AP BIOLOGY REQUIRED SUMMER ASSIGNMENT In order to facilitate our chances of covering the vast amount of material required in the Advanced Placement Biology curriculum, the following assignment must be completed prior to the beginning of the school year. There will be a multiple-choice test the first day of school. AP Biology Book: AP edition, Campbell Biology, 9th edition. (2012). Reece, et. al. It is your responsibility to check out this text from the library before school lets out. You will need your school ID card to receive a book. These books are practically new; please take good care of them (i.e. cover them) and bring your book to class on the first day of school. You will receive points for having your book covered. Assignment Checklist Assignment will be collected on the first day of class in August. Read and Outline the chapters listed below in the textbook. Outlines must be handwritten (no typed work) and should be thorough and legible. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Chapter 1. Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life Chapter 2. The Chemical Context of Life. Chapter 3. Water and Life. Chapter 4. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Chapter 5. The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules. THE CELL Chapter 6. A Tour of the Cell. Complete the chapter objectives for chapters 1-6 (See below). Answers to questions must be hand-written (no typed work) and should be in short-essay format, no outlines. Present to me your covered AP Biology textbook. A sturdy paper bag is preferred. You will receive 10 points for this item. Be prepared for the multiple-choice test on the first day of class in August. This test will cover all of the chapters in the summer assignment. It is recommended that you look at the self-quiz questions at the end of each chapter in the book. Do not wait until the last minute of your summer to complete this assignment. I recommend you pace yourself. Keep this checklist to ensure that you have completed all facets of this assignment and have everything together for the first day of class in August. This summer assignment is worth 100 points and will have a significant impact on your 1 st quarter grade. Failure to complete this assignment is not a valid excuse to drop this course.
Summer Assignment Objectives Read each question carefully and answer them on a separate sheet of paper. Be sure to answer all parts of the questions. All answers must be in your own words. Answers should not simply be definitions. Questions should be answered like short essays. All work must be completed INDEPENDENTLY. CH. 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1. List the seven properties of life illustrated in figure 1.3, and give a different example of each. 2. What are emergent properties? Give two examples. 3. Life is organized on many scales. Figure 1.4 zooms you in from viewing Earth from space all the way to the level of molecules. As you study this figure, write in a brief definition of each level (biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organs/organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules). 4. Our study of biology will be organized around recurring themes. Make a list of the themes that are presented, and give an example that illustrates each theme. Watch for these themes throughout your study this entire year. This will help you see the big picture and organize your thinking. 5. Describe the two main types of scientific inquiry? Give an example of each. 6. What is data? 7. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. Which type would be presented in a data chart and could be graphed? Which type is found in the field sketches made by Jane Goodall? 8. In science, how do we define hypothesis? 9. A scientific hypothesis has two important qualities. The first is that it is testable. What is the second? 10. Are scientific hypotheses proved? Explain your answer! 11. Look at Figure 1.24. Use it to write a hypothesis using the If... then... format. 12. What is a controlled experiment? 13. The text points out a common misconception about the term controlled experiment. In the snake mimicry experiment, what factors were held constant? 14. Why are supernatural explanations outside the bounds of science? 15. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory by giving the three ways your text separates a theory from a hypothesis or mere speculation. CH. 2: The Chemical Context of Life 1. Distinguish between an element and a compound. 2. Describe the structure of an atom. 3. Identify the four elements that make up 96% of living matter. 4. Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, and valence. 5. Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, how do you determine the number of its neutrons? 6. Draw the electron configuration diagram for sodium. How many valence electrons does it have? Circle the valence electron(s). How many protons does it have? 7. Explain why radioactive isotopes are important to biologists. 8. Explain how its electron configuration influences the chemical behavior of an atom. 9. Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds. 10. Explain why weak bonds are important to living organisms. 11. Describe and compare hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. 12. Explain how a molecule's shape influences its biological function.
13. Write the chemical equation that summarizes the process of photosynthesis, noting the reactants and products. CH. 3: Water and Life 1. Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life. 2. Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure. 3. Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds. 4. List four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding. 5. Describe the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water. 6. Distinguish between heat and temperature. 7. Explain how water's high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and expansion upon freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. 8. Explain the difference between a solute, a solvent, and a solution. 9. How does the polarity of the water molecule makes it a versatile solvent? 10. Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. 11. Explain the basis for the ph scale. What does ph actually measure? 12. Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. 13. Water has a ph of 7. ph is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration [H + ]. Explain how water is assigned a ph of 7? 14. To go a step further, the product of H + and OH concentrations is constant at 10 14. [H + ][OH ] = 10 14 Water, which is neutral with a ph of 7, has an equal number of H + and OH ions. Now, define the difference between an acid and a base. 15. Because the ph scale is logarithmic, each numerical change represents a 10X change in ion concentration. a. How many times more acidic is a ph of 3 compared to a ph of 5? b. How many times more basic is a ph of 12 compared to a ph of 8? c. Explain difference between a ph of 8 and a ph of 12 in terms of H + concentration. 16. Even a slight change in ph can be harmful! Explain how buffers moderate ph change? 17. Exercise will result in the production of CO2, which will acidify the blood. Explain the buffering system that minimizes blood ph changes. 18. Describe the causes of acid precipitation and explain how it harms the environment. CH. 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 1. Study figure 4.2 of Stanley Miller s experiment to simulate conditions thought to have existed on the early Earth. Explain the elements of this experiment. 2. What was collected in the sample for chemical analysis? What was concluded from the results of this experiment? 3. Draw the electron configuration of a carbon atom. a. How many valence electrons does carbon have? b. How many bonds can carbon form? c. What type of bonds does it form with other elements? 4. Explain how carbon's electron configuration determines the kinds and numbers of bonds that carbon will form. 5. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules. 6. What is a hydrocarbon? Name two. Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
7. Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric, and enantiomer. 8. Define functional group. 9. There are seven functional groups. For each functional group, draw the basic structure, give an example and describe the functional properties. 10. Using the functional groups you described in question 9, identify the functional group that is related to the prompt: a. NH2 b. Can form cross-links that stabilize protein structure c. Key component of ATP d. Can affect gene expression e. CH3 f. Is always polar g. Determines the two groups of sugars h. Has acidic properties i. COOH j. Acts as a base CH. 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 1. List and describe basic structure and function of the four major classes of macromolecules. 2. Compare the chemical reactions of condensation (dehydration synthesis) and hydrolysis. 3. Explain how organic polymers contribute to biological diversity. 4. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates and explain how they are classified. 5. Distinguish between monosaccharides and disaccharides. 6. Describe the structure and functions of various types of polysaccharides. 7. Explain what distinguishes lipids from other major classes of macromolecules. 8. Describe the unique properties, building-block molecules, and biological importance of the three important groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids, and steroids. 9. Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated fat and list some unique emergent properties that are a consequence of these structural differences. 10. Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of macromolecules and explain the biologically important functions of this group. 11. Draw the basic structure of an amino acid and explain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the side chains. 12. Describe a peptide bond and explain how it is formed. 13. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important. 14. Define primary structure and describe how it may be deduced in the laboratory. 15. Describe the two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining the structure. 16. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure. 17. Using collagen and hemoglobin as examples, describe quaternary protein structure. 18. Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured. 19. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other major groups of macromolecules. 20. Summarize the functions of nucleic acids. 21. Draw the basic structure of a nucleotide and describe how nucleotides are linked to form a nucleic acid. 22. Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine. 23. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA. 24. Explain how the structure of DNA and proteins can be used to document the hereditary background of an organism.
CH. 6: A Tour of the Cell 1. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power. 2. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope. 3. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 4. Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size. 5. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells. 6. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. 7. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome. 8. List ALL the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions, and summarize the relationships among them. 9. Explain how impaired lysosomal function can cause the symptoms of storage diseases. 10. Describe the different structures and functions of vacuoles. 11. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial function. 12. Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast. Explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function. 13. Explain the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts. 14. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells. 15. Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton. 16. Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. 17. Describe the development of plant cell walls. 18. Describe the structure and list four functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells. 19. Describe the structures of intercellular junctions (tight junctions, anchoring junctions, and gap junctions) found in plant and animal cells and relate those structures to their functions.