Scientific Investigation, Engineering, Energy, and Transformation Study Guide Parent Signatures: Inquiry Skills: Parent Signature: 1. Define observation: information gathered with the 5 senses a. Qualitative Observation: information described in words Give 2 examples of qualitative observations. The cat is yellow The leaves are on the ground b. Quantitative Observation: information described in numbers Give 2 examples of quantitative observations. The cat weighs 60 grams. There are 14 leaves on the tree. 2. Define inference: an explanation of data based on prior knowledge or experience The boy is crying because he know he is in trouble. Scientific Method: 3. List the 6 steps of the scientific method in order. Question, research,hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion 4. How many variables can be tested in a controlled scientific investigation? 1 5. Vocabulary Match: Hypothesis, Independent, Experiment, Control, Dependent, Scientific Method, Conclusion, Analysis i. Control The variable(s) that are constant and don t change. ii. Hypothesis An educated guess about a scientific question. iii. Conclusion Statement that sums up the results of your experiment. iv. Experiment The step where you test your hypothesis. v. Independent The variable being tested, the one that is changed. vi. Analysis This is the step after the experiment where you study your data. vii. Dependent The variable that might change because of the one you changed. viii. Scientific Method Procedures that scientists use to solve problems. 6. Write a hypothesis for the scientific question: Does soda causes kids to have more cavities? If kids drink more soda then they will have more cavities because soda has a lot of sugar which is harmful to teeth. (If then because) Mark as either QL for Qualitative or QN for Quantitative or I for Inference. 7. The clouds changed colors because it is going to rain. I 10. The sand has a mass of 98 grams. _QN 8. The ball is round. QL 11. The shirt is purple and black. QL
9. There are 4 lizards in the cage. _QN 12. The lizard is hiding because it is hot outside. I 13. Graphing: What does this helpful tool stand for when making a graph? Ddependent R (SKIP) Y axis M (SKIP) Independent X axis Variables: Read the following investigations and find the variables. 14. A teacher wants to know if listening to music increases students grades on a test. The teacher gets two student volunteers. The volunteers are both 12 year old boys with the same intelligence. One boy listens to music while he studies. The other boy does not. They both take the same test at the same time. The test scores are recorded. Independent: music vs. no music Dependent: grade on tests Controlled: both 12 year old boys, same intelligence, same time, same time 15. A scientist wants to know if different water temperature will affect the amount of time it takes a duck to swim across a wading pool. Two female ducks that are the same age are used in the experiment. Both wading pools are the same size and have the same amount of water in them. In one pool the temperature is 40 F and the other pool is 85 F. The speed of the ducks is measured. Independent: Different temperatures of wading pool 40 degrees and 85 degrees Dependent: speed of duck Controlled: female duck, same age, same amount of water in pool, same size pool Engineering Process: 16. What is the purpose of technology? Make life easier 17: Put the steps of the engineering process in order: Implementation - Solution Design - Evaluation - Problem Identification Problem Identification, Solution Design, Implementation, Evaluation 18. Use the steps above to fill in the blanks below. Problem Identification _ = when you identify, research, understand the cause, understand the limitations and restrictions of a real world problem. Solution Design_ = when you brainstorm, draw, and build a potential solution to a problem. Implementation/Test = when you test your solution to see if it works. Evaluation _ = when you analyze your data from your test, look at the pros and cons, re-design/refine your solution, and communicate your results.
Types of Energy and Transformations: **Energy is the ability to do work or cause change** Definition Type of Energy Real Life Example/Picture 1. The energy of position/height Potential A book at the edge of a desk A stretched out rubber band A girl at the top of a slide 2. The energy due to the motion of atoms with less/more heat 3. The movement of thermal energy from one object to another Thermal Heat The different movements of atoms in solids (vibrations), liquids (flow), and gases (scatter) as heat is added or taken away Your hand gets warm while holding a cup with hot coffee. You food warms up after being placed in an oven. 4. Energy from the sun Solar Plants use light energy to make sugar through photosynthesis. 5. Energy stored in particles/bonds of matter 6. Energy of moving electric charges and electrons in circuits. Chemical Electrical Energy stored in food before being eaten Energy stored in coal before being burned Energy in a battery before going out to the electrical circuit Electrons moving in wires connecting a battery to a light bulb. Electrons moving from an outlet to a stove 7. Energy of moving objects Kinetic A book falling to the ground A rubber band shooting through the air A girl sliding down a slide 8. Energy from the electromagnetic waves Radiant A light bulb shining light into a hallway. 9. What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state? Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It is only transformed. 10. Green plants use what type of energy during photosynthesis to help them grow? Solar/Radiant 11. Animal use chemical energy from plants/ food to move. This energy is then transformed to kinetic energy when an animal moves. 12. As heat is added to a substance, the particles of matter move faster or slower? faster 13. Explain how a rubber band goes from potential energy to kinetic energy. Potential = pull/stretch a rubber band -> Kinetic = shoot the rubber band forward Example Form of Energy (s) Example Form of Energy(s) Battery not in a circuit Chemical Apple Chemical Battery in a circuit Electrical Light Bulb Radiant Fan Mechanical/kinetic Power lines/ Power Outlet Electrical Girl at the top of a slide Potential Gasoline Chemical Toy Car Mechanical Fire Thermal
Label the transformations: Chemical - Thermal Solar/Radiant - Electrical Electrical Radiant/Sound Chemical electrical radiant/ thermal Chemical mechanical/kinetic Fossil Fuel Power Plant Transformation: (1) Coal has stored chemical energy when it enters a power plant. Then it gets burned and changes to thermal energy. Then the fire heats the water into (2) steam which moves up, so it has kinetic energy. The steam then spins the turbine (3) and transfers its kinetic to it. The turbine is connected to a generator (4) which converts energy to electrical which is sent through powerlines (5/6) to our houses for us to use in a variety of different ways.