UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract) UG Programme in Malayalam under Choice based Credit Semester System Scheme and Syllabus - implemented with effect from 2009 admission approved - Orders issued. GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH I B SECTION No.GAI/B2/368/09 Dated, Calicut University. P.O., 25.06.2009 Read: 1. U.O.No. GA I/J2/3601/08 Vol. II dated 19.06.2009. 2. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG) held on 30.01.2009 and 28.04.2009. 3. Minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of Language & Literature held on 06.05.2009 item II 6 4. Minutes of the meeting of the Academic Council held on 14.05.2009 item No. II H6 ORDER 1. Choice Based Credit Semester System and Grading has been introduced for UG Courses in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from 2009 onwards and the regulation for the same implemented vide paper cited 1 above 2. The meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG)at its meeting held on 28.04.2009 and 30.-1.2009 prepared the syllabus under Choice based Credit Semester System and resolved to approve the same vide paper read 2 nd above. The minutes of the meeting of Board of Studies was approved by the meetings of Faculty of Language and Literature and Academic Council vide papers read 3 rd and 4 th above. 3. Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the scheme and syllabus for UG Malayalam under CCSS in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from 2009 admission. Orders are therefore issued accordingly. The scheme and syllabus is appended herewith. Sd/- DEPUTY REGISTRAR (G&A-I) For REGISTRAR. To The Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges. Copy to: CE/EX Section/PG.DR/AR BA Branch/ System Administrator With a request to upload in the University Website Library/GAI F Section/SF/DF/FC/EG Section Forwarded / By Order SECTION OFFICER 1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SYLLABUS 2009-10 2

BapJw 2009 10 A y-b\ h jw apx timgn-t msv k -I-em-im-ebv v Iogn-ep timtf-pp- Ifnse _ncp-z-]-t\w Choice Based Credit & Semester (CCSS)- tebv v amdp-i-bm-wv. hm jni ]co- -Ifpw am ns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep aqey-\n Æ-bhpw CtXm-Sp-IqSn C m-xm-ipw. D X hnzym-`ymk cwkøv temi-sø-ºmspw D m-bn-s m- n-cn- p am -ß-fpsS ] m- Ø-e-Øn \ΩpsS \msn-s bpw kaq-l-øn-s bpw khn-ti-j-x-iƒ IW- n-se-spøp sim p ]mty-]- Xn cq]-s -Sp-tØ- -Xp- v. hnzym-k-º- -cmb P\-ßƒ GsXmcp kaq-l-øn-s bpw kº-øm-wv. cmjv{s \n ΩmW {]{In-b-bn Xß-fp-tS-Xmb ] v hln- m-\p Ah-kcw Ah v e`y-am- m-\p DØ-c-hm-ZnØw kaq-l-øn-\p- v. Aßs\ kw`-hn- n-s - n A`y-kvX-hn-Zy _m[y-xbpw Ib- n-a-b- m-hp D - -hpambn amdpw. Cu ÿnxn Hcp kaq-l-øn\pw `qjwa. Adn-hns hnx-c-w-a, Adn-hns krjvsn-bmwv D X hnzym-`ymkw sim v e y-am- p- -Xv. AXn-\p- klm-b-i-am-iww ]mty-]- -Xnbpw t_m[-\-k-{º-zm-b-hpw. AtXm-sSm w Xs {]m]y-xbpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw GsXmcp ]cn-jv m-c-øn-s bpw ASn-Ø-d-bm-bncn- -Ww. tic-f-ønse s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymk cwkøv \S- m nb ]mty-]- Xn ]cn-jv -cww Hcp hymg-h w ]q Øn-bm- n- -gn- p. hnzym n ti{µn-xhpw {]h Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb B ]mty- ]- -Xn-bn-eqsS s]mxp-hn-zym-`ymkw t\snb hnzym n-i-fmwv Ct mƒ timtf-pp-i-fn FØp- -Xv. _ncp-z-tim-gvkp-i-fpss ]p\x-kw-lm-s\w AXp-sIm- p-xs AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-wv. Cu hkvxp-x-ifpw D -X-hn-Zym-`ymk Iu kn-ens am \n t±-i-ßfpw IW- n-se- SpØp sim mwv _ncpz ]T-\-Øns kne-_kv Xøm-dm- n-bn- p- -Xv. ap Im-e-ß-fn \n v hyxy-kvx-ambn At\Iw A[ym-]-I kne-_kv Xøm-dm- p {]{In-b-bn ] m-fn-i-fm-bn- p v. XpS w F \nebv v t]mcm-bva-iƒ D m-ipw. AsXms ASpØ L -Øn Xncp- Øm-hp- -tx-bp q. Cu {]h Ø-\-hp-ambn kl-i-cn F m-h pw \µn. 28.04.09 3

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM 1. ]co Dƒs ss 90 {]hrøn Znh-k-ß-fp 6 ska-ã-dp-iƒ sim mwv Cu t{]m{kmw ]q Ønbm-Ip- -Xv. 2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep timgvkp-i-fmwv Cu t{]m{km-an-ep- -Xv. A. tima timgvkv, B. tim timgvkv, C. timwπn-sa dn timgvkv, D. Hm timgvkv 3. F m timgvkp-iƒ pw IqSn 120 s{iun- m-wp- -Xv. 4. 5 mw ska-ã-dnse Hm timgvkn\v 3 hnj-b-ß-fmwv \n t±-in- n- p- -Xv. Hmtcm timtf- Pn\pw Xm ]-cy-ap hnjbw sxc-s -Sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Cu timgvkp-iƒ ae-bmf `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw sf n-i-ambn FSpØv ]Tn- p hnzym n-iƒ v th n-bp- -X-. 5. 6 mw ska-ã-dnse tim timgvknse 15 m-asø timgvkv Ce-IvSohv timgvkm-wv. 3 hnj-b-ßƒ \n t±-in- n- p- v. Hmtcm timtf-pn\pw Xm ]-cy-ap hnjbw sxc-s -Sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 6. 5, 6 ska-ã-dp-i-fn-embn timgvkv h v/t{]mpivsv h v \n t±-in- n- p- v. 2 awn- q hoxw CXn\p th n \o n-sh- n- p- v. 6 m-asø ska-ã-dn-emwv {]h Ø\w ]q Øn-bm n ka nt - -Xv. 7. timgvkv h v/t{]mpivsv h ns `mk-ambn snøm-hp {]h Ø-\-ßƒ: (a) 25 ^pƒ kvim n Hcp {]_ w Xøm-dm- p-i. (b) Hcp t\mh /sndp-iym kam-lmcw/ihnxm kam-lmcw/\msiw/xnc- Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w Xøm-dm n ka n- p-i. (c) Ac-a-Wn- q ssz Ly-ap Hcp tumiyq-sa dn/{lkz-nn{xw \n Ωn- p-i (So-aw-K-ßƒ 7 t]cn IqS-cp-Xv) 8. aqey-\n Æ-b-Øns 75% FgpØp ]co- bpw 25% Ct -W Ask- vsa pw Bbn-cn- pw. 9. ]co- bv v 4 Xcw tnmzy-ßƒ D m-ipw. (a) Objective Type, (b) Short Answer, (c) Short Essay, (d) Long Essay 10. Assk sa v, ssãv t] (Np-cp-ßn-bXv 2 FÆw), lmp, skan-\m F n-h- ASn-ÿm-\- am- n-bmwv Ct -W A kvsa v. kne-_- ns A -]q Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-øn\v skan- \mdpw Assk sa pw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. * * * * * 4

B.A. Malayalam Degree Programme Carriculam Core Course kz w `mj-tbm-spw kwkvim-c-tømspw m\-hy-hÿtbmspw D Xm ]cyw kmln-xymkzm-z-\-øn-eqss hni-kn- n-. ae-bmf `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw F n-hsb hni-i-e\w snøp- -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb kmwkvim-cni ]T-\-Øns coxn-im-kv{xhpw kn m- hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -S. ae-bm-f-`m-jbv pw kmln-xy-øn\pw Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn ]cn-wm-a-ßsf kmwkvimcni ]cn-t{]- y-øn a\- n-em-. tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni hyxn-cn- -X-Isf Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coxnbn ]p\ \n Ωn- p- -Xn-\p-ap tijn ssih-cn-. kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-kn- m- -ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-bs S tic-f-ønse Iem-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sfbpw {]ÿm-\-ß-tfbpw ]cn-n-b-s -S ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpss hymi-c-w-\n-b-a-ßƒ a\- n-em- B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns kmam-\y-k- -ßƒ ]cn-n-bn-. emwkzpv em_ns\ {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØn ssk m- n-ihpw {]mtbm-kn-i-hp-amb `mjm-]-t\w ae-bmf kmlnxy hna i-\-øns Ncn-{Xhpw thdn hgn-ifpw hna i-\m-fl-i-ambn hne-bn-cp- Ø. KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hgn-ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em-. Zriy- -{im-hy- -A- Sn am[y-a-ßsf B{i-bn- p `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -S Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s -S, hnimkw F n-h-bpss Ncn-{X-{]-Xyb-imkv{X ]cn-k-c-ß-sf- - n-bp [mcw cq]-s -S. ]T-\-bm-{X-I-fn-eqsS tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni ap{z-isf t\cn p ]cn-n-b-s -S. Complementary Course tic-f-øns Ncn{X L -ßfpw kwkvim-chpw ]cn-n-b-s -S B[p-\nI tic-f-øns cq]o-i-cww a\- n-em- Ncn{X cn-\-bpss kn m- -ßfpw k ]-t`-z-ßfpw Dƒs m- \mtsmsn hn m-\hpw {KmaoW kwkvir-xnbpw Dƒs m- Open Course kmln-xy-]-t-\sø ka-im-eni {]k- n-tb-dp-, sxmgn km[yx h n- n- p a p Iemta-J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh m-\ni taj-e-i-fp-ambpw _ n- n v ]Tn- * * * * * 5

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM Sem. Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ week Credit Exam Hrs. Int Marks Ext Total Credit I Common Course (English) 4 3 3 Common Course (English) 5 3 3 MA1A07(01) Common Course 7 25% 75% 18 k Km-flI cn\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 4 4 3 MA1B01 Core Course I `mjbpw kmln-xy-hpw ]T-\-Øns coxn-imkv{xw 6 4 3 Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) 3 2 3 MA1C01 IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w BZy-Ime ticfw 3 2 3 II Common Course (English) 4 4 3 Common Course (English) 5 4 3 MA2A08(01) Common Course 8 hnh Ø\hpw 4 4 3 Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw MA2B02 Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw 6 4 3 25% 75% 20 Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) 3 2 3 MA2C02 IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w 3 2 3 a[y-ime ticfw III Common Course (English) 5 4 3 MA3A09(01) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnxyw 5 4 3 MA3B03 Core Course III am[ya ]T\w 5 4 3 MA3B04 Core Course IV \msiw 4 4 3 25% 75% 20 Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) 3 2 3 MA3C03 IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w 3 2 3 A[n-\n-thiIme ticfw IV Common Course (English) 5 4 3 MA4A10(01) Common Course 10 kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-xbpw 5 4 3 MA4B05 Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX ]q -L w 5 4 3 MA4B06 Core Course VI `mjm imkv{xhpw `mjmncn-{xhpw 4 4 3 25% 75% 20 Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) 3 2 3 MA4C04 IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w 3 2 3 B[p-\n-I ticfw 6

Sem. Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ week Credit Exam Hrs. Int Marks Ext Total Credit V MA5B07 Core Course VII hymi-cww 5 4 3 MA5B08 Core Course VIII ae-bmf IhnX \thm- m-\-l w 5 4 3 MA5B09 Core Course IX kmlnxy kn m- -ßƒ 5 4 3 MA5B10 Core Course X KZykmlnXyw 5 4 3 25% 75% 20 MA5D01 Open Course I \ms-i-]-t\w 3 4 3 MA5D02 kv{xo]-t\w MA5D03 Ne- n-{x-]-t\w Course Work/Project Work 2 - VI MA6B11 Core Course XI \mtsm-sn-hn- m-\obw 5 4 3 MA6B12 Core Course XII ae-bmf IhnX DØ-c-L w 5 4 3 MA6B13 Core Course XIII ae-bmf kmlnxyhna i\w 5 4 3 MA6B14 Core Course XIV tic-fob-cw-k-i-e-iƒ 5 4 3 25% 75% 22 MA6B15(E)01 Elective ssk_ ae-bmfw 3 2 3 MA6B15(E)02 hnh Ø\w MA6B15(E)03 \h-kw-kvimc ]-T-\-ßƒ MA6B16(Pr) Course Work/Project Work 2 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT B.Com DEGREE PROGRAMME Sem. Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ week Credit Exam Hrs. Int Marks Ext Total Credit I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 25% 75% k Km-flI cn\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 5 4 3 II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnxy 5 4 3 ]cn-nbw 7

B.Sc DEGREE PROGRAMME (In Other Pattern) Sem. Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ week Credit Exam Hrs. I MA1A07(03) Common Course 7 25% 75% k Km-flI cn\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijnbpw 5 4 3 Int Marks Ext Total Credit II MA2A09(03) Common Course 9 ae-bmf-km-lnxy 5 4 3 ]T\w 8

Code. MA1A07(01) ska-ã I tima timgvkv 7 k m-fl-i-c-n-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ k m-fli Ign-hp-Isf hni-kn- n- p-i, kmlnxy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn- p-hm\p tijn hf Øp-I. Bi-b-hn-\n-ab-tijn hf Øp-I. hnhn[ kmlnxy cq]-ß-fpss cn-\m-x-{ -ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. cn-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am- m klm-bn- p-w hn[w hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßsf Ipdn- p Adnhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw \ Ip-I. \ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy- -{im-hy Bib hn\n-a-tbm-]m[n-iƒ ^e-{]-z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm {]m]vx-cm- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 : FgpØns kmam\y \nb-a-ßƒ a) sndp-i-y, Ihn-X, t\mh, \ms-iw, Xnc- Y F o kmlnxycq-]-ßƒ, hnhn[-xcw Fgp-Øp-IfpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ F nh ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I. b) {]apj Fgp-Øp-Im Xß-fpsS cn-\-isf pdn p \S-Ønb \nco- -W-ßƒ hmbn- p-i. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v : k K-km-lnXn Hcp IY P\n- p p (ImYn-Is ]Wn- pc) Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb Fs IhnX sshtem- n n (sshtem- n n kºq W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw 2) Fs ]Wn- pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS {]_- -ßƒ) CS-t»cn cwk-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie- (-\m-s-i-z i\w) Pn.-i- -c- n IY-bn \n v Xnc- -Ybntebv v B.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c (`m-jm-t]m-jnwn 2006 s^{_p-h-cn) samuyqƒ 2 : cn\m ]cn-io-e\w a) ^o ssd nßv (td-un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]{Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te- p ^o -dp-iƒ Xøm-dm- p hn[w) elp-te-j, en n amk-kn, hmƒ amk-kn F nh Xøm-dm- b) hn m-\m-[n-jvtnx ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss kv{in]v v, imkv{xw, kmln-xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwko-xw, kvt]m Svkv XpSßn hyxykvx taj-e-i-fnse hy n-i-fp-am-bp A`n-ap-Jw, PohN-cn-{X- p-dn- p-iƒ F nh Xøm-dm- p hn[w. c) \ne-hn-ep Hcp kmln-xy-irxn tdun-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyxykvx am[y-a-ß-fn Ah-Xcn- n- p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t coxn-iƒ. d) ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I. D m-c-ww, hymi-c-ww, ]Z-tIm-iw, hcsamgn F n-h-bn hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p ]cn-io-e-\w \S-Øp-I. 9

-- v v v v v klm-bi-{k-ÿ-ßƒ ae-bmf ssien Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm kmln-xy-kmlyw F.-B.-cm-P-cm-P-h Ω ^o cn\ Fw.-]n. kptc-{µ (Heo-hv) Zriy `mj -si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c (ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) ssen-hn-j tp W-enkw -hn. cmp-tkm-]m ]{X `mj ticf {] A m-z-an ae-bmfw ssã ]pkvxiw ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v samuyqƒ 3 : ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw P\-{]n-b-kw-kvImcw ]cky cn\, ]{X-{]-h Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-i-iƒ, h\nxm amkn-i-iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-knIIƒ, Ne- n{x amkn-i-iƒ, _me-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ, h Ø-am\ ]{Xßƒ, kvt]m Svkv amkn-i-iƒ, ^o cn-\, F v.-fw.-f F o `mjmhy-h-lmc coxn-i-fn {]mtbm- KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\sp-i. (hnhn[ P\-{]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-øns kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns khn-ti-j-x-ifpw a\- n-em- p Xc-Øn-ep ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ \n t±-in- mw.) klm-bi-{k-ÿ-ßƒ `mhp-ixzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm mw \q m- n Pn. a[p-kq-z-\ am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-xyhpw ticf`mjm C Ãn- yq v ssen-hn-j tp W-enkw hn. cmp-tkm-]m Zriy-`mj -si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c ]{X-temIw FUn.-Sn.-th-Wp-tKm-]m-e (`mjm C Ãn- yq- v) samuyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t -Xn-I-Xbpw ae-bmf `mj C s\ n D]-tbm-Kn- m-\p ]cn-io-e\w \ Ip-I. C Fgp-Øns kmt - XnIhi-ßƒ, sh v Fgp-Øns D -S w {]txy-i-x-iƒ, D -S \n Ωn-Xn, ae-bmfw tkm^v vsh-b-dp-iƒ, sh v t]m -ep-iƒ, C -tp W-ep-Iƒ, tªmkpi-ƒ ae-bm-f-ønse {][m\ ssk p-iƒ, tªmkpi- -fp-ss ]cn-n-bw ae-bmf `mj-bpss D]-tbmKw Iºyq- -dn, hnh-c-ti-j-c-w-øn bpw hnx-c- W-Øn-s bpw hgn-iƒ C s\- n, ssl ssivãns {]txy-i-x-iƒ, sh v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmkv \n Ωm-Ww Ch-bn {]mtz-in-i-amb Adn-hp- m- p-i. ae-bmfw sh v I \n Ωn-Xn-bn ]cn-ioe-\w. klm-bi-{k-ÿ-ßƒ C t^m ta-j ssivt\m-fpn tum. ANypXv i F v. \mb ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v B temiw apx C temiw hsc tum.-sp.-hn.-hn-f-\new ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v C s\ pw C ^ ta-j hnπ-hhpw tum.-_n.-c-iv_m, si.-c-ho-{µ (Unkn _pivkv) ssk_ ae-bmfw FUn.-kp-\n-X.-Sn.-hn., Id _pivkv, Xr»q C ^ ta-j ssivt\m-fpn F v, Fßn-s\, - tum.-_n.-c-iv_m, si.-c-ho-{µ (Id _pivkv, F n\v? Xr»q ) * * * * * 10

Code. MA2A08(01) ska-ã II tima timgvkv 8 hnh Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ hnzym n-bpss `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-xy-`m-hp-i-xzhpw hnkvxr-xhpw kº- -hp-am- p-i. hnh Ø-\-Øns XmØzn-I-h-i-ßƒ a\- nem- p-i, {]mtbm-kni hi-ßƒ ]cn-io-en- pi. samuyqƒ 1 hnh Ø-\-Øns kmwkxyw. \n h-n-\-ßfpw XXz-ß-fpw, hnh Ø-\w, hymjym-\w, ]cm-h Ø-\w, krjvsn, ]cn-`m-jm-{]-{in-b, hnh Ø-\-Øn-eqsS km[n- p kmwkvim-cni [ Ωw. hnh Ø-\hpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw b{ -X -a, Iºyq- X -a, B\n-ta-j, X -a-bpw C s\- -pw, b{ -X -a-bpss km[y-x- Ifpw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw hnhn-[-xcw hnh Ø\ßfpsS {]txy-i-x-iƒ 1. kmlnxyw 2. kmln-txy-xcw 3. aoun-b-{sm kv-te-j samuyqƒ 2 hnh Ø-\-Ønse {][m\ kao-]-\-co-xn-i-fpw, hnh Ø-\-Øn D -hn- p {]iv\-ßfpw a\- n-em- p-i, hnh Ø\ coxn-isf ]cn-n-b-s -SpI F n-h-bmwv Cu samuyqƒsim v Dt±-in- p- Xv. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v : hnh Ø\ Nn -Iƒ (tej\ kam-lm-cw) A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnxm\w - si.-]n.- i- -c Imhy hnh Ø\w Nne \nco- -W-ßƒ tzi-aw-kew cma-ir-jvw hnh Ø-\- -ax tum. {]t_m-[-n-{µ \mb IYm-hn-h Ø\w Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ hn.-un. IrjvW \ºym ]mthpw ]mcm-b-whpw Aø- - -Wn- (kmln-xy-temiw 99 sabv Pq e w, kmlnxy A m-u-an, Xr»q ) 11

{]tbm-k-am-xri (hn-h Ø-\-Ønse khn-ti-j-x-iƒ Xmc-Xayw snbvxv Is -Øm \n t±-in- Ww) hm\-ºmsn (ssh-tem- n- n) Ode to the Skylark (Shelly) Cµp-te-J-bpsS H m-a- ymbw - W.DUMERGUE, C.S- s Cw ojv ]cn-`mj (am-xr-`qan {]kn- o-i-c-ww) KoXm-RvPen-: Pn.bpsS hnh Ø-\w - Cw ojv hnh Ø\w `P\w ]qp-\-am-cm-[-\bpw Leave this chanting and singing km[-\bpw tl \n ØpI kmt[m... and telling of beads...... tncq th s m-sgm-is Meet him and stand by him in toil and (PnbpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Unkn _pivkv, 1999) sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan, 1967) kzman hnth-im-\-µs Nn mtkm {]kwkw - Address at the Final Session ( 27 September 1893) kam-]\ ktω-f-\-ønse {]kwkw AdvaitaAshrama (Publication Department) Kolkata (1893 sk]vxw-_ 27) {io cma-irjvw atw, ]pd-\m- p-i-c, Xr»q {]hm-n-i J-eo Pn{_m Prophet - Kahlil Gibran Bcw`w apx ""Ch-sb mw D -cn- -s These things he said in words. But much in his hm p-i-fm-sw- nepw Dcn-bm-SmØ hn-\-ß-fm heart remained unsaid. For he himself couldnot lrzbw \n`r-x-am-bn-cp- p. Xs ALmX speak his deeper secret - F -Xp-hsc. (Greatest \nkq-v-x-iƒ Bhn-jv -cn- p-hm Ah\v works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico Publishing House, Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- n.'' F p hsc-bp `mkw Bombay). (J-eo Pn{_m IrXn-Iƒ, t]pv 471 473, Unkn _pivkv, tim -bw) samuyqƒ 3 Cw o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxv ]cn-io-en- p-i. ]Z-ßƒ hmiy-ßƒ ssien-iƒ ]gw-snm- p-iƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ {]i-kvx-cpss {]kw-k-ßƒ tej-\-ßƒ (kmlnxy imkv{x am\-hni hnj-b-ßƒ) 12

samuyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-øn \n v Cw o-jn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxv ]cn-io-en- pi ]Z-ßƒ hmiy-ßƒ ssien-iƒ ]gw-snm- p-iƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ {]i-kvx-cpss {]kw-k-ßƒ tej-\-ßƒ klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ 1. X a : kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k dnb) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -ßƒ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4. 3. hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum.hn.-b.{]t_m-[n{µ, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tzh ` -Xn-cn, kvssi _p v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en- c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum.-f.-c. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) Assk -sa v k m-fl-ihpw ssh m-\n-i-hp-amb GsX- nepw IrXn-I-fpsS/]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh Ø\w Cw- o-jn \n v ae-bm-føn-tet m ae-bm-f-øn \n v Cw o-jn-te-t m. GsX- nepw hnh Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-ir-xn-bp-am-bp Xmc-Xayw imkv{x-km-t -XnI ]Z-ßƒ v XØp-e-yamb ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ Is -Øp-I. Cw ojv kn\n-abv v ae-bmfw k_vsss- n-ep-iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. ae-bmf kn\n-abv v Cw ojv k_vsss- n-ep-iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. * * * * * 13

Code. MA3A09(01) ska-ã III tima timgvkv 9 ae-bmf kmlnxyw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ ae-bmf kmln-xysø kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpIbpw kmln-xy-øn Xmev]cyw P\n- n- p-ibpw snøp-i. hy-xykvx kmlnxy cq]-ßƒ, {]ÿm\-ßƒ F n-hsb hnzym n- v ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmlnxymkzm-z-\tijn hf Øp-Ibpw snøp-i. ka-im-eo\ kmlnxy kn m- -ßsf pdn v kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw D m- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 ae-bm-f-i-hn-xsb pdn v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n- p ]mt- -`m-k-ß-fmwv Cu `mkøv \n tz-in- p- -Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-im-hyw, JWvU-Imhyw, `mh-ko-xn F o kmln-xy-cq-]-ß-sf- p-dn pw {]ÿm- \-ßsf pdn pw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øn-s m- m-bn-cn- Ww hni-z-]-t\w \S-tØ- -Xv. a) sndp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-, Ip \ºym, ]q m-\w, cma-]p-cøv hmcy, DÆmbn hmcy XpS-ßn-bh-cpsS cn\m coxn-isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp Ihn-Xm-`m-K-ßƒ hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-i. 1. tkmh -t\m- m-cww (IrjvW-KmY) sndp-t»cn Xs -b-h- p-t m-sc- m-cp-an-ß-s\......-b-\-µ-km\w XpS-ßn- -\m-t\..) 2. Km m-co-hn-em]w (kv{xo] w) Fgp-Ø- 3. I ym-w-ku-k- niw Ip \ºym AXp-I- p-l-\p-am-\p-a-xp-ew......-ho-wp-h-wßn ]Zm-t...) b) Bim, D q, h -tømƒ F n-h-cpss cn-\-iƒ kmln-xy-n-cn-{x-øn-ep- m- nb `mhp-ixz hyxn-bm\w Xncn- -dn-bp-i. Ch-cpsS Hcp Jfi-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-z-ambn ]Tn- pibpw A m-e-sø-gp-xnb a p Ihn-I-fpsS cn-\-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- -Ibpw snøp-i. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v Nfim-e-`n- pin (c mw-jfiw) Ipam-c-\m-i ae-ti-d (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) D q Hcp-tXm-Wn-bm{X h -tømƒ c) \thm- m-\-im-eøpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hpap IhnXm Ncn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em- p-i, ]pxnb 14

Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ a\- n-em- p-i. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-øn aqs Æw hni-zambn ]Tn- p-i. 1. k - msv sshtem- n n 2. Idp-Ø-sN- n- n-iƒ CS-t»cn 3. _m n-h- -Xp-apt m F.-hn. IrjvWhmcn-b 4. ]mhw- am-\hlrzbw kpk-x-ip-amcn 5. amº-g- mew ]n.-]n. cma-n-{µ 6. Ae- p-xn-cn-bp IhnX d^o v Al-ΩZv (ssh-tem- n n, kpk-x-ip-am-cn, d^o v Al-ΩZv F n-h-cpss Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tnt - Xv.) samuyqƒ 2 ae-bmf kmlnxy Ncn{Xw, hnim-kw, ]cn-wmaw F nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-Ifn \n v 3 FÆw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-z-ambn ]Tn -Ww. sndp-iy 1. sssk _jo 2. Hcp \{km-wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kv{Xhpw k -dnb 3. hf Øp-ar-K-ßƒ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb 4. aq m-a-sxm-cmƒ ap q IrjvW Ip n 5. LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv p kabw kp`m-jvn-{µ : 6. taml-a v si.-b aoc (_-jo, Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb, si.-b. aoc F nhcpss IY-IfmWv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tnt Xv.) t\mh hr -k-z\w Sn.-hn. sim p-_mh samuyqƒ 3 a. KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn v kmam\y ]cn-nbw D m- -Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna i-\w, kmlnxy kwkvimc ]T-\-ßƒ apx-emb taj-e-i-fn \n p 6 tej-\-ßfn 3 FÆw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- - Ww. 1. [ Ω-cmP (ssz-h-\o-xn v Zm n-wy-an- ) si. `mkvi-c \mb 2. ac- p-cnipw hnip inc pw si.-]n. A (si.-]n. A s sxc-s -SpØ tej-\-ßƒ hmfyw 1) 3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-{Z-am- p hyh-kmb kwkvimcw Fw.-F. hnp-b (h Æ-ß-fpsS kwko-xw) 4. kmln-xy-hnzy (km-ln-xy-hn-zy) Ip n-irjvw amcm 5. Imhy-tlXp- ƒ Fw.-sI. km\p (Im-hy-XØz {]th-in-i) Un.-kn. _pivkv 15

6. Zn hm- (thdn ImgvN-Iƒ) hn.-si. {iocm-a (si. `mkvi-c \mb, Ip n-irjvw amcm, Fw.-sI. km\p F n-h-cpss tej-\-ßfmwv Cu ska-ãdn ]Tn-t - -Xv.) b. cwk-i-e-iƒ, axw, timf-\o-i-c-ww, tzio-b-x, Ne- n{xw, P\-{]nb kwkvimcw, am[y-a-ßƒ F nh-sb-ip-dn v kmam\y ]cn-n-bw D m-iww. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v Htc-Im \msiw As - n elp\ms-iw, Hcp Xnc- Y F nh \n tz-in mw. 1. k_ axn Zqsc-bmWv (GIm \msiw) Pn. i -c-]n 2. ImgvN (Xn-c- -Y) ª n samuyqƒ 4 ka-im-eo\ kmlnxy kn m- -ß-fnse {][m\ k -ev]-\-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. hni-z-amb ]T\w th. 1. LS-\m-hmZw 2. kqn-iw, kqnnxw 3. Nn -imkv{xw 4. A]-\n ΩmWw 5. tziobx 6. {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw 7. kzxzw 8. hyh-lmcw 9. B[p-\n-IX 10. at\m-hn- m-\obw 11. AkvXnXzhmZw 12. {]Xn-\n-[m\w 13. _lp-kz-cx 14. Iogmf ]T-\-ßƒ 15. ]cn-ÿnxn kuµ-cy-imkv{xw 16. kv{xohmzw 17. A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw 18. kwkvimc hyh-kmbw 19. \h-n-cn-{x-hmzw 20. BJym-\-imkv{Xw klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ B[p-\n-Im-\- cw B[p-\n-Im-\- c kmln-xy-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ ]n.-]n.-c-ho-{µ, Id v _pivkv, Xr»q FUn.-kn.-sP.-tPm v, _p v thw, Xr»q * * * * * 16

Code. MA4A10(01) ska-ã IV tima timgvkv 10 kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-xbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ tic-f-kw-kvim-c-øn\v Du \ In-s m v C y kwkvim-c-øn-s bpw \mk-cn-i-x-bp-ssbpw ] m-ø-e-øn kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn- p {][m\ hkvxp-x-ifpw kao- ]-\coxn-ifpw hnzym n-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn- p k -ev]-\-ßƒ a\- n-em- pi C y kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn v a\- n-em- p-i. hna i-\m-fl-i-ambn kao- ]n- m-\p Ignhv hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-i. tic-f-øns kwkvim-c-sø-ip-dn pw \mk-cn-i-x-sb Ipdn pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp- m- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 {]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvim-chpw, kwkvim-c-øn Bhn-jv m-c-ßƒ, kwkvimc ]ptcm-k-xn-bp-tsbpw ]cn-wm-a-øn-s bpw L -ßƒ hn`p\w hn`-p-\-øns am\-z-wvu-ßƒ, kmwkvim-cni cq]-ßfpss BZm\ {][m-\-ßƒ, imkv{xhpw kwkvim-chpw, kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-xbpw, \mk-cn-i-xbpw \K-c-h -c-w-hpw, kwkvim-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw kwkvimcw Hcp {]{Inb F \nebv pw Dev]- sa \ne-bv pw, kwkvim-csø Ipdn- p hnhn[ ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ htc-wy-kw-kvimchpw P\- Iob kwkvim-chpw sxmgn-emfn h kwkvimcw kmam\y kwkvimcw kwkvimc hyh-kmbw kwkvimchpw BtKm-foI-c-Whpw hnh-c-ß-fpss {]hmlw, kwkvim-c-øns hmwn-py-h -c- Ww. samuypƒ 2 C y kwkvimcw hnhn[ kao-]-\-ßƒ simtfm-wn-b, km{am-pyxz, anj-wdn kao-]-\- ßƒ Hmdn-b en-ãp-i-fp-ss-bpw tzio-b-hm-zn-i-fp-ssbpw kzman hnth-im-\-µ, Ac-hnµv tlmjv, cho- {µ-\my SmtKm XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-xob kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn- p \ne-]m-sp-iƒ, ax\nc-t] kao-]-\-ßƒ {_m Wta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t m-`-w-ßfpw ZfnXv apt - -ßfpw taml P-Zmtcm lmc- kwkvimcw ssp\nkw _p nkw Ch-bpsS kmaqly {]k n, apkf cmp-kw-`m-h\ ` n {]ÿm\w, Iebpw kmlnxyhpw {_n ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvimcni kzm[o-\hpw, kmap-zm-bni ax ]cn-jvi-cw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ, Km n-pn-bpss {Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C y ax-\n-c-t]- -X-sb Ipdn- p s\lvdp-hns ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ 17

samuyqƒ 3 {Zmhn-U-kw-kvImcw tic-f-ønse {]mmv Ncn{X kaq-lhpw kwkvim-chpw, tic-f-øns `q{]- Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-ssbpw kzm[o\ kwkvim-c-øn, ss{xh ÆnI kwkvimcw hnhn[ ax-ßfpw ticf kwkvim-chpw (C- mw {InkvXy _p- - -ssp\ apx-em-b-h) ae-bm-f kmlnxyw cma-n-cn-x-im-c, IÆ-i, sndp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-, Ip \-ºym XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-iƒ `mjm hnimkw \ms -I-e-Ifpw mkn- Ie-Ifpw ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy- Øns hf samuypƒ 4 kmaq-lni ]cn-jvi-cw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ ]{X-am-knI {]h Ø-\-ßƒ tziob {]ÿm\w tziob {]ÿm\øns kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-xy-øn sfiy-ti-cf {]ÿm-\w, ticf cq]o- I-c-Ww. Im jni ]cn-jvi-c-ww, ticf hni-k\ amxr-i, km -cxm {]h Ø-\w, A[n-ImchntI-{µo- I-cW {]h Ø-\-ßƒ, B[p-\nI hnzym-`ymkw, BtKm-f-h -c-whpw tic-fhpw \h-km-aqly {]ÿm-\-ßƒ tic-fhpw {]hm-kn-i-fpw. v v klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ: kwkvimc ]T\w : Ncn{Xw, kn m- w, {]tbmkw ae-bmf ]T\ kwlw, Id _pivkv, tim bw P\-{]nb kwkvim-cw- -N-cn-{Xhpw kn m- hpw jmpn tp -_v, amxr-`qan _pivkv, timgn-t msv ticf Ncn{Xw cmp Kpcp- ƒ, cml-h-hm-cn-b h -tømƒ hnzym-]otw, FS- mƒ ticf kwkvimcw F.-{io-[-c-ta-t\m ticf Ncn{Xw F.-{io-[-c-ta-t\m tic-f-øns C -se-iƒ si.-f.-k-twjv tic-fo-bx Ncn-{X-am-\-ßƒ Fw.-B.-cm-L-h-hm-cn-b lnµp kzcmpv almflm Km n C ysb Is -Ø Ph-l em s\lvdp C y tzio-b-x-bpss kmaqly ] m-øew F.-B.-tZ-imbn (`mjm C Ãn- yq- v) tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni Ncn{Xw ]n.-si.-tkm-]m-e-ir-jvw a[y-ime ticfw k-º-øv, kaq-lw,-kw-kvimcw Fw.-B.-cm-L-h-hm-cy (Nn ]ªn-tjgvkv) kwkvim-chpw tzio-b-xbpw tum.-si.-f.-]-wn-, Id _pivkv, Xr»q tzio-b-xbpw kmln-xyhpw C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW, Unkn _pivkv, tim bw ka-\z-bhpw kwl jhpw hn.-a-c-hn-µm-, Nn ]ªn-tjgvkv Culture - RaymondWilliams 18

Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Edi: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta Mahajan The Idea of Culture - Terry Eagleton Interpreting Early India - Romila Thapar Culture and Civilisation of India - D.D.Kosambi Ancient Indian Social History - Romila Thapar * * * * * 19

Code. MA1A07(02) ska-ã I tima timgvkv 7 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw k m-fli cn-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ hmwnpy imkv{x hnzym n-iƒ v kmln-xy-]-chpw kmln-txy-x-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coxniƒ ]cn-n-b-s -SpØn Ahsc Bi-bhn-\n-a-b-Øn\v {]m]vx-cm- p-i. k mfli cn-\-i-fn Xmev]cyw hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-i. tej-\w- -IØv F nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw X -a-iƒ \n -ln- p-hm-\p ]cn-io-e\w \ Ip-I. hmwnpy imkv{x]c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn h n- n- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: kvac-w-iƒ (B-sd-Æ-Øn \mse-æ-w ]Tn- m axn) \ms-i-øn\p ]n nse \msiw (I a-hn-]miw) hn.-sn. ` -Xn-cn- msv \nd-ipsw (Pohn-X- mx) sndp-imsv hntz-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Hm Øm hnkva-bw) Iem-a-fiew sslz-cen Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs Pohn-X-IY) F.-sI.-Pn. B a\p-jy \oxs (Ch Fs {]nb kn.-sp.) tdmkn txmakv AºXv cq] iº-f-ap DtZym-K-ÿ Fw.-sI.sI \mb (BtcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an- msx) (Cu ska-ã-dn sndpimsv, G.-sI.-Pn., Iem-a-fiew sslz-cm-en, Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb F n-h-cpss cn-\-iƒ ]Tn-t Xv.) samuyqƒ 2: hnnm-c-km-lnxn (te-j\ kam-lm-cw) (B-sd-Æ-Øn \mse-æ-w ]Tn- m axn) ae-bmfw ad- p- -h (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb kv{xo {]mxn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-k-xnbpw Aa Xym-sk, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v 2004 (hn-i-k\w Xs kzmx-{ yw) ASp- f Xncn- p-]n-sn- pi kmdm-tpm-k-^v tic-fo-b-xbpw kn\n-a-bpss ]cn-n-c-whpw Pn.-]n. cma-n-{µ, NBS tim -bw, 1998 (kn-\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpss Pohn-X-hpw) ^mkn-k-øns a\ximkv{xw Fw.-]n.-ho-tc-{µ-Ip-am (_p s Nncn) 20

Ie-bnse kztzin {]ÿm\hpw ]p\cp- m-c-whpw hnp-b-ip-am tat\m (`m-c-xo-b-ie 20 mw \q m- n ) (Cu ska-ã-dn Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb, Aa Xym-sk, kmdm-tpm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-n-{µ F nh-cpss tej-\-ßfmwv ]Tn-t Xv) samuyqƒ 3 1. hmwn-py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-IfpsS kz`mhw 2. hnhn-[-xcw IØp-I-fpsS amxri (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw) 3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn- p-iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a p-]-c-ky-ßƒ) 4. _nkn-\ v tp W-enkw ( hnhn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØWw Ah-bnse `mjbpw ssienbpw a\- n-em- -Ww) klm-bi {KŸ-ßƒ hmwn-py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12 mw A[ymbw hsc (ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) samuyqƒ 4: hnh Ø\w hnh Ø\w \n -N-\-ßƒ t{kmx-`mj (Source of Language) e y-`mj (Target Language) hnh Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw km[y-x-ifpw hnh Ø-\-Øns {]m[m\yw kmlnxy hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ imkv{x-ir-xn-i-fpss hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]txyi {]iv\- ßƒ {]kw-k-]-cn-`mj ]{Xw, tdun-tbm, ssen-hn-j XpS-ßnb _lp-p\ am[y-a-ßƒ p-th- nbp hnh Ø-\-Øn {i n-t Imcy-ßƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn- p-iƒ, IØn-S-]m- Sp-Iƒ F n-h-bpss hnh Ø-\w. b{ -hn-h Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y- -cww (Transliteration) hnh Ø\ ]p\x-krjvsn (Transaction) F n-h-sb pdn- p kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw (hn-h Ø-\- Øns hnhn-[-x-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eq-ssbpw ]cn-n-b-s -SptØ- -Xm-Wv). klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ 1. X a : kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k dnb) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -ßƒ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4. 3. hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum.hn.-b.{]t_m-[n{µ, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tzh ` -Xn-cn, kvssi _p v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en- c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum.-f.-c.hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) 7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw Fw.-]n.-k-Zm-in-h (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) * * * * * 21

Code. MA2A09(02) ska-ã II tima timgvkv 9 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ ae-bmf `mj, kmlnxyw kwkvimcw F n-hsb Ipdn v s]mxp-[m-c-w-iƒ cq]-s -Sp-Øp-I. `mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI k m-fli cn-\-bn-te s -Sm-\p hnzym n-bpss tijn h n- n- p-i. samuypƒ 1 : IY-Iƒ (Bdv IY-I-fn \mseæw ]Tn- -Ww) Bcm-[\ Ddq_v lmb,v F p-c-k-ap Ifn-Iƒ AIv_ I - n Xcn-ip-\new am[-hn- p n pcky-[mc kn.-hn. {iocm-a hnhm-l- n-t v hn.-si.-f. U ln 1981 Fw.-ap-Ip-µ (Cu ska-ãdn Ddq-_v, am[-hn- p- n, kn.-hn. {iocm-a, hn.-si.-f. F n-h-cpss IY-IfmWv ]Tn-t - Xv) samuyqƒ 2 : Ihn-X-Iƒ (Bdv IhnX-I-fn \mseæw ]Tn- -Ww) Fs `mj h -tømƒ Du m sshtem- n n \nanjw Pn.-i- -c- p-dp v am p-a-d ]q mew ]n.-ip- n-cm-a \mb ag- mew A h Aen ark-in- -I hnp-b-e van (Cu ska-ãdn h -tømƒ, sshtem- n- n, hnp-b-e van, A h Aen F n-h-cpss Ihn-X- IfmWv ]Tn-t - -Xv.) samuyqƒ 3 : t\mh thcp-iƒ ae-bm- p cma-ir-jvw samuyqƒ 4 : Xnc- -Y/\mSIw s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew ]Zva-cm-P (Xn-c- -Y) * * * * * 22

Code. MA1A07(03) ska-ã I tima timgvkv 7 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]t\w k m-fli cn-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ ]c-º-cm-k-x-a- mø t{]m{km-ap-iƒ v ]Tn- p hnzym n-iƒ v kmln-xy- -kmw-kvim-cni taje-bn Xm ]cyw hf Øp-I. hnzym n-i-fpss Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijn h n- n- pi. imkv{x-hn-j-b-ßƒ amxr-`m-j-bn-eqss Ah-X-cn- n- m-\p Ign-hp- m- p-i. hnh Ø-\-Øn-\p _me-]m-t-ßƒ ]Tn- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 : ssh m-\ni kmlnxy cn\ ae-bm-f-øn hni-kn p sim n-cn- p Hcp kmln-xy-im-j-bmwv imkv{x-km-lnxyw. imkv{x kmt -XnI hnzy-iƒ \nxy-po-hn-x-øn snep-øp kzm[o\w hºn- -Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm v Xs imkv{x Imcy-ßƒ efn-x-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- m-\p Ignhv imkv{x-hn-zym n-iƒ v D m-th- Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AØcw cn-\-i-fpss {]iv\-ßfpw {]txy-i-x-ifpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu tamuyq-fns e yw. ae-bm-f-øn ssh m-\ni kmln-xy-øns ÿm\w, ssh m-\n-i-km-ln-xy-øn\pw k Kmfl-I-kmlnXyØn-\pw D hyxym-k-ßƒ ssh m-\ni kmln-xy-c-n-\-bpss {]iv\-ßƒ `mj ssien kmt -XnI ]Z-ßƒ {]Xn-]m-Z\ coxn-bpss {]m[m-\yw. imkv{xhnj-b-ßƒ k Km-flIcN-\bv v hnj-b-am- p-tºmƒ D m-ip {]iv\-ßƒ. samuyqƒ 2 : imkv{x-kmlnxn (imkv{x tej-\-ß-fpss kam-lm-cw) 1. Nne- n-he si. `mkv -c \mb 2. Bcp-sS-bmWo `qan B.hn.-Pn. tat\m 3. \mt\m-ss-ivt\m-f-pn-s m-cm-apjw Sn.-{]-Zo]v, (Ip- p-i-w-ßƒ v hk- w) Unkn _pivkv, tim -bw. 4. hwi-ß-fpss AXn-Po-h\w Poh tpm_v txmakv (hn-izm-k-øns ico-c-im-kv{xw) Unkn _pivkv, tim -bw. 5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-w-iqsw, Itºm-fw, kaqlw hµ\ inh, amxr-`qan _pivkv, timgn-t msv (P-e-bp- -ßƒ) 23

samuyqƒ 3 : Hcp imkv{x- s Poh-N-cn{Xw bq-dn-k-km-dn kn.-pn. im -Ip-am, ticf imkv{x-km-lnxy ]cn-j-øv, Xr»q samuyqƒ 4 : hnh Ø\w hnh Ø\w \n -N-\-ßƒ t{kmx-`mj (Source of Language) e y-`mj (Target Language) hnh Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw km[y-x-ifpw hnh Ø-\-Øns {]m[m\yw kmlnxy hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ imkv{x-ir-xn-i-fpss hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]txyi {]iv\- ßƒ {]kw-k-]-cn-`mj ]{Xw, tdun-tbm, ssen-hn-j XpS-ßnb _lp-p\ am[y-a-ßƒ p-th- nbp hnh Ø-\-Øn {i n-t Imcy-ßƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn- p-iƒ, IØn-S-]m- Sp-Iƒ F n-h-bpss hnh Ø-\w. b{ -hn-h Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y- -cww (Transliteration) hnh Ø\ ]p\x-krjvsn (Transcreation) F n-h-sb pdn- p kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw (hn-h Ø-\- Øns hnhn-[-x-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eq-ssbpw ]cn-n-b-s -SptØ- -Xm-Wv). klm-bi-{k-ÿ-ßƒ: 1. X a : kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k dnb) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -ßƒ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4. 3. hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum.hn.-b.{]t_m-[n{µ, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn.-hm-kp-tzh ` -Xn-cn, kvssi _p v]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en- c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum.-f.-c. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v) * * * * * 24

Code. MA2A09(03) ska-ã II tima timgvkv 9 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]t\w ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-xy-ønepw Xmev]cyw hf Øp-I. Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf ØpI. ae-bmf `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw F n-hsb Ipdn v kmam-\y[mcw cq]-s -Sp-ØpI. hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. amxr-`m-j-bpss sshim-cn-i-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-x-ifpw ]cn-tim-[n- -dn-bm-\p Ah-k-c-sam-cp- pi. hnhn-[-ssh- m-\ni taj-e-iƒ kz w `mj-bn Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\p Ign-hp- m- p-i. k Km-fl-I-tijn ]cn-t]m-jn- n- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 : t\mh BSp-Po-hnXw _\ym-an ({Ko _pivkv, Xr»q ) samuyqƒ 2 : IYm-k-am-lmcw (6 IY-I-fn 4 FÆw ]Tn- m axn) sabn dæ Fkv.-sI. s]m - msv kz-]v\w-t]mse {]nb F.-F-kv. h n-th-j-ßƒ sshim-j ai Sn. ]fl-\m-` tnme-a-c-ßƒ n-s-bn hn.-b. kp[ojv s]e-a-dpx \mcm-b (Cu- ska-ã-dn Fkv.-sI. s]m - m-sv, {]nb F.-F-kv., sshim-j, \mcm-b F n-h-cpss IY- IfmWv ]Tn-t - -Xv). samuyqƒ 3 : \msiw A[n\n-th-i-Øns Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ si.-fw. cml-h \ºym (kzm-x{ yw Xs Pohn-Xw) (ticf kmlnxy A m-zan) samuyqƒ 4 : IhnX ]pø Iehpw Acn-hmfpw CS-t»cn * * * * * 25

Code. MA1B01 ska-ã 1 timgvkv 1 `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw: ]T\Øns coxn-im-kv{xw ]T-\-k-abw : 108 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw, kaqlw F n-hsb Ipdn- p {]my-ani [mc-w cq]-s -Sp-Øp-I. Ah-bpsS {]h Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-øp- -Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hni-i-e-\-co-xn kzmb-ø-am- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 kaqlw {]mtbm-kni \n h-n-\w. kaq-l-]-t\w `n coxn-iƒ. `mc-xo-bhpw ]mivnm-xy-hpamb ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ. ]T-\-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ. kaq-l-øn-\p- nse hy n-i-fpss {Iao-I-c-Whpw hy n-ifpss [ Ω-hpw kaq-lhpw hy nbpw kwl jw, ka-\zbw. `mjbpw kaq-l-hpw. kaq-l-øn-\p- nse D]-k-aq-l-ßƒ enwkw, PmXn, axw, h w, hwiw F n-h-bpss {]txy-i-x-ifpw Ah-bpsS Iq m-bva-i-fpw. kaq-l-øns hni-k-\w, {]miv Ncn{X kaqlw, Im jni kaq-lw, \mk-cni kaq-lw, \mk-cn-i-xbpw kwkvim-chpw, s]mxp-k-aq-lhpw cmjv{sob kaq-lhpw. A[n-Imc LS\, kmaq-lni aqey-ßƒ, aqey-ß-fpss Bt]- n-i-x, kmaq-lni imkv{xhpw (Sociology) CX-c-am-\-hnI hn m\ imj-ifpw (N-cn-{X-hn- m-\w, \c-hwi imkv{xw, hwio-b-]-t\w (Ethnology) samuyqƒ 2 `mj {]mtbm-kni \n h-n-\-w `mjmls\ (`mj Hcp hyhÿ F \nebv v ZznL-S\ hni- Zo-I-cn- -Ww) `mjm Nn -ßƒ, `mjm-nn- -ßfpw CXc Nn hyhkvyifpw Symbolic, Iconic, indexical XpS-ßnb Nn -ß-fpsS {]txy-i-x-ifpw `mjm Nn -ß-fp-am-bp _ hpw. `mj Bhn-jvImc am[y-a-sa \ne-bn D -cnx i_vzw `mjmam[y-a-øns hkvxp-sh \nebv v `mjm i_vz- Øns (Sound) {]txy-i-x-iƒ ÿmbn (Pitch) _ew (Stress) ssz Lyw (Length) `mjm-[ Ω-ßƒ hmsamgn, hc-samgn ]c-kv]-c-_ w, hyxymkw (`mj kwkvim-cm -\-Øns D]m[n F \nebv pw kwkvim-c-hm-l-i-sa \nebv pw Du \ In ]Tn- n- -Ww) `mjbpw kaq-lhpw `mjm t`z-ßƒ `mjm ]cn-wmaw. `mj-bpss A -\n Æb LS-I-ßƒ A -hn-\n-ab coxn- Iƒ. A`n-[, e -W, hyrvp\ connotative, Dinotative, Emotive, Phatic.enwKw, h Æw, PmXn XpS-ßnb-h-bpsS {]-Xn-^-e\ßƒ `mj-bn. samuyqƒ 3 kmln-xyw \n h-n-\w, kmln-xy-`m-j. Bkzm-Z-I, IrXn, I Ømhv Chsb pdn- p `mc- Xo-bhpw ]m m-xy-hp-amb A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ. kmln-xy-cq]w, A t_m[-\-x-{ -ßƒ, A -X-e- Ønepw am[y-a-x-e-ønepw I Ømhv kzoi-cn- p cn\m X{ -ßƒ {]m-kw, coxn, KpWw, Ae- mcw, _nw_-ßƒ, Oµ v XpS-ßn-b-hbpsS \n Æ-b-\hpw hnh-c-w-hpw. kmlnxy IrXn-I-fpsS hymjym\w kn m- -ßfpw kao-]-\-ßfpw [ Ω-hm-Z-]-cw, a\-»m-kv{x-]-cw, kmaq-lni imkv{x-]cw, Poh-N-cn- {X-]cw XpSßn B[p-\nI Imew hsc-bp hna i\ kn m- -ßsf Ipdn v GI-tZi [mcw hnzym niƒ v e`n- -Ww. kmln-xyhpw kuµ-cyhpw kmln-xym-\p-`qxn kmln-xyhpw kmlntxy-xc `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw imkv{xw, Ncn-{Xw, Poh-N-cn-{Xw, Bfl-I-Y, XXz-Nn-, cmjv{sobw XpS-ßn-b-h. 26

samuyqƒ 4 kwkvimcw {]m-tbm-kni \n h-n-\w ]T-\-Øns {]k n ]T-\-coXn tzin/am n, D]cn P\-Iob Zzµz-ß-fpsS _ hpw hyxym-khpw. kmwkvim-cn-im-hn-jvim-c-ßƒ hmkvxp, Nn{X-sagpØv, kwko-xw, A`n-\-bw, \røw, inev]w XpS-ßn-b-h. kmlnxyw kwkvim-cm-hn-jvim-c-sa \nebn. kwkvim-c-ssh-hn[yw h Æw, h w, hwiw F n-h-bpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn. kmwkvim-cnim[n-\nthiw, {]Xn-tcm-[w, ka-\z-bw. klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ : ]uc-kvxy-km-lnxy Z i\w Imhy-Nn Imhy-]o-TnI Imhy-X-Xz-{]-th-inI `mc-xob Imhy-imkv{Xw kmln-xy-]-t-\-øn-s\m-cm-apjw (H pw Bdpw A[ym-b-ßƒ) FUn.-Fw.-F-kv.-ta-t\m NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn ap -t»cn Fw.-sI.-km\p Sn.-`m-kv -c Uªyq.-F.vlUvk hnh: Fkv.-sI.-h-k- Studying Literary theory-an Introduction Theory of Literature Modern Criticism and theory Dialectic of enlightenment On Language Culture and thought A Scientific theory of culture Fundamentals of Sociology Structuralist poetics The pursuit of Signs Orality and Literacy Human Society Premitive Culture Ancient Society Culture andanarchy Civilization Literary theory - Roger Webster - Wellak and Warren - Ed.David Lodge with Nigel Wood - Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno - Roman Jakobson - Cole, Michel and Scribner - Malinowski - P.Gisbert - Jonathan Culler - Jonathan Culler - Ong - Kingsly Davis - J.B.Taylor - Morgan - MathewArnold - Clive Bell - An anthology (Ed.Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan) * * * * * 27

Code. MA2B02 ska-ã II timgvkv 2 IYm kmln-xyw ]T-\-k-abw : 108 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye yßƒ t\mh, sndp-iym kmln-xy-ßsf kw_- n v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D m- p-i. ae-bmf t\mh, sndp-iym kmln-xy-øns hf sb a\- n-em- p-i. ka-im-eo\ t\mh-en-s bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ Xncn- -dn-bp-i. Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Hcp D ]- -sa \ne-bn Cu kmlnxy cq]-ßsf Dƒs m- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 t\mh ]m mxy ]uckvxy \n h-n-\-ßƒ t\mh apt m-sn-iƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-øn sdmam kp-ifpw t\msh- -Ifpw ]m m-xy-km-ln-xy-ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-iƒ hniz-{]-kn- -ß-fmb t\mh-ep-ifpw t\mh-en-ãp-ifpw hnt\m-zhpw hn m-\hpw a\p-jy-{]-ir-xn, Pohn-Xw, kwkvim-c-ßƒ F n-h-sb- p-dn- p ]pxnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temiw apgp-h ]c- p- Xv t\mh-ep-i-fneqss. `mc-xob t\mh-ep-iƒ BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-ifpw t\mh-en-ãp-ifpw t\mh ae-bm-f-øn ap-t m-sn-iƒ BZysØ ae-bmf t\mh hyxy-kvxm`n{]mb-ßƒ 19 mw \q m- nse t\mh-ep- Iƒ Cµp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ßfpw Cµpte-JbpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-hpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb {]m[m- \yw. Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ kn.-hn. cma ]n -bpss Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ {]m[m\yw. X a t\mh-ep-iƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-ir-xn-i-fpss X -a-iƒ, tsmƒtãmbv, hnivs lyqtkm, Nmƒkv Un kv, slan-mvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXnItfm cho-{µ-\m-y-sm-tkm, _ n-wn-{µ-nm- Pn, Xmcm-i- _tµym-]m-[ymb, ic- -{µ-nm- Pn, Bim-]q Æm-tZ-hn XpS-ßnb C y km-ln-xy-im-c- m-cpss t\mh-ep-itfm BImw. tic-fob kmaq-lni kmwkvim-cni A -co w {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp t\mh-ep-iƒ t\mhep-i-fn-eqss am{xw A\m-h-cWw snø-s AXp-hsc ]pdwtemiw Adn-bm-Xn-cp Pohn-X-ßƒ km[m-w- m-cp-tsbpw ASn-ÿm\ h -Øn-t bpw PohnXw ]ptcm-k-a-\-km-ln-xy-øns Bhn `mhhpw kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en, kmaq-lni kmº-øni {]iv\-ßƒ t\mh-en t\mh km[m-c-w- m-cs Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-ncyw. XI-gn, tii-h-tz-hv, _jo, Fkv.-sI. Ddq_v, apøn-cntßmsv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im. 28

hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v 1. imcz N p-ta-t\m 2. [ a-cmpm kn.-hn.-cm-a ]n 3. c n-s-ßgn XIgn samuyqƒ 2 kmaq-lni am -ßƒ hy nsb ti{µo-i-cn p sim p ]pxnb ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ a\-»m-kv{x- Øns kzm[o\w hy nbpw kaq-lhpw s]mcp-ø-ßfpw s]mcp-ø-t -Sp-Ifpw hy nbpw am\- kni {]iv\-ßfpw `mj-bp-tsbpw cn-\-bp-tsbpw khn-ti-j-x-iƒ. cmp-e- van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn- p- n, si. kptc-{µ, timhn-e, \ -\m, sndp-im-sv, ]md- p-d-øv, ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw, kn. cm[m-ir-jvw, h -e, F. ]n. apl-ω-zv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cn-\-iƒ. t\mh-en B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn `m-hhpw kzm[o\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv cw coxn-bn h am -ßƒ hy nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep s]mcp-ø-t -Sp-Iƒ hy n kzmx-{ y-øns {]iv\-ßƒ imkv{x-øns kzm[o\w hnizm-k-ø-i -Iƒ aqey-nyp-xn-iƒ A ap-jxzw AkvXn-Xz-kw- _- n- -bmb {]iv\-ßƒ cmjv{sob k -ev]-ß-fn h am w kz]v\-ß-fpss \jvsw {]Xo- - I-fpsS ssitamiw am\-kni hn{`m- n-iƒ, Bi-b- p-g- -ßƒ/A\yh -cww hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw - ]md- p-døv aøgn- p-g-bpss Xoc-ß-fn Fw.-ap-Ip-µ am møn kmdm-tpm-k^v klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ t\mh kmlnxyw Fw.-]n. t]mƒ t\mh kmlnxy Ncn{Xw s{]m^. si.-fw. Xc-I ae-bmf t\mh 19 mw \q m- n tum.-tpm Pv Ccp-ºbw BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh tum. tpm v Ccp-ºbw ae-bm-f-t\mhens ASn-th-cp-Iƒ s{]m^. Xpº-a txmakv Ncn-{X-t\m-h ae-bm-f-øn Iev] _me-ir-jvw kn.-hn. Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS Fw.-sI. IrjvW {]Xn-]m{Xw `mjwt`zw F. IrjvW-]n sszh -\o-xn p Zm nwy-an tum. si. `mkvi-c \m-b t\mh \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw Pn.-F. ]Wn- t\mhepw cmjv{so-bhpw F.-Fw. hmkp-tz-h ]n samuyqƒ 3 sndp-i-y- \n -N-\-ßƒ hni-zo-i-c-w-ßƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-øn ]m m-xy-km-ln-xy-ønse sndp-i-y-iƒ hniz-{]-kn- -cmb sndp-iymirøp- ƒ sndp-i-y-sb kmlnxy cq]-øns hf bqtdm-]y `mj-i-fn em n-\-ta-cn- B{^n- `mj-i-fn a\p-jy-{]-ir-xn-bpss kq va-km- m m-c-sa \ne-bn sndp-iybpssÿm\w. 29

sndp-iy `mc-xob `mj-i-fn hf sndp-iy ae-bm-f-øn sshtzin-i-kzm-[o\w BZy- Im-e-sN-dp-I-Y-Iƒ ]{X-{]-h- -Ø-\w ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw A\p-I-c-W-ßƒ tic-fo-bm- -co- -Øn \S-Ønb ]p\xkrjvsn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c BZy sndp-i-y 19- mw \q m- ns Ah-km-\w. Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns XpS- w 1930- -I-tfmsS cq]-s \ho-i-c-w-øns h m- -fmbn h XI-gn, tzhv, _jo, Ddq-_v, s]m Ip w h n, Imcq, hn.-sn. Fw.-B.-_n., efn-xmw-_ni A P- \w, si.-k- -c-kz-xn-bω F nh-cpss IY-Iƒ bym-x-y-k-t -Xw km[m-c-w-a-\p-jy- -cpss {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifmb IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, kzmx{ y-k-a-c-]- m-ø-ew tic-f-ønse CS-Xp-] cmjv{sob kzm[o-\w {]Xyb imkv{x-]-c-amb kzm[o-\w ]ptcm-k-a\ kmln-xy-øns {]`m-h-imew sndp-i-y-bpss awvue-øn hcp-ønb am -ßƒ hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v hmk-\m-hn-irxn tikcn thß-bn Ip n-cm-a \mb\m ac- m-h-iƒ Imcq a\p-jy-]p-{xn efn-xmw-_ni A P\w samuyqƒ 4 a. sndp-i-y-bn h `mhp-ixz ]cn-wm-a-ßƒ 1950 ItfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-kni temi-ßsf Nn{Xo-I-cn- p coxn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp- p. hy n-bpss kmaq-ln-i-kzxzw Bhn-jv -cn- p- - Xn \n p amdn B -c-kz-xzsø Bhnjv-I-cn- - p- -Xn\p {]m[m-\yw, Sn ]fl-\m-`, Fw.-Sn, am[-hn- p- n, F. taml-\, timhn-e, \ -\m, ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw XpS-ßn-b-h hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v Ccp- ns Bflmhv Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b ] nbpss aww am[-hn- p n sn n- q- ƒ timhn-e b. B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm\w ]pxnb `mhp-i-xzw bmym ysø A]-cn-NnX h -cn- p-i B[p-\n- -IXm {]ÿm-\-øns cn\mx-{ w hyxykvx BJym\ coxn-iƒ bqtdm nse AkvXn-Xzhm-Zw, iq\y-xm-hmzw apx-emb Bi-b-K-Xn- -I-fpsS kzm[o-\w (km {Xv, Im^vI, Iayq F n-h-cpss Z i-\-ß-tfm-sp ASp- w) ]c-º-cm-k-x-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI p coxn Ah-ew-_n- Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-w-]n-, H.hn hnp-b, Fw. apip-µ, ]fl-cm-p, tkxp, ]p\-øn Ip -_vzp-, hn.-si.-f. Im -\m-s, k -dn-b, B\-µv, kn.-hn. {iocma, ] -Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c XpS-ßnb IYm-Ir-Øp- ƒ hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v {]]- -Øns Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ k -dnb apcp-i F ]mºm n Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-w-]n e v hn.-si.-f. c. sndp-i-y-bpss ka-im-eni apjw Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS- -Øn B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\-øns hgn-i-tfmsv Htc kabw ASp- hpw AI-ehpw ]pe Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h ]mc-un, ]mtm- -c-_- w, ark- I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw sfxn-ly-ß-fp-ssbpw LS\ BJym\ cq]-ßƒ B[p-\n-I-X-s -Xnscbp Ielw 30

v ì î ]pxnb `mhp-i-xz-øns At\z-j-Ww -kv{xohmzw, ]mcn-ÿn-xn-im-h-t_m[w, {]m -h -cn- -s - -h-cpss kzxzm-hn-jvim-cw, BtKm-f-h -c-w-øn-s\-xnscbp {]mtz-in-i-x-bpss {]Xn-tcm[w kmaq-lni Pm{K-X, kq va cmjvsob ss\xn-i-[m-cw F.-F-kv. am[-h, F. {]`m-i-c, kn.-hn. _me-ir-jvw, hn.-]n. inh-ip-am, sshim-j, AIv_ I - n, Atim-I sncp-hn, si.-]n. \n a Ipam, t{kkn, taxn cm[m-ir-jvw, inlm-_p-±o s]mbvxpw-i-s-hv, hn.-b. kp[o-jv, kmdm tpmk-^v, KoXm lnc-wy, Ajn-X, N{µ-a-Xn, knxmc Fkv., kp[o-c, si.-b. aoc, si.-]n. cma-\p-æ-n, _n. apc-fn, kt mjv F n- m-\w, ]n. kptc- {µ, kp`mjv N{µ, B. DÆn, Cµp-ta-t\m, si.-tcj, [\y-cmp,v kn. A\q]v XpS-ßnb ]pxnb Fgp-Øp-Im. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v H hn.-]n. inh-ip-am Cu `qan-sb- n A[nIw ]d-tb kn.-hn. _me-ir-jvw ] n-t`m-p\w kt mjv F n- m\w klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ sndp-iym kmlnxyw Fw.-]n. t]mƒ sndp-iy C se C v Fw. ANyp-X IYm-]-T-\-ßƒ ]n.-si. ]c-ta-iz-c \mb {KŸm-hen IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw si.-]n. A sndp-i-y-bpss Oµ tum. hn. cmp-ir-jvw \n»-_vz-xbpw \n Ωm-Whpw C.-]n. cmp-tkm-]m-e IY-bpsS IY tum.-si.-f-kv. chn-ip-am ae-bm-f-ønse BZyIme sndp-iyiƒ '' '' 100 h jw 100 IY '' '' sndp-iy hm pw hgnbpw '' '' IY-bpw `mhp-ixz ]cn-wm-ahpw '' '' * * * * * 31

Code. MA3B03 ska-ã III timgvkv 3 am[y-a-]-t\w ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{iun v : 4 DtZiye y-ßƒ Bib hn\n-a-b-øns ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\n-ab taje-i-fpss km[yx Xncn- -dn-bp-i. _lp-p-\-kw-th-z\w (mass communication) ] m-ø-ew, am[y-a-]-t-\-øns coxn-imkv{xw F nhsb Ipdn v [mc-w-bp- m- p-i. am[y-a-{]-h Ø-\-Øns am\-ß-sf- p-dn pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf- p-dn pw kmam\y t_m[- ap- m- p-i. B[p-\n-I-km-t -XnI hnzyifpss ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eqss am[y-a-{]-h Ø\w F -sxm-gn taje-tbm-sp A`n-cpNn hf Øp-I. Ne- n{x Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne- n{x \ncq-]ww F n-h-bn Xm ]cyw P\n- n- p-i. A -Sn Zriy {imhy C s\ v taj-e-i-fn `mj-bpss {]tbm-k-ssh-hn- y-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- Øp-I. kmaq-ln-i- -cm-jv{so-b- -kmw-kvim-cni ]cn-kc-ßsf \nb-{ n- p am[y-a-ß-sf- p-dn v hna i- \-_p- n-tbmss ]Tn- m\pw hne-bn-cp-øm\pw {]m]vxcm- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ ]-e-xcw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ßƒ _lp-p-\-kw-th-z\ (mass communication) Øns ] m-øew, A -Sn-bpsS Bhn `mhw C y-bnse ]{X-{]-h Ø-\- Øns Ncn{Xw, C y ]{X{]h Ø-\-cwKw kzmx- y-øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h Ø\w anj-w-dn-am-cpss kw`m-h\, ]{X-{]-h Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hf bpw, tic-fob \thm- m- \hpw ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-hpw. ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-Øns XXz-ßfpw am\-ßfpw (principles and dimensions) Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fpss Bhn `mhw hnimkw tduntbm ssen-hn-j, kn\na F n-h-bpss kzm[o\w. A Sn am[ayw dnt m nß.v F mwv hm Ø, hm Ø-bpsS Dd-hn-S-ßƒ hm Ø cq]-s - Sp-Ø C sh v ]nc-anuv coxn A Sn am[y-a-ß-fn-tebpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ß-fn-tebpw dnt m n-ßnse hyxymkw ssd nßv (writing) FgpØv Fgp-Øns hnhn-[-cq-]-ßƒ F mwv ^o FgpØv, hm Øm ^o A`n-ap-J-ßƒ timf-sa-gpøv apj-{]-kwkw (editorial) Ce-Ivt{Sm- WnIvkv am[y-a-ß-fnse hm Ø Xøm-dm- {]t -]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øn\v th KpW-ßƒ, FUn- 32

v v nwßv (editing) FUn- nßv {]{Inb hnhn[ L -ßƒ. tim n FUn- nßv hm Ø Xe-s v \ I C p-kvt{sj, {]q^v doun-ßv, t]pv cq]o-i-c-ww. klm-bi-{k-ÿ-ßƒ ticf ]{X-{]-h Ø Ncn{Xw - ]pxp- n cml-h, ticf kmlnxy A m-zan hrøm ]{X-{]-h Ø\w kztz-im-`n-am\n cma-ir-jvw-]n am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-xyhpw - Fw.-hn. txma-kv, kmwkvim-cni {]kn- o-i-cw hip v ]{X-{]-h Ø\w `n -ap-j-ßƒ ticf {] A m-zan \m\m \mzw Htc temiw ko amiv ss{_u-v, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v hm Ø ]{Xhpw hm Øbpw tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v dnt m nwkv,,,, kºq Æ ]{X-kw-hn-[m\w,,,, hm Ø-bpsS inev]-ime F.-F. kxy-{h-x ]{X-`mj ticf {]kv A m-uan ]{X temiw Sn. thwp-tkm-]m-e, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v samuyqƒ 2 Zriy- -{imhy am-[yaßƒ {]t -]-W-Øns Ncn{Xw {]t -]Wkmln-Xy-Øns {]txy- I-X-Iƒ tdun-tbm-bpss Bhn `mhw hnimkw tic-f-øn tduntbm {]t -]-W-Øns Bcw`w tdun-tbm-bv p-th n kmln-xy-ir-xn-iƒ cnn- p-tºmƒ {i n-t - Imcy-ßƒ tduntbm ^o tduntbm \ms-i-ßƒ, hnzym-`ymk Im jni ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ. P\-Iob am[y-a-sa \ne-bn tduntbm-bpss {]k n ae-bmf kmln-xy kwkvim-c {]Nmc-W-Øn tduntbm hln ] v. ssen-hn-j Bhn `m-hw- -hn-im-kw- -Sn.-hn. C Uy-bn tic-f-øn hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ Sn.- hn.-bnse hnhn[ ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ Xøm-dm- hm Ø ssen-hn-j P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ hn- m- \-hn-t\mz ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ (tsm v tjm, dnbm-en- n-tjm, kvt]m v ssehv) klmbi{kÿ-ßƒ Zriy- -{imhy am[y-a-ßƒ Hcp kwlw tej-i, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v Zriy-`mj si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v ssen-hn-j tpw-enkw hn.-cm-p-tkm-]m, Id _pivkv B temiw apx "C'temIw hsc tum. sp hnf-\new samuyqƒ 3 kn\na Bhn `mhw, hf, kn\n-a-bpss ]cn-wm-a-ßƒ, temi-kn-\na, tumiyp-sa dn kn\n-abpss Bhn `mhw tumiyp-sa dn ^o kn\n-a-i-fpss hyxymkw, C Uy kn\na ae-bmf kn\na kn\n-abpw kmln-xyhpw, Xnc- Y \n ΩmWw A\p-I-ev]\w (adaptation) Xnc- -Ybpw kwhn-[m-b-i\pw kn\n-a-bpss kmt -XnI hi-ßƒ. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpss Ncn-{Xw, Ne- n-{xhpw t{] -I\pw, Bkzm-Z\w \ncq-]ww, tic-fob \thm- m-\-øns {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ ae-bmf kn\na-bn hcp- -sx-ßns\, {]mtz-in-i-kz-xz-t_m[w (ti-c-fo-b-x) kn\na Dƒs m- p- -sx-ßs\ 33

v kn\na ]T\w kmwkvim-cni ]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ. Xnc- Ym cn-\-bpss Iebpw kn m- hpw klmbi {KŸ-ßƒ Ne- n-{x-øns s]mcpƒ hnp-b-ir-jvw, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v temi-kn-\na hnp-b-ir-jvw, Un.-kn. _pivkv ae-bmf kn\n-abpss IY hnp-b-ir-jvw, amxr-`q-an _pivkv ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-xyhpw a[p Cd-h- -c, Un.-kn. _pivkv Hcp kn\na Fßs\bp m-ip p si.-si. N{µ, Nn m ]ªn-tjgvkv temi kn\n-a-iƒ Pn.-]n. cma-n-{µ, Nn m ]ªn-tjgvkv kn\na hountbm ssiv\n v tum. apc-fo-irjvw, Un.-kn. _pivkv IYbpw Xnc- -Ybpw tum. B.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c, amxr-`q-an _pivkv Xnc- Ym cn-\ Iebpw kn m- hpw tpmkv. si. am\p-h kn\n- -abpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw hn.-si. tpmk^v Aen-hns aµm-c-ßƒ a[p Cd-h- c kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw si. the- ImgvN-bpsS Aim n hn.-cm-p-ir-jvw kn\n-a-bpss CS-ßƒ kn.-hn. _me-ir-jvw cm{xnbpw aqs a pw H.-]n. cmpvtam-l Nn{Xw Ne- n{xw a S chn-h Ω ae-ap-i-fn a p-s]-øp-tºmƒ sf. j ap-j-zmkv ^nenw Ub-d- kmp sxcph- pg samuypƒ 4 ssk_ am[y-a-ßƒ : \h-am-[y-a-ßƒ C ^ ta-j bpkw hnh-c kmt -XnI hnzy Bib-hn-\n-ab cwk-øp- m- nb hnπ-h-ßƒ Iºyq-, C s\ v C kmln-xyw, C s\ v Broadcasting C s\ v tdun-tbm, C -sa-bn, thƒuv sshuv sh_v W.W.W) hm Øm-[n-jvTnX sh_vssk- p- Iƒ, C -_p- v, tªmkv, web {]km-[\w hnhn[ sh_v t]m -ep-iƒ kmam\y ]cn-nbw klm-bi {KŸ-ßƒ C s\ v - ANyp-Xvi- Fkv. \mb, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v C ^ ta-j ssivt\m-fpn ANyp-Xvi- Fkv. \mb, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v C s\ v Hcp ]T\w ]n.-tk-xp-am-[-h, en]n ]ªn-t -j kv C s\-ddpw C t^m ta-j hnπ-hhpw si.-c-ho-{µ & tum. _n. CIv_m, Unkn _pivkv B temiw apx "C'temIw hsc tum. sp hnf-\new, ticf `mjm C kv- n- yq v ssk_ kmlnxyw kp\nx Sn.-hn. (F-Un), Id _pivkv, Xr»q 34

v samuyqƒ 5 am[ya hna i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpss [m Ωn-IX kaq-lsø \nb-{ n- p am[y-a-ßƒ, H o-\nb eou ka-hm-b-øn-s bpw kω-x-øn-t bpw D m-z\w am[y-a-ß-fpss A[n-\n-th-iw, P\- {]nb kwkvim-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw kwkvim-c-øns _lp-kz-c-xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw am[y-a-ßfpw hn]-wnbpw hni-z-]-t-\øn\p tej-\-ßƒ a\- pw am[y-a-ßfpw Fw.-F. hnp-b am[ya [m Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am- - - hpw F.-]n. cmp-{µ ImgvN-bpsS timbva tum.-snsi cma-n-{µ am[y-a-ß-fpss {]Xn-tema {]IrXw cho-{µ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse kv{xo tum. kp[m-hm-cy klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ ImgvN-bpsS timbva tum.-sn.si. cma-n-{µ, amxr-`q-an GIm- -\-K-c-ßƒ ]n.-si. cmp-ti-j-c, Un.-kn. _pivkv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kn.-_n. kp[m-i-c, Un.-kn. _pivkv t_m[-xo-c-ß-fn Imew-an-Sn- p-tºmƒ F. N{µ-ti-J, sdbn t_m _pivkv kn\n-a, kaq-lw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw cho-{µ, amxr-`qan _pivkv am[y-a-ß-fpss A[n-\n-thiw FUn- : {^m kn-kv Imc-bv m v {]km: tp W-enkw Un m vsa tum t_mkvtim timtfpv IÆq bqwn-th-gvkn n P\-{]nb kwkvimcw jmpn tp v * * * * * 35

Code. MA3B04 ska-ã III timgvkv 4 \msiw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{iun v : 4 Dt±iye y-ßƒ ae-bm-f-\-ms-i-sø p-dn v Ncn-{X-t_m[w ]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`y-am- p-i. tic-f-øns kmaq-lni kmwkv m-cni cmjv{sob Ncn-{X-Øn \msiw snep-ønb kzm[o\w t_m y-s -Sp-I. \msiw F Iem-cq-]-Øns LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw Bhn-jv m-c-x-e-ønepw D khnti-jx t_m y-s -Sp-ØpI. cwk-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, \ms-i-øns kmln-xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-z-hn-kva-b-ßƒ, i_vz-\n-b- { Ww F nh a\- n-em- p-i. Acßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ] m-ø-e-kw-koxw, i_vz-{i-ao-i-c-ww, shfn- -{I-ao-I-cWw F n h-sb-ip-dn- p kmam-\y- m-\w t\spi. \ms-i-km-ln-xy-]-t-\-ønepw \ms-im-h-x-c-w-ønepw XpS ]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw Xmev]cyw P\n- n p-i. samuyqƒ 1 (a) cwk-i-e-i-fpss s]mxp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ- -A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwkm-hnjv -c-ww- -sx-øw- -ap-sn-tb- v- -s]m-dm- v- -]q-x\pw Xnd-bpw- -Im- -c-in-\m-s-iw- -Xp-S-ßn-b-h- -\m-tsm-sn- - m-kniv- -\msi ]mc-º-cyw- -hn-`-p-\-øns {]am-w-ßƒ. IqØv- -Iq-Sn-bm- w- -I-Y-I-fn- -kw-kvir-x-\m-s-i-ßƒ- -B - YIƒ -Iq-Ø-º-ew- -B- -{]-Im-c-ßƒ {Ia-Zo-]n-I. (b) ]q -cq-]-ß-fn \n v \msiw F Iem-cq-]-Øn-te-bv p hnim-kw- -]u-c-kvxyhpw ]m m- Xy-hp-amb \ms-i-k- ]-ßƒ, \ms-i-øns LS-I-ßƒ- -Ir-Xn- -\m-s-i-ir-øv- -th-zn- -cw-k-]mtw cwk- Ønse hkvxp- ƒ- -sk- v- -t{]m- v etc A`n-\-bw- -A-`n-t\-Xm-hv- -t{]- -I - -\m-s-i-{]-tbm-p-\w- -\m-s- Im-\p`qXn. ]uc-kvxy-\m-si k ]w- -`-c-xs \msy-imkv{xw B[m-c-am- n- -\m-sy-[ Ωn- -tem-i-[ Ωn- -A`n- \-b-co-xn-iƒ (-N-Xp hn-[m-`n-\-bw) hrøn-iƒ- -\m-s-i-l-s-\- -]- -k- n-iƒ- -k- n-i-fpss LS-I-ß-fpsS ckm-\p-`q-xn- -c-k-\n -N-\w- -hn-`m-hw- -A-\p-`m-hw- -k- -mcn-`m-hßƒ- -c-k-\n-jv]-øn- -hym-jym-\-t`-z-ßƒ. \ms-i-hn-`m-k-ßƒ- -Z-i-cq-]-I-ßƒ- -cw-kw- -A-c-ßnse LS-I-ßƒ- -hn-hn-[-xcw thzn-iƒ- -\m-s-i-c-n\m X{ ßƒ- -\m-µn- -{]-th-i-iw- -hn-jv w`w Bfl-K-Xw- -A-]-hm-cn-Xw- -\m-s-i-kw-hn-[m-\w- -kq-{x-[mc. ]m m-xy-\m-s-i-k- ]w- -A-cn-tÃm- n-ens s]mb- n-ivkns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn- -{Sm-PUn timaun- 36

-\m-s-ihpw CXc BJym-\-cq-]-ß-fpw- -C-Xn-lm-kw- -N-cn-{Xw. {SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-ßƒ- -\m-s-i-øns ^e-{ip-xn- IYm kn-kv- -hym-jym-\-ßƒ -{Ko v \ms-i-th-zn-bpss {]txy-i-x. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v CuUn- kv cmpmhv tkmt^m- nkv Ducp-`wKw `mk ae-bm-f-ønse {Ko v- -kw-kvirx \ms-i-hn-h Ø-\-ß-sf- p-dn v GI-tZi [mcw hnzym n-iƒ v Cu samuyq-fn \ I-Ww. samuyqƒ 2 B[p-\nI \ms-i-th-zn-bn-te-bv p hnimkw ]m m-xy-k-º w- -an-ã-dn-tπ-kv- -]m-j tπkv sjbvivkv]o-cn-b \ms-i-th-zn- -t m_v Xob- - -\m-s-i-th-zn-bpss \ho-i-c-w-øn C_vk\pw Ãn _ Kn-\p-ap ] v- -kp-l-snx \ms-i-ßƒ (Wellmade Drama) {]iv\-\m-s-i-ßƒ- (Problem plays) -\m-s- I-Øns ]nc-an-u LS-\- -Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww- -b-ymxym thzn- -]p-xp-{]-ta-b-ßƒ- -km-aq-ln-iw- -cm-jv{sobw F niv Xob- - -A-\y-h -c-ww- -A-_vtk Uv Xob- - -]ph Xob- - -sx-cphv \ms-iw- -{`-am-fli \ms-i-ßƒ- -{Uow-tπ- -]p-xp-]-co- -W-ßƒ- -Cw-{]-j-\nÃv -F-Iv{]-j-\n-Ãv- -{]-Xo-Im-flI \ms-i-ßƒ. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v I\y-I- - F.-Ir-jvW-]n Cuiz-c Ad-Ãn F.-F.-]n ka-xz-hmzn ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c ]n samuyqƒ 3 tic-f-øns X\Xv \ms-i-k- ]-ßƒ- -kw-ko-x-\m-s-i-ßƒ- -X-angv kzm[o\w -{]-l-k-\-ßƒ- -knhn- -C.hn.Ir-jvW-]n- - -lm-ky-\m-s-i-ßƒ. hs-t -a-e-_m-dnse hnhn[ \ms-imh-x-c-w-k-`-iƒ- - Ip- -a-øv hnzzm ]n.-ti-fp-\m-b tzio-b-t_m-[-øns kzm[o\w cwk-th-zn-bn - -km-aq-lni cmjv{sob {]iv\-ßƒ- -tbm-k-t -a-k-`-bpss \ms-im-h-x-cw ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ- -\-ºq-Xncn \ms-i-{x-bw- -E-Xp-a-Xn- -A- Sp- -f-bn \n v Ac-ß-tØ-bv v- -a-d- p-s-bv p nse alm-\-ciw ]ptcm-k-a-\-km-lnxy {]ÿm- \hpw \ms-i-th-znbpw Im jni {]iv\-ßfpw \ms-i-th-znbpw ]m -_m n Iq p-irjn XpS-ßnb \ms-i-ß-fpss {]k- n- -a-e-_m Iem-k-an-Xn- -]o- nƒkv Xob- Atkm-kn-tb-j -si.-]n.-g.-kn- ti-c-f-ønse \ms-i-i-em-k-an-xn-iƒ. hni-z-]-t-\-øn\v Aiz-ta[w txm n `mkn CXp`qan-bmWv si.-sn.-ap-l-ωzv samuyqƒ 4 ae-bm-f-\m-s-i-th-zn-bn h -am- -ßƒ s{]m^-j-w Ata-Nz hn`-p\w {Kmao-W-I-em-k-an- Xn-Iƒ \ms-im-h-x-c-w-ßƒ Ip n-i-fpss cwk-thzn Ip n-i-fpss thznbpw apxn hcpw kv{xo] thzn ae-bmf cwk-th-znbpw kv{xoifpw tduntbm \ms-i-ßƒ {]t -]-W-Ie kv{in]v n {i n-t Imcy-ßƒ Ah-X-cW coxn kv n p-iƒ tamtwm BIvSv anan-{in Imºkv Xob- {]Nm-cW \msithzn. 37