Revised 2017 NAME: PERIOD: Rubenstein: The Cultural Landscape (12 th edition) Chapter Twelve Services and Settlements (pages 430 thru 457) This is the primary means by which you will be taking notes this year and they are referred to in the course as Key Issue Questions or Guided Reading Notes. You will be expected to print out these pages from the class webpage and write the answers directly below each question. These notes are to be kept in a 3-ring binder for the entire year and will be the foundation for studying for the individual section reading checks and chapter tests, the Semester Exams, and the AP Exam in May. Key Issue 1: Where Are Services Distributed? INTRODUCING SERVICES AND SETTLEMENTS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.1.1 DESCRIBE THE THREE TYPES OF SERVICES 1. Examples of the tertiary, or sector of the economy include. 2. In geographic terms, what is a service? 3. Services generate more than of the GDP in most developed countries, while less than in most developing countries. 4. Why are services generally clustered in developed countries? 5. In geographic terms, what is a settlement? 6. What is the most favorable location factor for services? 7. The service sector is divided into three subgroups: around % of all jobs in the U.S. are consumer services What is the main purpose of consumer services? The four main types of consumer services are:,,, and
around % of all jobs in the U.S. are business services What is the main purpose of business services? The three main types of business services are:,, and c. around % of all jobs in the U.S. are public services What is the purpose of public services? Public sector jobs include 8. All the growth in U.S. employment has been in, while employment in and sector jobs declined. 9. What subcategory of jobs have increased the most within business services? 10. What types of jobs have increased the most within consumer services? Key Issue 2: Where Are Consumer Services Distributed? CENTRAL PLACE THEORY LEARNING OUTCOME 12.2.1 EXPLAIN THE CONCEPTS OF MARKET AREA, RANGE, AND THRESHOLD What does the central place theory attempt to explain? Central place theory is a spatial theory in urban geography that attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and number of cities and towns around the world. It also attempts to provide a framework by which those areas can be studied both for historic reasons and for the locational patterns of areas today. German geographer Walter Christaller in 1933 decided for example that the countryside in the areas he was studying would be flat, so no barriers would exist to impede people's movement across it. In addition, two assumptions were made about human behavior: 1) Christaller stated that humans will always purchase goods from the closest place that offers the good, and 2) whenever demand for a certain good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population. 11. In geographic terms, what is a central place?
12. What is a market area (also known as hinterland or the nodal region) of a service? 13. Because most people prefer to get services from the location, consumers near the center of the circle get services from establishments. The closer a consumer is to the edge of the market area, the greater the likelihood they will choose to get services from. 14. The 48 contiguous states have been divided up into functional regions centered around commuting hubs, that are also called. 15. In geographic terms, what is the range of a service? 16. Range is often modified because people think of distance in terms of rather than. 17. What is the threshold of a service? 18. A suitable site for a service is one with the potential for generating enough to justify using the company s scarce to build it. HIERARCHY OF CONSUMER SERVICES LEARNING OUTCOME 12.2.2 EXPLAIN THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT-SIZED SETTLEMENTS 19. There is no point in traveling to a distant store if the same merchandise is available at a nearby one. We travel greater distance only if
20. According to the central place theory, there are hexagons of various sizes which representing a nesting pattern of settlements. In order from smallest to largest, they are:,,, and. 21. What is the rank-size rule found in many developed countries? 22. How does the primate city rule differ from the rank-size rule? 23. What is the negative impact on a developing country of having the primate city rule apply in their country, not the rank-size rule? MARKET AREA ANALYSIS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.2.3 EXPLAIN HOW TO USE THRESHOLD AND RANGE TO FIND THE OPTIMAL LOCATION FOR A SERVICE 24. What is the purpose of a market area analysis? 25. What does the gravity model predict for a business owner? 26. What are the two basic consumer behaviors associated with the gravity model? 27. In geographic terms, what is a food desert?
PERIODIC MARKETS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.2.4 DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF PERIODIC MARKETS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 28. In geographic terms, what is a periodic market? 29. What are advantage of a period market in a rural or low-income area? Key Issue 3: Where Are Business Services Distributed? HIERARCHY OF BUSINESS SERVICES LEARNING OUTCOME 12.3.1 DESCRIBE THE FACTORS THAT ARE USED TO IDENTIFY GLOBAL CITIES A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system, often meaning the flow of information and capital. Traditionally, the three most important global cities are New York, London, and Tokyo. Global cities are divided into three levels: alpha, beta, and gamm 30. What types of business services seem to cluster in global cities? c. 31. List the factors that are generally used to identify and rank global cities. d. e. c. f.
32. Why do global cities have a disproportionate number of luxury and highly specialized consumer services, as well as offering the most plays, concerts, operas, night clubs, restaurants, bars, sporting events, libraries, museums, theaters.? 33. Global cities may be centers of or political power, such as national capitals, like London or Beijing. While New York is not a national capital, it is home to the, and Brussels (Belgium), also a global city, is the center for the. BUSINESS SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LEARNING OUTCOME 12.3.2 DESCRIBE TWO TYPES OF BUSINESS SERVICES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 34. Developing countries often specialize in two distinct types of business services, and often because of,, and workers. 35. Off-shore financial services offer two important roles in the international financial market: 36. What are examples of back-office (business-processing outsourcing or BPO) services? 37. What technological development has eliminated the need for spatial proximity for many companies that provide back-office business services? 38. For what two labor-related reasons do companies choose to hire employees from developing countries to perform back-office functions, such as the call centers in India?
ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION OF SETTLEMENTS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.3.3 EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC BASE 39. What is the difference between basic business and nonbasic business? basic business nonbasic business 40. The unique cluster of basic businesses in a settlement is its ; for a community to prosper, attracting basic businesses must be the focus of future growth. 41. In summary, new businesses attract new workers and their families to a community, and then new services are opened to meet the needs of these workers and their families. 42. Specialized, or talented, individuals are not distributed uniformly among cities. They are attracted to cities with the most and. 43. According to Richard Florida s research, the main attraction is, rather than. The coolness index combined the percentage of population in their, the number of and other places per capita, and the number of per capit 44. Using Figure 12-30 on page 447, what city in Florida is ranked as being the most cool according to the POV Magazine index? Key Issue 4: Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements? SERVICES IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.4.1 DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLUSTERED AND DISPERSED RURAL SETTLEMENTS 45. Describe the physical layout of clustered (also called nucleated) rural settlements, such as hamlets or villages. 46. Describe the physical layout of dispersed rural settlements.
47. Describe a circular clustered rural settlement versus a linear clustered rural settlement. circular clustered rural settlement: linear clustered rural settlement: 48. In the United States clustered rural settlements are historically found in colonial. Why would this be typical of that time, place, and people? 49. Unlike New Englanders who established clustered settlements, why did settlers in the Middle Atlantic colonies establish dispersed rural settlements? 50. Why were settlement patterns in the American Midwest similar to that of the Middle Atlantic colonies? 51. What are the limitations of the clustered rural settlement pattern with regard to population growth? 52. What was the enclosure movement from 1750 to 1850 in Great Britain? SERVICES IN EARLY URBAN SETTLEMENTS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.4.2 IDENTIFY IMPORTANT PREHISTORIC, ANCIENT, AND MEDIEVAL URBAN SETTLEMENTS 53. Based on archaeological research, prehistoric urban settlements probably originated to provide and services.
54. Name the four hearths from where it is believed that prehistoric urban settlements first developed. c. d. 55. What was a ziggurat in ancient urban settlements, such as Ur? (Figure 12-37) 56. What may have been the first and most important consumer service provided in the earliest permanent settlements? 57. What may have been the first and most important business service provided in the earliest permanent settlements? 58. What may have been the first and most important public service provided in the earliest permanent settlements? 59. Define city-state (originally introduced in Chapter 8). 60. Why did large urban settlements begin to decline after the fall of the Roman Empire starting in the 5 th century? 61. What were two functions of many of the medieval European urban settlements? PERCENT URBAN LEARNING OUTCOME 12.4.3 EXPLAIN THE TWO DIMENSIONS OF URBANIZATION 62. Two features of urbanization include:
63. Louis Wirth, an American sociologist, in the 1930 defined a city as a permanent settlement with three characteristics:,, and. 64. What are two social consequences of high population density in urban areas? 65. What is one positive and one negative result of the social heterogeneity of urban centers? 66. What factors seem to blur the distinction between urban and rural residents in developed countries today? 67. In what year approximately did the global urban population exceed that of rural settlements? SIZE OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS LEARNING OUTCOME 12.4.4 DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF THE FASTEST- GROWING CITIES 68. Developed countries have a higher percentage of urban residents, but developing countries have more of the very large urban settlements. According to Demographia, seven the 10 most populous cities in the world today are in developing countries:,,,,,, and 69. Currently, the world s largest urban settlement is, and the three fastest growing urban settlements are,, and. 70. What two factors explain the increase in population in urban settlements in developing countries?