Effect of downy mildew in host resistant pearl millet

Vol.2 No. 2, 57-63 (2013) Received: March.2012; Accepted: Oct. 2013 Abstract Effect of downy mildew in host resistant pearl millet Shishupal Singh Rajput, B.P.S. Raghubanshi & R.K. Pandaya 1 Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishyavidylaya KVK, Morena, M.P. 1 RVSKVV, Gwalior,M.P. A field experiment was carried out in Downy mildew sick field at college of agriculture Gwalior during 2008-09 and 171 pearl millet lines were evaluated against downy mildew. It was found that 101 lines were free from the disease at 30 days after sowing, 56 lines remained free from downy mildew at 60 days after sowing, while 74.50 and 98.30 per cent decrease incidence was recorded in 7042S at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively. The other check (Local susceptible) showed 23.20 and 34.25 per cent incidence at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively. All the tested lines were significantly superior over both the checks and more than 10 per cent downy mildew incidence at 60 days after sowing was recorded in the test entry IPMM 117 (11.75%). The other entries except 56 free lines showed less than 10% downy mildew. Out of twenty four, eighteen entries were free from at 30 days after sowing and remaining six entries showed <5% downy mildew incidence. Eleven entries viz., CZP 9802, ICMH 356, Shradha, RHB 121, Saburi, ICTP 8203, Pusa 23, HHB 67, B 2301, HHB 67 (improved) and PB 106 were free from downy mildew at 60 DAS while local susceptible showed 22% downy mildew incidence. The other remaining 13 entries showed <5% downy mildew with the maximum disease incidence in GHB 538. From twenty two locally cultivated hybrids/varieties, seven entries viz., Pioneer-86M64, Proagro-9444, Ajit 27, Mukta, Swaminath hybrid, HHB 67 (improved) and JBV-4 were completely free from downy mildew at 30 days after sowing. Out of these seven, four entries viz., Pioneer- 86M64, Proagro-9444, Mukta and HHB 67 (improved) remained free at 60 days after sowing also while four entries viz., PAC 938, Super Boss, Great seed 520 and Pioneer-86M32 showed more than 10% downy mildew incidence at 60 days after sowing. Less than 10% downy mildew was recorded in the remaining fourteen entries. However, all the twenty two entries were significantly superior over both the checks at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Key words: Downy mildew incidence, pearl millet, host resistant Introduction Pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] surpasses all domesticated cereal In drought tolerance and is largely grown as rain fed crop in arid and semi arid topics on sandy, alluvial, medium blacks soils. It is used a staple food for farming community as wall as cattle fodder and poultry feed. The important pearl millet growing states of the country are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. The important districts of Madhya Pradesh where pearl millet is grown are Morena, Bhind and Gwalior. Several diseases of 57

pearl millet caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes have been reported by different workers, out of them downy mildew incited by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet is the most widespread and destructive disease of Pearl millet in India. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in the Downy mildew sick field of collage of Agriculture, Gwalior during the year 2008-2009. in Randomized Block Design with two replication. The pearl millet germplasm consisting of 171 lines were evaluated against downy mildew in the downy mildew sick soil by adopting a field screening technique [5]. Twenty four promising pearl millet hybrids/varieties were evaluated against downy mildew in the downy mildew sick field. And Twenty two locally cultivated pearl millet hybrids/varieties were evaluated against downy mildew in the downy mildew sick field with 171 + 2 checks screening of pearl millet material, 24+2 checks evaluation of hybrids variety and 22+2 checks Screening locally cultivated pearl millet hybrids/varieties The total number of plants were recorded at the time of thinning i.e. fifteen days after sowing, while the number of downy mildew infected plants were recorded at 30 and 60 days after sowing then the Downy mildew incidence per cent was calculated with the help of following formula: Downy mildew infected plants Downy mildew incidence (%) = 100 Total number of plants Results and Discussion A total of 171 pearl millet lines were evaluated against downy mildew. It is evident from the data that 101 lines were free from the disease at 30 days after sowing 56 lines viz., IPMM 104, IPMM 107, IPMM 112, IPMM 113, IPMM 115, IPMM 121, IPMM 124, IPMM 125, IPMM 126, IPMM 127, IPMM 131, IPMM 132, IPMM 139, IPMM 141, IPMM 143, IPMM 145, IPMM 147, IPMM 149, IPMM 152, IPMM 156, IPMM 162, IPMM 167, IPMM 168, IPMM 171, IPMM 174, IPMM 179, IPMM 182, IPMM 191, IPMM 193, APMM 201, APMM 202, APMM 206, APMM 208, APMM 211, APMM 214, APMM 216, APMM 219, APMM 221, APMM 222, APMM 225, APMM 227, APMM 228, APMM 232, APMM 238, APMM 240, APMM 241, APMM 243, APMM 244, APMM 245, APMM 246, APMM 249, APMM 251, APMM 257, APMM 260, APMM 261 and APMM 272 remained free from downy mildew at 60 days after sowing, while 74.50 and 98.30 per cent decrease incidence was recorded in 7042S at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively. The other check (Local susceptible) showed 23.20 and 34.25 per cent incidence at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively. All the tested lines were significantly superior over both the checks more than 10 per cent downy mildew incidence at 60 days after sowing was recorded in the test entry IPMM 117 (11.75%) the other entries except 56 free lines showed less than 10% downy mildew. 58

Table 1 Evaluation of pearl millet material against downy mildew Entries Downy mildew incidence S. Entries Downy mildew S. No. (%) No. incidence (%) at 30 DAS at 60 DAS at 30 DAS at 60 DAS 1 IPMM 101 1.45 3.25 25 IPMM 125 0.00 0.00 2 IPMM 102 1.45 3.25 26 IPMM 126 0.00 0.00 3 IPMM 103 1.40 2.80 27 IPMM 127 0.00 0.00 4 IPMM 104 0.00 0.00 28 IPMM 128 1.10 1.10 5 IPMM 105 2.55 2.55 29 IPMM 129 0.00 1.45 6 IPMM 106 2.45 3.65 30 IPMM 130 1.45 1.45 7 IPMM 107 0.00 0.00 31 IPMM 131 0.00 0.00 8 IPMM 108 1.15 2.25 32 IPMM 132 0.00 0.00 9 IPMM 109 1.35 4.15 33 IPMM 133 0.00 1.25 10 IPMM 110 1.45 1.45 34 IPMM 134 3.80 3.80 11 IPMM 111 1.30 2.60 35 IPMM 135 0.00 1.20 12 IPMM 112 0.00 0.00 36 IPMM 136 3.45 4.80 13 IPMM 113 0.00 0.00 37 IPMM 137 1.50 4.95 14 IPMM 114 0.00 3.30 38 IPMM 138 0.00 1.20 15 IPMM 115 0.00 0.00 39 IPMM 139 0.00 0.00 16 IPMM 116 2.40 2.40 40 IPMM 140 0.00 1.30 17 IPMM 117 9.10 11.75 41 IPMM 141 0.00 0.00 18 IPMM 118 0.00 1.40 42 IPMM 142 0.00 1.45 19 IPMM 119 1.35 2.55 43 IPMM 143 0.00 0.00 20 IPMM 120 1.25 1.25 44 IPMM 144 0.00 1.25 21 IPMM 121 0.00 0.00 45 IPMM 145 0.00 0.00 22 IPMM 122 2.60 3.80 46 IPMM 146 1.45 1.45 23 IPMM 123 0.00 2.70 47 IPMM 147 0.00 0.00 24 IPMM 124 0.00 0.00 48 IPMM 148 1.50 1.50 49 IPMM 149 0.00 0.00 89 IPMM 189 1.45 1.45 50 IPMM 150 0.00 1.65 90 IPMM 190 0.00 1.50 51 IPMM 151 0.00 2.60 91 IPMM 191 0.00 0.00 52 IPMM 152 0.00 0.00 92 IPMM 192 1.15 2.45 53 IPMM 153 0.00 1.15 93 IPMM 193 0.00 0.00 54 IPMM 154 0.00 1.15 94 IPMM 194 2.90 4.60 55 IPMM 155 2.40 3.75 95 IPMM 195 2.60 2.60 56 IPMM 156 0.00 0.00 96 IPMM 196 0.00 2.90 57 IPMM 157 0.00 1.25 97 IPMM 197 0.00 1.35 58 IPMM 158 1.30 2.70 98 APMM 201 0.00 0.00 59 IPMM 159 1.30 2.75 99 APMM 202 0.00 0.00 60 IPMM 160 1.20 1.20 100 APMM 203 0.00 2.70 61 IPMM 161 0.00 1.20 101 APMM 204 1.30 3.80 62 IPMM 162 0.00 0.00 102 APMM 205 0.00 1.35 63 IPMM 163 1.45 2.70 103 APMM 206 0.00 0.00 64 IPMM 164 3.80 6.35 104 APMM 207 0.00 1.30 65 IPMM 165 1.35 2.70 105 APMM 208 0.00 0.00 66 IPMM 166 0.00 1.45 106 APMM 209 1.50 2.90 67 IPMM 167 0.00 0.00 107 APMM 210 3.85 5.10 68 IPMM 168 0.00 0.00 108 APMM 211 0.00 0.00 69 IPMM 169 1.25 1.25 109 APMM 212 1.25 2.50 70 IPMM 170 0.00 2.45 110 APMM 213 1.30 1.30 71 IPMM 171 0.00 0.00 111 APMM 214 0.00 0.00 72 IPMM 172 1.10 3.65 112 APMM 215 1.15 3.55 73 IPMM 173 1.20 2.50 113 APMM 216 0.00 0.00 74 IPMM 174 0.00 0.00 114 APMM 217 1.25 3.80 75 IPMM 175 1.55 4.05 115 APMM 218 1.35 1.35 76 IPMM 176 0.00 1.40 116 APMM 219 0.00 0.00 77 IPMM 177 0.00 1.45 117 APMM 220 1.60 1.60 78 IPMM 178 2.40 3.50 118 APMM 221 0.00 0.00 79 IPMM 179 0.00 0.00 119 APMM 222 0.00 0.00 80 IPMM 180 0.00 1.25 120 APMM 223 0.00 3.15 81 IPMM 181 0.00 1.15 121 APMM 224 0.00 1.45 82 IPMM 182 0.00 0.00 122 APMM 225 0.00 0.00 83 IPMM 183 2.60 3.80 123 APMM 226 1.25 1.25 59

84 IPMM 184 2.60 5.25 124 APMM 227 0.00 0.00 85 IPMM 185 1.25 4.15 125 APMM 228 0.00 0.00 86 IPMM 186 0.00 1.45 126 APMM 229 1.30 2.800 87 IPMM 187 0.00 1.15 127 APMM 230 2.65 2.65 88 IPMM 188 3.40 3.40 128 APMM 231 1.30 1.30 129 APMM 232 0.00 0.00 152 APMM 255 2.80 2.80 130 APMM 233 1.20 1.20 153 APMM 256 1.40 2.80 131 APMM 234 0.00 1.20 154 APMM 257 0.00 0.00 132 APMM 235 2.80 2.80 155 APMM 258 0.00 1.30 133 APMM 236 0.00 2.40 156 APMM 259 1.35 2.60 134 APMM 237 0.00 1.25 157 APMM 260 0.00 0.00 135 APMM 238 0.00 0.00 158 APMM 261 0.00 0.00 136 APMM 239 1.65 1.65 159 APMM 262 0.00 2.50 137 APMM 240 0.00 0.00 160 APMM 263 1.25 1.25 138 APMM 241 0.00 0.00 161 APMM 264 1.45 1.45 139 APMM 242 0.00 2.35 162 APMM 265 0.00 1.20 140 APMM 243 0.00 0.00 163 APMM 266 0.00 2.50 141 APMM 244 0.00 0.00 164 APMM 267 0.00 1.30 142 APMM 245 0.00 0.00 165 APMM 268 0.00 1.30 143 APMM 246 0.00 0.00 166 APMM 269 1.35 2.55 144 APMM 247 1.10 2.20 167 APMM 270 2.40 3.55 145 APMM 248 0.00 1.20 168 APMM 271 1.35 1.35 146 APMM 249 0.00 0.00 169 APMM 272 0.00 0.00 147 APMM 250 2.55 3.80 170 APMM 273 3.10 7.90 148 APMM 251 0.00 0.00 171 APMM 274 2.70 4.20 149 APMM 252 1.25 3.85 L.S. (check-1) 23.20 34.20 150 APMM 253 0.00 1.45 7042S(check-2) 74.50 98.30 151 APMM 254 0.00 1.30 SE(m)± 0.968 1.252 SE(d)± 1.369 1.771 CD at 5% 2.705 3.499 The data summarized in Table 2 reveal that all the popular and released hybrids/varieties showed significantly less incidence of downy mildew. Out of twenty four, eighteen entries were free from at 30 days after sowing and remaining six entries showed <5% downy mildew incidence. Eleven entries viz., CZP 9802, Table 2 ICMH 356, Shradha, RHB 121, Saburi, ICTP 8203, Pusa 23, HHB 67, B 2301, HHB 67 (improved) and PB 106 were free from downy mildew at 60 DAS while local susceptible showed 22% downy mildew incidence. The other remaining 13 entries showed <5% downy mildew with the maximum disease incidence in GHB 538. Downy mildew incidence in released pearl millet hybrids/ varieties S. No. Entries Downy mildew incidence (%) at 30 DAS at 60 DAS 1 Pusa 266 0.500 1.000 2 JBV-2 0.000 1.500 3 GHB 732 1.000 1.000 4 C-ZP 9802 0.000 0.000 5 GHB 719 0.000 1.000 6 ICMH 356 0.000 0.000 7 RAJ 171 0.500 1.000 8 GHB 744 0.000 0.500 9 Pusa 383 0.500 1.000 10 Shradha 0.000 0.000 11 RHB 121 0.000 0.000 12 Saburi 0.000 0.000 13 ICMV 221 0.000 0.500 14 JBV-3 0.500 0.500 15 GHB 538 2.500 4.000 60

16 ICTI 8207 0.000 0.000 17 Pusa 23 0.000 0.000 18 HHB 67 0.000 0.000 19 ICMV 155 0.000 0.500 20 B 2301 0.000 0.000 21 JKMI 26 0.000 0.500 22 HHB 67 (improved) 0.000 0.000 23 PB 166 0.000 0.000 24 GHB - 558 0.000 0.500 Local Susceptible 16.170 22.080 SE(m) ± CD at 5% Twenty two locally cultivated hybrids/varieties were evaluated against downy mildew and the data are summarized in Table 3. It is clear from the table that seven entries viz., Pioneer- 86M64, Proagro-9444, Ajit 27, Mukta, Swaminath hybrid, HHB 67 (improved) and JBV-4 were completely free from downy mildew at 30 days after sowing. Out of these seven, four entries viz., Pioneer-86M64, Proagro-9444, Table 3 2.326 6.815 2.586 7.576 Mukta and HHB 67 (improved) remained free at 60 days after sowing also while four entries viz., PAC 938, Super Boss, Great seed 520 and Pioneer-86M32 showed more than 10% downy mildew incidence at 60 days after sowing. Less than 10% downy mildew was recorded in the remaining fourteen entries. However, all the twenty two entries were significantly superior over both the checks at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Evaluation of locally cultivated pearl millet hybrids and varieties S.No. Entries Downy mildew incidence (%) At 30 DAS At 60 DAS 1. JKBH-26 3.50 7.30 2. Mahyco-204 1.35 3.80 3. Mahyco-2210 1.15 2.55 4. Pioneer-86M32 12.25 20.70 5. Pioneer-86M64 0.00 0.00 6. JKBH-778 1.25 5.05 7. Proagro-9444 0.00 0.00 8. Great seed 520 11.50 18.65 9. Super Boss 8.25 15.30 10. PAC 938 6.25 7.40 11. Krishna (Alankar) 1.30 2.70 12. Ajit 27 0.00 1.20 13. Arjun 1.10 1.10 14. Mukta 0.00 0.00 15. Vikranta 1.20 2.60 16. Swaminath hybrid 0.00 1.30 17. Nitya bajra 6.75 10.75 18. HHB 67 (improved) 0.00 0.00 19. PAC 931 1.15 3.85 20. JBV-3 1.15 2.45 21. JBV-4 0.00 1.15 22. Kushwahadhar local 3.75 6.00 7042S (check) 80.50 97.40 Local susceptible 24.20 58.75 SE(m)± CD at 5% 1.427 4.200 1.353 3.983 61

Out of 171, 56 lines of pearl millet viz., IPMM 104, IPMM 107, IPMM 112, IPMM 113, IPMM 115, IPMM 121, IPMM 124, IPMM 125, IPMM 126, IPMM 127, IPMM 131, IPMM 132, IPMM 139, IPMM 141, IPMM 143, IPMM 145, IPMM 147, IPMM 149, IPMM 152, IPMM 156, IPMM 162, IPMM 167, IPMM 168, IPMM 171, IPMM 174, IPMM 179, IPMM 182, IPMM 191, IPMM 193, APMM 201, APMM 202, APMM 206, APMM 208, APMM 211, APMM 214, APMM 216, APMM 219, APMM 221, APMM 222, APMM 225, APMM 227, APMM 228, APMM 232, APMM 238, APMM 240, APMM 241, APMM 243, APMM 244, APMM 245, APMM 246, APMM 249, APMM 251, APMM 257, APMM 260, APMM 261 and APMM 272 were found free from downy mildew at 30 and 60 days after sowing, while 74.50 and 98.30 per cent disease incidence was recorded in 7042S at 30 and 60 days after sowing, respectively. All the tested lines were significantly superior over both the checks. More than 10 per cent downy mildew incidence at 60 days after sowing was recorded in only one test entry IPMM 117, the other entries except 56 free lines showed less than 10% downy mildew. Earlier investigators evaluated several germplasm and reported a great degree of variation among the genotypes in respect of downy mildew resistance 4&6]. [1, 3, It is obvious from the result of the present study that all the popular and released hybrids/varieties showed significantly less incidence of downy mildew. Out of twenty four, eighteen entries were free from downy mildew at 30 days after sowing and remaining six entries showed <5% downy mildew incidence. Eleven entries viz., CZP 9802, ICMH 356, Shradha, RHB 121, Saburi, ICTP 8203, Pusa 23, HHB 67, B 2301, HHB 67 (improved) and PB 106 were free from downy mildew at 60 DAS while local susceptible showed 22% downy mildew incidence. The other remaining 13 entries showed <5% downy mildew. The above finding is supported by Sharma [2], who reported no downy mildew incidence in JBV-3 and <5% downy mildew in Pusa 23, RHB 121, Raj 171 and ICTP 8203. In the present study twenty two locally cultivated hybrids/varieties were evaluated against downy mildew out of these four entries viz., Pioneer-86M64, Proagro-9444, Mukta and HHB 67 (improved) were free from downy mildew while Nitya bajra, Super Boss, Great seed 520 and Pioneer-86M32 showed >10% disease incidence, but the downy mildew incidence in all the test entries was significantly less than both the checks. No downy mildew incidence in Proagro 9444 and <5% downy mildew in Mahyco 2210 which is in support of the present finding. On the other hand Sharma also reported <5% downy mildew in Pioneer 86M32 while in the present finding it was >10% this indicate the increased downy mildew susceptibility in Pioneer 86M32. More than 10% downy mildew was also recorded in Great Seed 520, Nitya bajra and Super boss, hence the cultivation of these three entries on the farmer s field may be discouraged. Eleven popular hybrids/varieties viz., CZP 9802, ICMH 356, Shradha, RHB 121, Saburi, ICTP 8203, Pusa 23, HHB 67, B 62

2301, HHB 67 (improved) and PB 106 were free from downy mildew. Among the locally cultivated pearl millet hybrids/varieties four entries viz., Pioneer-86M64, Proagro-9444, Mukta and HHB 67 (improved) were free from downy mildew, while Nitya bajra, Super Boss, Great seed 520 and Pioneer-86M32 showed >10% disease incidence. References 1. Latake, S.B., Bhosale, D.M. and Chirame, B.B. (2008). Screening of pearl millet genotypes for their resistance to downy mildew. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 33(2): 273-274. 2. Sharma, R. (2005). Studies on downy mildew of pearl millet with special reference to its management through Eco-friendly approaches. M.Sc. (Ag) Thesis, College of Agriculture (JNKVV), Gwalior. 3. Singh, S.D. (1990). Source of resistance to downy mildew and rust in pearl millet. Pl. Dis., 74: 871-874. 4. Thakur, R.P., Rao, V.P., Wu, B.M., Subbarao, K.V., Shetty, H.S., Singh, G., Lukose, C., Panwar, M.S., Sereme, P., Hess, D.E., Gupta, S.C., Dattar, V.V., Panicker, S., Pawar, N.B., Bhangale, G.T. and Panchbhai, S.D. (2004). Host resistance stability to downy mildew in pearl millet and pathogenic variability in Sclerospora graminicola. Crop Protection, 23(10): 901-908. 5. William, R.J., Singh, S.D. and Pawar, M.N. (1981). An improved field screening technique for downy mildew resistance in pearl millet. Pl. Dis., 65: 239-241. 6. Wilson, J.P., Sanogo, M.D., Nutsugah, S.K., Angarawai, I., Fofana, A., Traore, H., Ahmadou, I. and Muuka, F.P. (2008). Evaluation of pearl millet for yield and downy mildew resistance across seven countries in sub-saharan Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(5): 371-378. 63