Course Objectives Knowledge: Skills:. To identify the characteristics of river courses and the associated landforms. 2. To relate the exogenetic fluvial processes with the characteristics of river courses and the associated landforms.. To analyze how human factors (river management measures and land use) affect the characteristics of river courses. 2. To collect field data by appropriate equipment. Name: Group: School Name: Date:
New Senior Secondary Geography Curriculum Managing river environment: A continuing challenge Planning and preparation Date Time Season Precipitation three days Heavy Rain / Drizzle / No Rain before the fieldwork Weather conditions What are the advantages of conducting river fieldwork today? Revision: Characteristics of a typical stream (channel) Upper Course Middle Course Lower Course. Gradient Very Steep / Steep / Gentle Very Steep / Steep / Gentle 2. Valley Shape Deep V shape / Becoming Wide V shape / Wide V shape 3. Volume of flow 4. Average Velocity 5. Fluvial Processes 6. Characteristics of bedload 7. Landforms Large / Becoming Large / Smallest Large / Becoming Large / Smallest Erosion / Transportation / Deposition Big and Coarse / Becoming Smaller and Smooth / Fine and Smooth Deep V shape / Becoming Wide V shape / Wide V shape Large / Becoming Large / Smallest Large / Becoming Large / Smallest Erosion / Transportation / Deposition Big and Coarse / Becoming Smaller and Smooth / Fine and Smooth Very Steep / Steep / Gentle Deep V shape / Becoming Wide V shape / Wide V shape Large / Becoming Large / Smallest Large / Becoming Large / Smallest Erosion / Transportation / Deposition Big and Coarse / Becoming Smaller and Smooth / Fine and Smooth SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8
2. Data Collection Students will be divided into groups. Within the group, some students will measure and river related data in the river. The rest of the students are responsible for recording other land uses and river management measures data. Field Equipment Activity Equipment Quantity. Measure the stream width Measuring tape 2. Measure the stream depth Measuring tape Meter ruler 3. Measure the velocity Meter ruler 4. Measure the size of bedload Stop watch Table tennis ball Measuring tape Meter ruler 5 Measure the stream gradient Meter ruler Measuring tape Abney level 6. Measure the ph value ph meter 7. Measure the conductivity Conductivity meter 8. Measure the temperature Digital thermometer (extension) 9. Observe the aquatic organisms * A towel is given to dry up the equipment. Plastic bottle Aquarium net Rubber gloves 2 pair SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 2
A. Record of studied stream. Stream Bed : rocky / sandy / muddy / weedy Site 2. Water Colour : clear / milky / brown / black 3. Water Temperature : Air Temperature : 4. ph Value : 5. Conductivity : ppm (parts per million) 6. Green Algae : none (0%) / some (-20%) / plentiful (2-50%) / abundant (>50%) 7. Stream Velocity: Table tennis ball traveling time for m Stream Velocity (m/sec) e.g. 20 seconds m / 20sec = 0.05m/sec 2 3 4 Average X 0.8 = m/sec (rounded off to 2 decimal places) 5 Average = m / sec 8. Size of bedload Measure the diameter of B axis by a ruler. No. 2 3 4 5 Average Length of axis (mm) Classification of Stream Bedload Type of Bedload Boulders Pebbles Gravel Sand Diameter >200 mm 50 200 mm 2 50 mm 0.2 2 mm SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 3
9. Stream Width: m 0. Stream Depth: (0.5m per interval) Interval Depth (cm) Interval Depth (cm) Interval Depth (cm) Interval Depth (cm) Interval Depth (cm) (0.0m) 7 (3.0m) 3 (6.0m) 9 (9.0m) 25 (2.0m) 2 (0.5m) 8 (3.5m) 4 (6.5m) 20 (9.5m) 26 (2.5m) 3 (.0m) 9 (4.0m) 5 (7.0m) 2 (0.0m) 27 (3.0m) 4 (.5m) 0 (4.5m) 6 (7.5m) 22 (0.5m) 28 (3.5m) 5 (2.0m) (5.0m) 7 (8.0m) 23 (.0m) 29 (4.0m) 6 (2.5m) 2 (5.5m) 8 (8.5m) 24 (.5m) 30 (4.5m) Shape of Stream Bed Draw a cross section of the stream for Site : The Deepest Depth (cm): 3 5 7 9 Stream width (m) Stream depth (cm) SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 4
. Stream Gradient 3 metres Use two meters ruler and the measuring tape to fix out of a three-meter interval, and then put the abney level on the tape to measure stream gradient Stream gradient: SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 5
B. Record of River management measures and land uses. River management measures (put a where appropriate) Site A Site B Site C Site D a) Channelization b) Weir c) Concrete Frame with Soil Sacks d) Gabion e) Monitoring and Warning Signs f) Others (if any, please specify ) SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 6
2 Land Use (circle the appropriate land use) Around Site A Commercial/Residential/Industrial/GCI/Recreational/Agricultural/ Abandoned/Vacant/Work in progress Site B to Site A Commercial/Residential/Industrial/GCI/Recreational/Agricultural/ Abandoned/Vacant/Work in progress Site C to Site B Commercial/Residential/Industrial/GCI/Recreational/Agricultural/ Abandoned/Vacant/Work in progress Site D to Site C Commercial/Residential/Industrial/GCI/Recreational/Agricultural/ Abandoned/Vacant/Work in progress C. Explore the Landforms Observe the location mark with on the map. List the fluvial landforms that can be found in Rive Silver and Wang Tong respectively. Fluvial landforms River Silver Wang Tong SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 7
3 Data Processing and Presentation Summary of Data Stream Bed Water Colour Water Temperature Air Temperature ph Value Conductivity Green Algae Stream Velocity Average Diameter of Bedload Stream Width SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 8
4. Data Interpretation Discussion Questions (i) With field evidences, what types of erosion can be found in the river? How does the erosion of the river affect the development of the river? (ii) Which river management measures can be found in each field site? Account for the reasons of the different river management measures found in site B and D. (iii). With reference to the summary of data (p.8), explain whether the following hypothesis: a) stream width increase downstream b) stream depth decrease downstream c) size of bed load decrease downstream (iv).explain the advantages and disadvantages of using table tennis ball for velocity test. Suggest and explain another method that can be used. 5. Evaluation (v). What is/are the weakness(es) of data collection method in this fieldwork? (vi). Other than the data collected in this fieldwork, what other data and information would help for the further investigate the river environment. Explain your answer. SS Geography Drifting Classroom 207-8 9
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