Oroville Union High School District Science Curriculum

Oroville Union High School District Science Curriculum Science - Chemistry Chemistry COURSE TITLE: Chemistry LENGTH OF COURSE: One Year TYPE OF CREDIT: Science (10 credits) GRADE Level: 10-12 PREREQUISITE: One Year Course of laboratory science, concurrent enrollment in Advanced Algebra. TEXTBOOK: Chemistry, Wilbaham Staley Matta Waterman, Prentice Hall, 2007, ISBN: 0-13-201345-3 SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Advanced Chemistry (Teacher's Edition) Yearly Subscription, Zora Dougherty,Teaching Point, ISBN# H-S-ACHEM-TM-2 COURSE DESCRIPTION: Chemistry is an inquiry into the composition of and interactions between substances. It is designed to acquaint the student with the laws of the physical environment through the use of laboratory experiments. Chemistry includes the study of characteristics of chemical reactions, chemical periodicity, and chemical bonding in solids, liquids and gases. The chemistry laboratory is the basis from which the advanced sciences are developed. College Preparatory. NOTE: This course meets the U.C. "A-G" Subject" requirement. NOTE: Standards that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies are unmarked. Standards that all students should have the opportunity to learn are marked with an asterisk (*). BOARD ADOPTION DATE: JUNE 19, 2002 Textbook Revision: July 18, 2007

Atomic and Molecular Structure Understand that the period table displays the elements in increasing atomic number and shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the elements relates to atomic structure. Elements in the Periodic Table The learner will be able to understand how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its atomic number and atomic mass. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 5 pages 124-126, Chapter14 pages 391-393 Identification of Elements The learner will be able to understand how to use the periodic table to identify metals, semimetals, non-metals, and halogens. Identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals, trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the relative sizes of ions and atoms. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.b and c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 5 pages 124-126, Chapter 14 pages 394-396, - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 24 pages 705-710, 724-731, 732-735 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter14 pages 398-406 Electrons The learner will be able to understand how to use the periodic table to determine the number of electrons available for bonding. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 14 pages 394-396, 398-406 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 24 pages 705-710, 712-723, 724-731, 732-73 Atoms The learner will be able to understand that the nucleus of the atom is much smaller than the atom yet contains most of its mass. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.e..

- Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 5 pages 111-112, 118-121 Transuranium Elements The learner will be able to understand how to use the periodic table to identify the lanthanide, actinide, and transactinide elements and know that the transuranium elements were synthesized and identified in laboratory experiments through the use of nuclear accelerators. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 24 page 731, Chapter 28 page 851 * Position of Elements The learner will be able to understand how to relate the position of an element in the periodic table to its quantum electron configuration and to its reactivity with other elements in the table. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.g. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 13 pages 363-366,367-370 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 14 pages 391-396, 405-406 * Discovery in Chemistry The learner will be able to understand that the experimental basis for Thomson's discovery of the electron, Rutherford's nuclear atom, Millikan's oil drop experiment, and Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.h. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 5 pages 109-112 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 13 pages 361-366, 372-383 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28 page 850 * Quantum of Atomic Structure The learner will be able to understand the experimental basis for the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure and the historical importance of the Bohr model of the atom. Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.i. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 13 pages 361-366, 372-383

* Spectral Lines The learner will be able to understand that spectral lines are result of transitions of electrons between energy levels and that these lines correspond to photons with a frequency related to the energy spacing between levels by using Planck's relationship (E = hv). Periodic Table Chemistry, 1.j. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 13 pages 372-383 Chemical Bonds Understand that the biological, chemical, and physical properties of matter result from the ability of atoms to form bonds from electrostatic forces between electrons and protons and between atoms and molecules. Sharing Electrons The learner will be able to understand that atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent or metallic bonds or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 6 pages 133-137 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 15 pages 413-418, 427-429 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 16 pages 437-451 Covalent Bonds The learner will be able to understand that chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as ethylene, hydrogen, methane, ammonia, nitrogen, chlorine, and many large biological molecules are covalent. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 16 pages 437-451, Chapter 25 pages 743-751 Salt Crystals The learner will be able to understand that salt crystals, such as NaCl, are repeating patterns of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attraction. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.c.

- Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 6 page 140, Chapter 10 pages 280-283 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 15 pages 419, 422-423 Liquids and Random Movement The learner will be able to understand that the atoms and molecules in liquids move in random pattern relative to one another because the intermolecular forces are too weak to hold the atoms or molecules in a solid form. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 2 pages 30-31, Chapter 10 pages 274, 280 Lewis Dot Structures The learner will be able to understand how to draw Lewis dot structures. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.e. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 16 page 441 * Predicting Lewis Dot Structures The learner will be able to understand how to predict the shape of simple molecules and their polarity from Lewis dot structures. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 16 pages 442-451 * Bond Formation The learner will be able to understand how electronegativity and ionization energy relate to bond formation. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.g. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 16 pages 452-459, 460-466 * Solids and Liquids The learner will be able to understand how to identify solids and liquids held together by Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding and relate these forces to volatility and

boiling / melting point temperatures. Atoms and Molecules Chemistry, 2.h. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 16 pages 460-466, Chapter 17 pages 475-478 Conservation of Matter and Stoichiometry Understand that conservation of atoms in chemical reactions leads to the principle of conservation of matter and the ability to calculate the mass of products and reactants. Writing Balanced Equations The learner will be able to understand how to describe chemical reactions by writing balanced equations. Atoms in Chemical Reactions Chemistry, 3.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 8 pages 203-211, 212-224,, 225-228 The Mole The learner will be able to understand that the quantity one mole is set by defining one mole or carbon 12 atoms to have a mass of exactly 12 grams. Know one mole equals 6.02 E23 particles (atoms or molecules). Atoms in Chemical Reactions Chemistry, 3.b and c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 7 pages 176-178 Molar Mass The learner will be able to understand how determine the molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula and a table of atomic masses and how to convert the mass of a molecular substance to moles, number of particles, or volume of gas at standard temperature and pressure. Atoms in Chemical Reactions Chemistry, 3.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 7 pages 173-176, 182-186, 187, 188-195 Chemical Reaction Calculations

The learner will be able to understand how to calculate the masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction from the mass of one of the reactants or products and the relevant atomic mass. Atoms in Chemical Reactions Chemistry, 3.e. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 9 pages 242-350, 251 * Percent Yield The learner will be able to understand how to calculate percent yield in a chemical reaction. Atoms in Chemical Reactions Chemistry, 3.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 9 pages 252-259 * Identification of Reactions The learner will be able to understand how to identify reactions that involve oxidation and reduction and how to balance oxidation-balance reactions. Atoms in Chemical Reactions Chemistry, 3.g. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 8 page 222 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 22 pages 645-653, 654-659, 660-669 Gases and Their Properties Understand that the kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and the kinetic properties of gases. Random Motion of Molecules The learner will be able to understand that random motion of molecules and their collisions explains the pressure created on that surface. Chemistry, 4.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 10 pages 268-269 Diffusion of Gases The learner will be able to understand that the random motion of molecules explains

the diffusion of gases. Chemistry, 4.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 12 pages 352-353 Gas Laws The learner will be able to understand how to apply the gas laws to relations between the pressure, temperature, and volume of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases. Chemistry, 4c - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 12 pages 333-340, 341-346, 347-353 Standard Temperature and Pressure The learner will be able to understand the values and meanings of standard temperature and pressure and (STP). Chemistry, 4.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 7 pages 184-185, Chapter 10 pages 268-269 Temperatures Scales The learner will be able to understand how to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales. Know there is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin. Chemistry, 4.e and f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 3 pages 74-75 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 10 pages 271-272, Chapter 12 page 336 * Kinetic of Gases The learner will be able to understand how the kinetic theory of gases is related to the absolute temperature of a gas to the average kinetic energy of its molecules or atoms. Chemistry, 4.g.

- Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 10 pages 267-272 * Ideal Gas Law The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems by using the ideal gas law in the form PV = nrt. Chemistry, 4.h. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 12 pages 341-346, 347-353 * Dalton's Law and Graham's Law The learner will be able to understand how to apply Dalton's law of partial pressures to describe the composition of gases and Graham's law to predict diffusion of gases. Chemistry, 4.i. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 12 pages 347-353 Acids and Bases Understand acids, bases, and salts are three classes of compounds that form ions in water solutions. Properties of Acids, Bases and Salts The learner will be able to understand the observable properties of acids, bases, and salt solutions. Chemistry, 5.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20 pages 576, 577-579, 593, 606 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 21 pages 612, 613-624, 625, 626-637 Hydrogen-Ion The learner will be able to understand that acids are hydrogen-ion-donating and bases are hydrogen-ion-accepting substances. Chemistry, 5.b.

- Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20 pages 580-582 Dissociate The learner will be able to understand that strong acids and bases fully dissociate and weak acids and bases partially dissociate. Chemistry, 5.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20 pages 600-605, 606 ph Scale The learner will be able to understand how to use the ph scale to characterize acid and base solutions. Chemistry, 5.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20 pages 582-584, 589-592, 618 * Acid-Base Definitions The learner will be able to understand the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis acidbase definitions. Chemistry, 5.e. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20 pages 594-599 * ph Calculation The learner will be able to understand how to calculate ph from hydrogen-ion concentration. Chemistry, 5.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20 pages 582-584, 586-589 * Buffers The learner will be able to understand that buffers stabilize ph in acid-base reactions. Chemistry, 5.g.

- Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 21 pages 628-629 Solutions Understand solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more substances. Solute and Solvent The learner will be able to understand the definitions of solute and solvent. Homogenous Mixtures Chemistry, 6.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 17 page 482 Random Molecular Motion The learner will be able to understand how to describe the dissolving process at the molecular level by using the concept of random molecular motion. Homogenous Mixtures Chemistry, 6.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 17 page 483, Chapter 18 pages 501-503 The Dissolving Process The learner will be able to understand how temperature, pressure, and surface area affect the dissolving process. Homogenous Mixtures CA: Science Content Standards, December 1998, Gragdes 9-12, Chemistry, 6.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 18 pages 503-508 Calculate Concentration of a Solution The learner will be able to understand how to calculate the concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter, molarity, parts per million, and percent composition. Homogenous Mixtures Chemistry, 6.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 18 pages 509-515, 516 * Solute The learner will be able to understand the relationship between the molarity of a solute in a solution and the solution's depressed freezing point or elevated boiling point.

Homogenous Mixtures Chemistry, 6.e. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 18 pages 517-519, 520-525 * Chromatography and Distillation The learner will be able to understand how molecules in a solution are separated or purified by the methods of chromatography and distillation. Homogenous Mixtures Chemistry, 6.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 2 pages 33-35, Chapter 16 page 467 Chemical Thermodynamics Understand energy is exchanged or transformed in all chemical reactions and physical changes of matter. Motions of Molecules The learner will be able to understand how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (atoms.). Energy Chemistry, 7.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 10 pages 267, 276-277 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 11 pages 293-294 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19 pages 551-553 Thermal Energy The learner will be able to understand that chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy. Energy Chemistry, 7.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 11 pages 294-295, 300-303 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19 pages 551, 557, Chapter 22 page 671 Energy Release The learner will be able to understand that energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is absorbed when a material evaporates or melts.

Energy Chemistry, 7.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 10: pages 275-280, - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 11: pages 310-313 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 17: pages 479-481 Heat Flow and Temperature Change The learner will be able to understand how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change. Energy CA: Science Content Standards, December 1998, Gragdes 9-12, Chemistry, 7.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 11: pages 295-313 * Hess' Law The learner will be able to understand how to apply Hess' law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction. Energy Chemistry, 7e - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 11: pages 314-318 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: page 557 * Gibbs Free Energy Equation The learner will be able to understand how to use the Gibbs free energy equation to determine whether a reaction would be spontaneous. Energy Chemistry, 7.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 549-556 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 558-565 Chemical Reaction Rates Understand chemical reaction rates depend on factors that influence the frequency of collisions of reactant molecules. Rate of Reactions The learner will be able to understand the rate of reaction is the decrease in concentration of reactants or the increase in concentration of products with time. Chemical Reaction Rates Chemistry, 8.a.

- Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 533-536 Factors Affect Reaction Rates The learner will be able to understand how reaction rates depend on such factors as concentration, temperature, and pressure. Chemical Reaction Rates Chemistry, 8.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 536-538 Catalyst The learner will be able to understand the role a catalyst plays in increasing the reaction rate. Chemical Reaction Rates Chemistry, 8.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 537-538 * Activation Energy The learner will be able to understand the definition and role of activation energy in a chemical reaction. Chemical Reaction Rates Chemistry, 8.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 535-536 Chemical Equilibrium Understand that chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process at the molecular level. LeChatelier's Principle The learner will be able to understand how to use LeChatelier's principle to predict the effect of changes in concentration, temperature, and pressure. Chemical Equilibrium Chemistry, 9.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 541-544 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 21: page 635 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 27: page 818

Equilibrium The learner will be able to understand that equilibrium is established when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. Chemical Equilibrium Chemistry, 9.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 539-544 * Equilibrium Constant The learner will be able to understand how to write and calculate an equilibrium constant expression for a reaction. Chemical Equilibrium Chemistry, 9.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 19: pages 545-548 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 20: pages 603-605 Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Understand the bonding characteristics of carbon allow the formation of many different organic molecules of varied sizes, shapes, and chemical properties and provide the biochemical basis of life. Polymers The learner will be able to understand that large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits. Biochemicals Chemistry, 10.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 26: pages 795-801 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 27: pages 812-819, 821-831 Bonding Characteristics of Carbon The learner will be able to understand the bonding characteristics of carbon that result in the formation of large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules. Biochemicals Chemistry, 10.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 10: page 282 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 25: pages 743-753; pages 755-761

Amino Acids The learner will be able to understand that amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Biochemicals Chemistry, 10.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 27: pages 815-819 * Naming Linear Hydrocarbons & Isome The learner will be able to understand that the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomeres that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring. Biochemicals Chemistry, 10.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 25: pages 743-753; pages 755-761 * Functional Groups The learner will be able to understand how to identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohol, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids. Biochemicals Chemistry, 10.e. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 26: pages 773-794 * R-Group Structure The learner will be able to understand the R-group structure of amino acids and know how they combine to form the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins. Biochemicals Chemistry, 10.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 27: pages 815-819 Nuclear Processes Understand nuclear processes are those in which an atomic nucleus changes, including radioactive decay of naturally naturally and human-made isotopes, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion. Nuclear Forces The learner will be able to understand that protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by nuclear forces that overcome the electromagnetic repulsion between

protons. Nuclear Processes Chemistry, 11.a. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 5: pages 110-112 - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: page 842 Nuclear Fusion and Fission Reactions The learner will be able to understand that the energy release per gram of material is much larger in nuclear fusion and fission reactions than in chemical reactions. The change in mass (calculated by E = mc^2) is small but significant in nuclear reactions. Nuclear Chemistry, Processes 11.b. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: pages 853-856 Isotopes The learner will be able to understand that some naturally naturally isotopes of elements are radioactive, as are isotopes formed in nuclear reactions. Nuclear Chemistry, Processes 11.c. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: pages 841-842; 845-851 Radioactive Decay The learner will be able to understand that the three most common forms of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, and gamma) and know how the nucleus changes in each type of decay. Nuclear Chemistry, Processes 11.d. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: pages 842-851 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation The learner will be able to understand that alpha, beta, and gamma radiation produce different amounts and kinds of damage in matter and have different penetrations. Nuclear Chemistry, Processes 11e - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: pages 842-844; pages 857-861

* Calculation of Radioactive Substances The learner will be able to understand how to calculate the amount of a radioactive substance remaining after an integral number of half lives have passed. Nuclear Chemistry, Processes 11.f. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: pages 847-849; page 852 * Quarks The learner will be able to understand that protons and neutrons have substructures and consist of particles called quarks. Nuclear Chemistry, Processes 11.g. - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapter 28: page 844 Scientific Method To ask meaningful questions and conduct careful investigations (California Star Earth Science Blueprint: 9 Test Items, 15% of Test) Investigation and Experimentation The learner will be able to a) select and use appropriate tools and technology to perform tests, collect, and display data, b) identify and communicate sources of unavoidable experimental error, c) identify possible reasons for inconsistent results, d) formulate explanations using logic and evidence, e) solve scientific problems using quadradic equations and simple trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, f) distinguish between hypothesis and theory as scientific terms, and g) recognize the usefulness and limitations of models and theories as scientific representations of reality. Chemistry, Science Investitation and Experimentation 1.a through g. Unit - Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapters (All)