type) maps RS indexmeasurements for leaf area index crown density forest understory vegetaiton vegetation type biomass LAI photosynthesis Spatial distribution Temporal change Ecosystem model Climate model Ecology Remote sensing Micrometeorology Spatial and temporal analyses on the structure and function of regional ecosystems Carbon budget Hydrology Vegetation dynamics Influence of human activity

Re-classify vegetation types to functional types detailed vegetation/land-use type map ecosystem functional type map

Spatial and seasonal distribution of LAI Re-check of quality-controlled MODIS data Original map of LAI (100m resolution) DOY 129-137 LAI NDVI LAI at Takayama site DOY 225-233 re-checked MOD15 DOY 321-329

SATECOmodel outputs (early Aug, 2002) (100m resolution, every 1-hr) Radiation (W m -2 ) LAI (m 2 m -2 ) Tair (K) GPP (mmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 )

LAI (leaf area index) SATECOmodel outputs GPP (gross photosynthesis) Rsoil (soil respiration) Mar. Mar. Mar. May May May Jul. Jul. Jul. Sep. Sep. Sep. (m 2 m -2 ) (μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) (μmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 )

SATECOmodel vs. MOD17 Ecosystem, landscape and regional scale photosynthesis should be estimated carefully, considering the spatinal and temporal variations in the processes. Vegetation / land-use distribution SATECO (2002 DOY184) 100m resolution MOD17 (2006 DOY177) 1 km resolution (μmolco 2 /m 2 /s)

SATECOmodel for central Japan (3km resolution, every 1-hr)

Topics Introduction Carbon cycling study in a cool-temperate forest. - Combining ecological process research and CO 2 flux obs. in Takayama site, central Japan. Scaling carbon budget processes from plot to landscape. - Satellite Ecology : an interdisciplinary approch for fine- spatial and temporal resolution estimates. Networking for future research and education.

Toward more integration and progress in ecosystem science Synthesis of ecosystem observation concepts, systems, etc. - why and how do we try and proceed? (Concepts) - how can we achieve? (Methodology) - how do we continue? (Education and Fund) - where do we proceed? (Super-site concept) Collaborations with international networks - FLUXNET -LTER(Long Term Ecological Research Network) - and other plans Sharing knowledge with other research communities - Manipulating experiments (FACE, etc.) - Plant and soil microbial physiology - Environmental engineering - Environmental economy

Takayama super-site site to bridge research communities FLUXNET JapanFlux LTER (Long Term Ecological Research network) JaLTER http://www.asiaflux.net/

A3 Foresight Program (JSPS, NSFC, KOSEF) Quantifying and predicting terrestrial carbon sinks in East Asia: toward a network of climate change research Common research theme and responsibility sharing

Acknowledgements T.M. Saitoh 1, J. Yoshino 2, S. Nagai 1, M. Ishihara 1, K.N. Nasahara 1,3, T. Ohtsuka 1, A.M. Kishimoto 4, M-S. M Lee 1, N. Saigusa 5, S. Murayama 5, H. Kondo 5, H. Noda 1, T. Kojima 1, I. Tamagawa 1, T. Akiyama 1, T. Yasuda 2, S. Yamamoto 6, H. Koizumi 7 and other students in Gifu Univ. and Univ. Tsukuba 1 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University 2 Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University 3 Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, University of Tsukuba 4 National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences 5 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Sciences and Technology (AIST) 6 Okayama University 7 Department of Biology, Waseda University Activities in Takayama site have been funded by Global Environmental Research Fund S-1 S 1 (Ministry of the Environment) 21 st Century COE Program Satellite Ecology (JSPS, Gifu University) A3 Foresight Program (JSPS, NSFC and KOSEF)

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