AJCS 5(12):1542-1549 (211) ISSN:1835-277 Effets of phosphorus fertiliztion on growth, lef minerl onentrtion nd xylem-phloem nutrient moility in two rootstoks of prunus (Prunus persi Prunus mygdlus) nd (Prunus insititi) in the Mediterrnen re R. M. Bll 1*, V. Gimeno 2, M. A. Shhid 3, V. Lidon 4, A. L. Gri 5, T. As 6, F. Gri-Snhez 2 nd U. Ghznfer 1 1 University College of Agriulture, University of Srgodh, (Punj) Pkistn 2 Dpto. Nutriión Vegetl. Centro de Edfologí y Biologí plid del Segur. CSIC. Cmpus Universitrio de Espinrdo. 31. Espinrdo. Muri. Spin 3 Deprtment of Hortiulture, College of Agriulture nd Life Sienes, Cornell University, New York, USA 4 EPSO (Univ. Miguel Hernández), Ctr. Beniel km 3,2 3312 Orihuel (Alinte), Spin 5 Dpto. Quími Agríol. Fultd de Quími. Universidd de Muri. P.O. Box 421 Muri, Spin 6 Institute of Hortiulturl Sienes, University of Agriulture Fisld, (Punj) Pkistn *Corresponding uthor. uf_dnn777@yhoo.om Astrt The study ws onduted to investigte the effets of phosphorus fertiliztion on growth prmeters, lef minerl onentrtion nd xylem nd phloem minerl moility rtio in two lonl prunus rootstoks grown in greenhouse experiment. Trees of hyrid GF677 (Prunus persi Prunus mygdlus;) nd Pollizo Puel de Soto 11 (Prunus insititi; PP11) were grown in ontiners with 35 kg of typil soil from SE Spin (Xeri torriorthen derived from mrl). Phosphorous ws pplied to plnts in the form of monomoni phosphte in five different doses i.e.124,.248,.744, 2.976 nd 14.88 g plnt -1. Applition of P fertiliztion in the root medium signifintly inresed the trunk perimeter, totl lef dry weight nd totl shoot length in GF677 trees ut not in PP11 trees. The lef P, K, C, Mg, N nd Mn onentrtions were lso elevted in oth rootstoks (GF677 nd PP11). However, the lef Fe, Cu nd Zn onentrtions were not signifintly influened y P fertiliztion. In the xylem of oth rootstoks the moility rtes were higher for P, N, Mg nd K in reltion to the phloem moility rte. On the other hnd, the moility rtes of Zn, Mn nd Fe were muh lower thn in the phloem. The higher lef C, Mg nd K onentrtion in GF677 trees ws relted with oth the high moility of these nutrients in the xylem nd the low moility in the phloem. Bsed on this experiment, it seems tht the prunus rootstoks GF677 nd PP11 re not sensitive to iron hlorosis y inresing the P in the root zone nd in ddition, the GF677 improved the growth prmeters in response to enhned P level in soil. Keywords: plnt nutrition, peh, plum, iron hlorosis, mironutrients. Arevitions: GF677-Prunus hyrid (), PP11-Prunus insitit (). Introdution In Spin, peh nd netrine oupy the signifint position mong the ultivted fruit trees nd their prodution is round 29% of the Europen Union, eing the seond lrgest Europen produer fter Itly. Pehes nd netrines trees re priniplly propgted through udding the desired vrieties on vrious rootstoks (Rom nd Crlson, 1987). A wide rnge of rootstoks is ville for grfting nd udding of peh nd netrine. All these rootstoks hve vrying degrees of tree vigour nd growth, slt nd/or drought tolerne (Fulton et l., 1996; Krmer nd Boyer, 1995), resistne to pest nd diseses (Rom nd Crlson, 1987) nd lef minerl onentrtion (Boyhn et l., 1995; Rhmn et l., 211; Rokhzdi nd Toshih, 211). In the Mediterrnen ountries, rootstok reeding progrms re lso tive in the relese of new genotypes (De Jong et l., 24) y rossing vrious genotypes i.e. lmond peh hyrids. These hyrids give exellent performne euse these re more vigorous nd omptile with poor dry soil with high CCO 3 onentrtion whih n indue Fe hlorosis (Sois I Compny, R., 1995). Beside the effet of rootstok on plnt development nd folir levels of minerl nutrients, speifi rop systems suh s irrigtion rte nd/or fertiliztion re lso prtiulrly importnt in the dpttion of peh ultivtion to different growth ondition (Coni nd Monstr, 1998). The pplition of phosphorus (P) fertilizer n result in onsiderle enhnement of rop growth. However, the exessive mount of phosphorus ould use iron (Fe) defiieny in the leves due to the preipittion of ferri phosphte in the poplst of the root ( Bienfit et l., 1985), Zn defiieny (Ckmk nd Mrshner, 1987) nd ltertions in the NO 3 - nd Mo sttus (Villor et l., 22). By the ontrry, if phosphorus vilility is sre in the soil n use severe P defiieny in plnts (<.14%, Mrshner et l., 1995) diminishing eril plnt growth y reduing the lef photosyntheti tivity (Hlsted nd Lynh, 1996). Despite the importne of P fertiliztion in rop, the intertion etween rootstok nd nutrients hs een little studied.root is the unique higher plnt orgn whih is 1542
responsile for minerl nutrition. Xylem is the prinipl pthwy for supplying the shoot with the minerl elements essentil for growth. The xylem per se is indequte for this funtion nd sutle o-opertion etween root nd shoot is required for supplying growing orgns with the required nutrient elements (Jeshke nd Hrtung, 2). In trees, minerl nlysis of the xylem fluid lone does not provide muh informtion due to severl resons: ) the trnsport nd storge of the nutrients distriuted through the mture prts of stems nd roots (Thomidis nd Tsipouridis, 25; Jeshke nd Pte, 1995), ) omplex phloem-xylem nd xylemphloem trnsfers in leves nd stems (Kuhn et l., 1997), nd ) flututions in the onentrtion of xylem nutrients relted with the soil s wter sttus nd trnspirtion (Dmrine et l., 1995). Thus in this experiment, we studied the intertion effet etween P fertiliztion nd prunus rootstoks on growth prmeters, lef minerl onentrtion nd moility rtes of the nutrients; the pity of the nutrients to e tken up nd trnsported within oth the xylem nd phloem (Khn nd Zende, 1977). A study of these moility rtes will permit us to evlute the proesses of nutrient trnsport to show the propensity of different rootstok to rry out this tsk nd to evlute the effet of irrigtion nd fertiliztion levels, whih will e of greter prtil signifine thn the dt otined y the diret nlysis in xylem nd phloem fluids. Results Plnt growth prmeters Tle 1 shows the growth prmeters mesured in this experiment. For trees, P fertiliztion in the root medium tended to inrese the trunk perimeter, totl lef dry weight, nd totl shoot length. The highest vlues were otined with the trees treted with 446.4 g of P, lthough for the trunk perimeter, the differenes mong P tretments of 22.32, 89.28 nd 446.4 g were sttistilly non-signifint. Menwhile, for trees, the trunk perimeter, totl lef dry weight, nd totl shoot length were not signifintly ffeted y P fertiliztion. The numer of hloroti leves inresed with the pplition of 22.32 nd 89.28 g P, for trees nd with pplition of 5.7 g P for trees. Lef minerl onentrtion Signifint intertions etween the rootstok nd P fertiliztion were oserved for lef onentrtion of K, Zn, Mn, Fe nd Cu (Figs. 1 nd 2). Applition of P fertilizers in the root medium did not ffet the lef K onentrtion in trees, however, in trees, pplition of 5.7g P deresed the K onentrtion lthough the differene ws not signifint in omprison to tht of 2.8 nd 22.32g P (Fig. 1). The lef Zn onentrtion ws not ffeted y P fertiliztion in trees. The prunus rooststok is mediterrnendpted tree whih n grow in lreous soil, wheres the ntgonism Zn x P only is oserved osionlly only when P fertiliztion is pplied in exessive nd during long time period), ut in trees, the onentrtion inresed with the 5.7 g reltive to other P tretments. The highest onentrtion of Mn ws oserved with the 89.28 g P pplition whih differs non signifintly with 22.32 nd 446.4 g dose of P for trees nd with the 22.32 nd 5.7 g P dose for trees. The highest onentrtion of Fe ws otined with the 22.32 g of P (not signifint with 446.4 g P pplition) for trees, nd with the 5.7 g of P (not signifint with 22.32 nd 89.28 g of P) for trees. In se of the lef Cu onentrtion, the highest vlues were oserved in the 2.8, 22.32 nd 446.4 g of P tretments (there were not signifint differenes mong them) for trees, nd with the 2.8 nd 89.28 g of P tretments for trees (Fig. 2). On the other hnd, trees hd higher lef onentrtion of P, C, Mg, Cu nd lower lef onentrtion of K nd Zn, regrdless the irrigtion rtes. Lef N onentrtion ws not signifintly ffeted y the ultivrs or P fertiliztion (dt not shown). Xylem nd phloem minerl moility rte The only signifint intertion etween the rootstok nd P fertiliztion oserved in the xylem nd phloem mronutrients moility rte (phloem-p), wheres for trees the 5.7 g of P pplition inresed the moility rte in reltion to other P tretments, menwhile P fertiliztion did not ffet the moility rte for trees. trees hd higher xylem-c, xylem-mg, phloem-k nd lower phloem-c, phloem-mg nd xylem-k minerl moility rte thn trees, regrdless P tretments (Tle 2). On the other hnd, the xylem-p moility rte ws the highest with 2.8 g P tretment, nd the lowest with the 446.4 g of P tretment (not signifint with 5.7 nd 22.32 g of P) in oth nd trees. In the xylem nd phloem mironutrient moility rte signifint intertions etween rootstok nd P fertiliztion were oserved in xylem-n, phloem-n, phloem-zn, xylem-fe, phloem-fe, nd xylem-cu. In the se of xylem-n, phloem- N, phloem-zn nd xylem-fe, P fertiliztion did not ffet these moility rtes for trees (Tle 3). However, for trees, the 2.8 g nd 446.4 g P tretments inresed the xylem- N moility rte, 5.7 g P tretment inresed the phloem-n nd phloem-zn moility rtes, nd 22.32 g P tretment inresed the xylem-fe (not signifintly different with 2.8 nd 89.28 g P tretments). The phloem-fe nd xylem-cu moility rtes were not ffeted y P fertiliztion in trees, ut in trees 2.8 g P tretment inresed oth moility rtes reltive to other P tretments. Disussion It is well known tht the rootstok type n determine the size, prodution nd fruit qulity in peh trees sine the rootstoks differ in their ility to uptke wter nd nutrients (Giorgi et l., 25). Aording to previous results, it hs een shown tht the GF677 vriety (lmond peh hyrid) hs gret potentil like rootstok in peh trees sine trees grfted on this rootstok gve higher yields, good fruit qulity nd girth expnsion thn the other rootstoks (Tsipouridis nd Thomidis, 25). The sreening tehniques for tolerne to iron hlorosis hve lso showed tht the plum Puel de Soto 11 nd the hyrid GF677 hve low degree of hlorosis (Romer et l., 1991). In our experiment, we hve demonstrted tht P fertiliztion n intert with the less ville mironutrients in lreous soil, lthough the effets of the P fertiliztion depend on rootstok nture. Although the low ville mironutrients in the lreous soil resulted in very low lef nd root Fe, Mn nd Zn onentrtions, regrdless of the P fertiliztion supply nd rootstok, the growth prmeters ws inresed y P fertiliztion in trees ut not in trees. This dt indited tht under lreous soil trees hd est skill 1543
Tle 1. Effet of phosphorus fertiliztion on the trunk perimeter (m), totl lef dry weight (g), totl shoot length (m) nd the numer of hloroti leves in (GF677) nd (Puel de Soto) trees t the end of experimentl period. Tretment Numer of hloroti Trunk perimeter Totl lef D.W. Totl shoot L. Rootstok P Fertilzer leves 2.8 9.7 d 2.2 d 1787 421 d 5.7 6.9 d 91.3 d 738 145 d 22.32 13.2 558.3 6673 2582 89.32 13.3 69.7 6337 13 d 446.4 14.6 835.6 992 436 2.8 11.5 232.1 1892 2546 5.7 11.1 18.3 d 1485 4574 22.32 1. d 128.9 d 1311 1612 89.32 11.3 215.6 1782 1115 d 446.4 11.5 197.3 d 1681 1575 R ns *** *** ** ANOVA P Fertilzer ** *** *** *** R P Fertilzer ** *** *** *** Different letters in eh rootstok P fertiliztion intertion represent signifint differene t P =.5 level sed on Dunn s multiple rnge test. ns, **, *** indite non-signifint differenes nd signifint differenes t P <.1 nd.1, respetively. Lef P onentrtion (% dw).5.4.3.2.1 Rootstok *** Fertiliztion ns R X F ns f (B) (A) Rootstok *** Fertiliztion ns R X F ns (A) ef (B) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 8 6 4 2 Lef C onentrtion (% dw) Lef Mg onentrtion (% dw)..8.6.4.2 (A) (B) Rootstok *** Fertiliztion ns R X F ns Rootstok *** Fertiliztion ns R X F * 5 4 3 2 1 Lef K onentrtion (% dw). Rootstok Rootstok Fig 1. Effet of phosphorus fertiliztion on the lef mronutrient (P, C, Mg nd K) onentrtion in leves of (GF677) nd (Puel de Soto) trees t the end of experimentl period. Eh vlue is the men of 4 repetitions. ns, *, *** indite non-signifint differenes or signifint differenes t P <.5 nd.1, respetively. Signifint differenes (P <.5) etween rootstoks x P tretments intertion re denoted with different lower se letters. Differenes etween rootstoks re indited y different upper se letters, regrdless nitrte supplementtion tretment. of dpttion sine they were more vigorous thn when they were treted with high rnge of P (446 g in the two yers). In ddition, trees hd lower lef Zn nd Cu onentrtion thn trees, however, s indited ove, the growth prmeters were higher; therefore, these trees showed lesser degree of sensitivity to this soil onditions. Moreover, hlorosis suseptiility, mesured y ounting the leves with the visul symptoms, ws ffeted y P fertiliztion, lthough there ws not ler trend s the highest hloroti lef numer ws found with the 5.7 g nd 89.28 g of P tretment for trees nd in 5.7 g P tretment for trees. In other experiments, phosphte hs lso een onsidered s ftor induing hlorosis, ut this seems to e dependent on the speies or the ultivrs. Romer et l. (1991) did not oserve effets of the phosphte onentrtion on the hlorosis indution in GF677 nd Puel de Soto trees growing in hydroponi system. Smr et l. (27) lso oserved in pple trees under lreous soil tht high ville P in the soil did not inrese the hloloris symptoms. Lef nlysis showed high vlues for the elements of P, K, C, Mg, N nd Mn in oth nd rootstoks. In ontrst, there ws little Zn, Fe, Cu in leves (Thomidis et l., 27), regrdless the rootstok or the P fertiliztion level, inditing tht lreous soil use mironutrients defiieny in the leves even when the P fertiliztion is very low (Bienfit et l.,1985; Ckmk nd Mrshner, 1987). On the other hnd, the lef P onentrtion ws not ffeted y the P fertiliztion level for oth nd trees. In trees, 1544
Tle 2. Effet of phosphorus fertiliztion on xylem nd phloem P, N, C, Mg nd K moility rtio in trees of (GF677) nd (Puel de Soto) t the end of experimentl period. P N C Mg K Min Ftor Tretments Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Rootstok 2.14 1.4 1.6.61 2.22.84 2.32.22 3.86.48 4..59 1.61.55.75 1.38 1.53.35 7.92.27 Fertiliztion 2.8 5.7.83 1.66.58 1.78 1.7 1.92.28 5.8.36 5.7 2.39 1.14 1.41.62 1.23 1.18 1.76.3 5.62.45 22.32 2.76.71 1.69.6 1.43 1.4 2.7.26 5.73.39 89.32 1.96.75 1.77.51 1.26 1.18 1.84.34 5.7.38 446.4 3.19.67 1.5.62.85 1.9 2.4.25 6.59.32 Intertion Rootstok Fertiliztion 2.8 3.8.91 1.77.52 2.77.75 2.41.16 3.85.45 5.7 1.14 1.78 1.3.67 1.68.92 2.11.33 1.71.65 22.32 2.36.86 1.62.66 2.23.9 2.25.19 3.52.48 89.32 1.45.82 1.82.52 1.68.93 2.25.22 4.67.44 446.4 1.97.84 1.48.7 2.72.69 2.59.2 5.53.37 2.8 6.33.74 1.55.64.79 1.38 1.43.39 7.74.26 5.7 3.64.49 1.52.56.78 1.44 1.41.27 9.53.24 22.32 3.16.56 1.75.53.62 1.18 1.89.32 7.94.29 89.32 2.46.68 1.71.5.84 1.42 1.43.46 6.73.32 446.4 4.41.49 1.52.54.72 1.48 1.48.3 7.65.26 R *** *** ns ns *** *** *** *** *** *** P Fertilzer *** ** ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ANOVA R P ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** ns Fertilzer Different letters in eh rootstok x P fertiliztion intertion represent signifint differene t P =.5 level sed on Dunn s multiple rnge test. ns, **, *** indite non-signifint differenes or signifint differenes t P <.1,.1, respetively. 1545
Lef Zn onentrtion (ppm) 5 4 3 2 1 Rootstok *** Fertiliztion *** R X F ** f d d d d d d F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 ef Rootstok ns Fertiliztion ns R X F * 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Lef Mn onentrtion (ppm) Lef Fe onentrtion (ppm) Rootstok ns Fertiliztion ns 1 R X F *** 8 6 4 2 Rootstok *** Fertiliztion *** R X F ** d e d de d 25 2 15 1 5 Lef Cu onentrtion (ppm) Rootstok Rootstok Fig 2. Effet of phosphorus fertiliztion on the lef mironutrient ( Zn, Mn, Fe nd Cu) onentrtion in leves of (GF677) nd (Puel de Soto) trees t the end of experimentl period. Eh vlue is the men of 4 repetitions. ns, *, **, *** indite nonsignifint differenes or signifint differenes t P <.5,.1,.1, respetively. mye this ould e due to tht the inrese in the growth prmeters, espeilly totl lef dry weight, y P fertiliztion tretments used derese in P onentrtion y dilution effet. In trees, low Fe defiieny in leves nd roots ould hve ffeted physiologil nd iohemil proesses (Fernndez et l., 28) inluding ltertions in P quisition y the roots. Moreover, our dt lso onfirmed tht prunus rootstoks hve different pities for the minerl uptke, s trees hd higher lef P, K, Zn nd Cu onentrtion ut lower lef C nd Mg onentrtion thn trees. In itrus, it hs lso een oserved tht their rootstoks differ in the fertilizer use effiieny (Mttos et l., 26), wheres trees on Rngpur lime demonstrted the ility to use N, P, nd K more effiiently nd onsequently produed more fruits thn trees on Cleoptr mndrin nd Swingle itrumelo rootstoks. Although phloem/xylem prtition proesses reflet hnges in the vilility of wter nd nutrients (Wrren nd Adms, 2), the greter rnge of moility of P in the phloem (Tle2) shows the greter effetiveness of rootstok for the trnslotion of this element tht ompensted its low moility through the xylem (Bienfit et l., 1985; Pte et l., 1998). The nitrogen shows signifintly lower vlues of moility in the xylem thn the phosphorus nd of the sme order of mgnitude in the phloem. Similr results were otined in Euliptus y Pte et l. (1998) when studying the sptil distriution of nitrogen in the phloem fluid nd lso the role of its trnsport in the xylem nd susequent storge in woody plnts (Jeshke nd Pte, 1995). The greter moility of lium in the xylem in plnts ontrsts with the findings of Kuhn et l. (1997) in Pie, in whih lium levels were higher in the phloem fluid. The lium levels in leves nd roots onfirmed tht the low onentrtion of this element in the leves of ws not due to the seletive ontrol of root sorption, ut to the diffiulties involved in its trnsport through the xylem nd its gret pity for retrnslotion (Kuhn et l., 1997). Mgnesium moility vi the xylem ws signifintly greter in lthough the trnspirtion urrent in oth rootstoks moved greter quntity of nutrients thn is stritly neessry for the plnt (Mengel nd Kiry, 21). It hs een remrked tht in Pie the Mg ontent inreses in young shoots nd tht there is xylem-phloem interhnge (Kuhn et l., 1997). The phloem of showed greter Mg moility thn tht of, whih oinides with the finding of threefold higher levels in the phloem of Eulyptus thn in the xylem, the opposite ourring with C (Pte et l., 1998). As in the se of C the lower onentrtion of Mg in the leves of the rootstok n e ttriuted oth to the ontrol of xylem trnsport (Westgte nd Boyer, 1984) nd to the greter trnslotion tht ours in the phloem (Hoking nd Pte, 1978). Of ll the nutrients, only K showed gretest moility in the xylem, lthough this ws signifintly ffeted y the rootstoks type, eing muh higher in thn in (Mengel nd Kiry, 21). The opposite ourred in the phloem (low levels ut greter in ). Both findings explin euse the onentrtion of K in leves ws higher thn in leves, unlike oserved for C nd Mg. In the se of Fe, the moility in the phloem ws extremely low for trees, proly due to low loding s result of the preipittion with the phosphte (Bienfit et l., 1985). However, its moility in the phloem is not signifintly ffeted y fertiliztion tretment. The higher vlues for phloem-fe thn xylem-fe, demonstrting tht there is sene of ny trnsporttion for this element (Hoking nd Pte, 1978); Pte et l., 1998). Mngnese moility in the phloem showed vlues higher in thn in trees, inditing the greter effiieny of trnslotion in (Pte et l., 1998). Also, the low moility of N in the xylem is not ffeted y fertiliztion tretment, ut so y the rootstok; furthermore, the lower N ontent in the leves of rootstok in omprison to tht of trees n only e explined y its ontrol in the xylem ountertrnsport. The 1546
Tle 3. Effet of phosphorus fertiliztion on xylem nd phloem N, Zn, Mn, Fe nd Cu moility rtio in trees of (GF677) nd (Puel de Soto) t the end of experimentl period. N Zn Mn Fe Cu Min Ftor Tretments Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Rootstok.13 2..45 2.25.82.43.6.82.12 1.34.7 1.51.89.86.77.21.5.56.35.82 Fertiliztion 2.8.12 1.79.64 1.62.67.33.6.87.33.74 5.7.1 2.48.68 2.38.73.3.5.69.1 1.28 22.32.9 1.58.82 1.28.85.35.6.56.31 1.4 89.32.8 1.62.58 1.19.96.27.7.57.23.91 446.4.13 1.32.63 1.3.76.35.5.79.21 1.1 Intertion Rootstok Fertiliztion 2.8.18 1.58.43 2.33.63.45.7.65 d.15 d.74 5.7.1 3.89.33 4.1.59.4.3 d.96.4 d 1.65 22.32.1 1.6.49 1.8.85.47.8.6.14 d 1.92 89.32.8 1.91.54 1.33 1.16.35.7.79 d.8 d 1.34 446.4.19 1.2.48 1.67.85.48.5 d 1.11.17 d 1.6 2.8.6 2..85.9.7.21.4 d 1.8.5.73 5.7.1 1.7 1.3.66.87.2.6.42 d.15 d.9 22.32.7 1.55 1.15.75.85.23.4 d.51 d.47.88 89.32.8 1.32.62 1.5.76.19.6.35 d.37.47 446.4.6 1.61.78.93.67.21.5 d.46 d.24 1.14 R *** * *** *** ns *** ns * *** ** ANOVA P Fertilzer ns ** ns * ns ns ns ns *** ns R P * *** ns ** ns ns ** ** ** ns Fertilzer Different letters in eh rootstok x P fertiliztion intertion represent signifint differene t P =.5 level sed on Dunn s multiple rnge test. ns, *, **, *** indite non-signifint differenes or signifint differenes t P <.5,.1,.1, respetively. 1547
highest moility vlues in the phloem were oserved for Zn, whih showed low moility in the xylem in. Both ftors determining the low onentrtion mesured in leves nd orroorting the ntgonisti reltion of this element with phosphorus (Ckmk nd Mrshner, 1987). Mteril nd methods Plnt mteril nd growth ondition Two-yer-old Prunus, Hyrid GF677 (Prunus persi x Prunus mygdlus; ) nd Pollizo Puel de Soto (Prunus insititi; ), sed on the urrent Spnish legisltion onerning vrietl purity nd snitry stte, were used in this experiment. In winter 27, the trees were plnted in 25 L plsti ontiners filled with 35 kg of n unultivted soil, Xeri torriorthent derived from mrl, hving: 32.6% snd (.5-2mm), 27% ly (<.2mm), 92.1 mmol kg -1 CEC,.4% N totl, 1.71 mgkg -1 ville P (Wtne nd Olsen, 1965), 58.3% totl CCO 3, 1.2% tive CCO 3, 1.4 g. m -3 ulk density. This volume of the ontiners ws suffiient for the roots development during the two yers of experimentl period. The trees were grown in plsti greenhouse pled in the Segur River vlley, 38º5 N, 1º4 W, with limti hrteristi of 36/16 ºC T mx./min. nd 7/5% RH mx./min. Tretments nd experimentl design Plsti ontiners of 25 L pity were rrnged in 12 rows (eh row omprised of 1 ontiners), with suffiient room etween them to llow the nopy to grow. A drip line ws run ross ll the ontiners with one self-ompensting emitter in the entre of eh ontiner where the emitters provided 4 L. h -1. The flow rtes were periodilly heked throughout the experiment with oeffiients in exess of 92% lwys eing otined. Four tensiometers of 4 m length were instlled t rndom to ssess soil humidity. When the tensiometers rehed vlues ove 25, ll the plnts were wtered until the tensiometers redings were. Wter used in this experiment hd the following hrteristis : ph of 7.63, eletril ondutivity of.88 ds. m -1, Cl - of 1.5 mmol. L -1-2, SO 4 of 2.6 mmol. L -1, HCO - 3 of 2.15 mmol. L -1, C +2 of 1.8 mmol. L -1, Mg +2 of 2.2 mmol. L -1, N + of.8 mmol. L -1 (where potssium nd rontes were not deteted). After n dpttion period (Ferury-April, 23), during whih the plnts only reeived wter, P fertiliztion tretments were strted where monomoni phosphte fertilizer (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) were pplied s soil pplition in the followings five tretments:.124,.248,.744, 2.976 nd 14.88 g of P per plnt. During the first yer eh P tretment reeived 12 pplitions of fertilizer, whih ws inresed to 18 pplitions during the seond yer in the se of.744, 2.976 nd 14.88 g per plnt. However,.124 nd.248 g per plnt tretments reeived 11 pplitions in n ttempt to ensure tht the lef onentrtions of phosphorus in the trees of these tretments were not s high s the levels reorded in the periodi ontrols rried out during the first yer of the experiment. Therefore, the trees reeived totl of 2.8, 5.7, 22.32, 89.28 nd 446.4 g of P per tree in two onseutive yers. P pplition in eh tretment ws done periodilly distriuted eqully throughout the yer. Growth prmeters At the end of the experimentl period, the growth prmeters of trunk perimeter (m) ws mesured t the height of 1 m ove the ground, totl fresh weight of lef (g), totl dry weight of lef (g), totl length of shoots (m), nd numer of hloroti leves were mesured in ll the trees. Minerl onentrtion At the end of the experiment, the minerl onentrtion of N, P, N, K, C, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn nd Cu in leves, root nd rnh rk ws determined. The N onentrtion ws determined y the Kjeldhl method modified t semimiro sle with 5 mg of dry lef smple. Phosphorus ws determined olorimetrilly y mesuring the yellowness of the phosphovndte omplex (Chpmn nd Prker, 1961). The remining nutrients were determined y tomi sortion spetrometry (Hswell, 1991) (C, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn nd Cu; Perkin Elmer) or emission spetrometry (Allen, 1973) (N nd K; Perkin Elmer) fter humid minerliztion with nitri-perhlori mixture of dry lef mteril. Minerl onentrtion of hloroti leves ws lso mesured t the end of the experiment. Nutrient moility rte in the xylem ws lulted s lef nutrient onentrtion/root nutrient onentrtion nd nutrient moility rte in the phloem ws lulted s rk nutrient onentrtion/lef nutrient onentrtion (Khn nd Zende, 1977). Sttistil nlysis As the design of this experiment ws two ftor ftoril so dt were sujeted to nlysis of vrine using two-wy ANOVA (SPSS sttistil pkge, Chigo, IL) with two rootstoks x five P tretments nd twelve replite plnts per omintion. When intertion term were signifint (P <.5), tretment mens were seprted using Dunn s multiple rnge test. When intertion term ws not signifint nd, min ftors (P supplementtion nd/or rootstok) were signifint, Dunn s multiple rnge test ws run to the min ftor regrdless eh other (Little nd Hills, 1987). Conlusions This experiment shows tht lreous soil typil from the Region of Muri use derese in lef Fe, Cu nd Zn onentrtion in the prunus rootstoks GF677 nd Puel de Soto. Inresing P fertiliztion did not tend to derese the lef mironutrient onentrtions ut even inresed the growth prmeters in trees. Therefore, in these onditions, we n tell tht trees re more tolernt to hlorosis indued y lreous soil when treted with high P fertiliztion. High lef C, Mg nd low K onentrtion in trees ws relted with oth the high moility of these nutrients in the xylem nd the low moility in the phloem. Aknowledgements The uthors wnt to thnk Dr. Philip Thoms, English Assoite Professor of the Muri University, for the English orretion of the mnusript. Referenes Allen CW (1973) Astrophysil Quntities, 3rd edition. 19-172 Bienfit HF, Vn den Briel W, Meslnd-Mul NT (1985) Free spe iron pool in roots. Plnt Physiol 78: 596-6 Boyhn GE, Norton JD, Pitts JA (1995) Estlishment, Growth, nd Folir Nutrient Content of plum trees on vrious rootstoks. HortSi 3: 219-221 1548
Coni E, Monstr F (1998) New lmond seletion s puttive rootstoks for peh nd lmond. Seond Interntionl Symposium on Pisthios nd Almonds. At Horti 47: 188-194 Ckmk I, Mrshner H (1987) Mehnism of Phosphorus- Indued Zin-Defiieny in Cotton. III. Chnges in Physiologil Avilility of Zin in Plnts. Physiol Plnt 7: 13-2. Dmrine E, Mrtin F, Crisey N, Grnier A, Hällgren, JE (1995) Xylem sp omposition: tool for investigting minerl uptke nd yling in dult sprue. Plnt Soil 7: 233-241 Chpmn, H. D nd F. Prker. 1961. Determintion of NPK method of nlysis for soil, plnt nd wters. Pvt. Div. Agri. Univ. Cliforni, U.S.A., pp. 15-179. De Jong WS, Ennett NT, De Jong DM, Bodis M (24) Cndidte gene nlysis of nthoynin pigmenttion loi in the Solnee. Theor Appl Genet 18: 423-432 Fernndez V, Del Río V, Pumrino L, Igrtu E, Adí J, Adí A (28) Folir fertiliztion of peh (Prunus persi (L.) Btsh) with different iron formultions: Effets on re-greening, iron onentrtion nd minerl omposition in treted nd untreted lef surfes. Si Horti 117: 241-248 Fulton AE, Wildmn WE, Begg EL, Huntington GL (1996) The evlution nd modifition of physil soil prolems. En Almond Prodution Mnul. Div. Agri Nt Resour Puli 3364, Univ. of Cliforni. USA. Giorgi M, Cpos F, Slzo J, Murri G, Bttino M, Mezzetti B (25) The rootstok effets on plnt dptility, prodution, fruit qulity, nd nutrition in the peh (v. 'Sunrest'). Si Horti 17: 36-42 Hlsted M, Lynh J (1996) Phosphorus responses of C-3 nd C-4 speies. J Exp Bot 47: 497-55 Hswell, SJ (1991) Atomi Asorption Spetrometry; Theory, Design nd Applitions. Elsevier, Amsterdm. Hoking PJ, Pte JS (1978) Aumultion nd distriution of minerl elements in nnul lupins (Lupinus lus nd Lupinus ngustifolius L.). Aus J Agri Res 29: 267-28 Jeshke WD, Hrtung W (2) Root-shoot intertions in minerl nutrition. Plnt Soil 226: 57-69 Jeshke WD, Pte JS (1995) Minerl nutrition nd trnsport in xylem nd phloem of Bnksi pronotes nd proteeous trees of dimorfi root morphology. J Exp Bot 46: 895-95 Khn AA, Zende GK (1977) The side for Zn-P intertions in plnts. Plnt Soil 46: 259-262 Khn AA, Zende GK (1977) The site for Zn-P intertion in plnts. Plnt Soil 46: 259-262 Krmer PJ, Boyer JS, (1995) Wter reltions of plnts nd soils. Ademi Press, Sn Diego, Cliforni, USA. pp 495. Kuhn AJ, Shroder WH, Buh J (1997) On the distriution nd trnsport of minerl elements in xylem, mium nd phloem of sprue (Pie ies [L.] Krst.). Holzforshung, 51: 487-496 Little, T.M., Hills, F.J., 1987. Metodos estdistios pr l investigion en l griultur. Trills, Mexio, p. 27. Mrshner H (1995) Minerl Nutrition of Higher Plnts. Ademi Press, London. pp. 299 312 Mttos D, Quggio JA, Cntrell H, Alv AK, Gretz DA (26) Response of young itrus trees on seleted rootstoks to nitrogen, phosphorus, nd potssium fertiliztion. J. Plnt Nutr 29: 1371-1385 Mengel K, Kirky A (21) Priniples of Plnt Nutrition. 5th Edition. Kluwer Ademi Pulishers. Dordreht, The Netherlnds. pp 849 Pte JS, Shedley E, Arthur D, Adms M (1998) Sptil nd temporl vritions in phloem sp omposition of plnttion-grown Eulyptus gloulus. Oeologi, 117: 312-322 Rhmn, MM, Adou AS, Freed H, Al Drweesh, Sofin- Azirun M (211) Responses of sulfur, nitrogen nd irrigtion wter on Ze mys growth nd nutrients uptke. Aus J Crop Si 5: 347-357 Rokhzdi A, Toshih V (211) Nutrient uptke nd yield of hikpe (Cier rietinum L.) inoulted with plnt growth promoting rhizoteri. Aus J Crop Si 5: 44-48 Rom CR, Crlson RF (1987) Rootstoks for fruit rops. Wiley, New York. Romer FJ, Alntr E, Delgurdi MD (1991) Chrteriztion of the tolerne to iron hlorosis in different peh rootstoks grown in nutrient solution. Plnt Soil 13: 115-119 Smr SM, Shhin M, Fllhi E, Dvoodi MH, Bgheri YR, Noorgholipoor F (27) Iron defiieny of pple tree s ffeted y inresing soil ville phosphorous. J Plnt Nutr 3: 1-7 Sois I Compny R (1995) El germoplsm frutl (1ª Prte). Rzones pr un onservión. Frutiultur Profesionl 74: 6-12 Thomidis T, Sotiropoulos T, Krginnidis N, Tsipouridis C, Ppdkis I, Almliotis D Boulgrkis N (27) Effiy of three lium produts for ontrol of peh rown rot. Horttehnol 17: 234-237 Thomidis T, Tsipouridis C (25) Influene of rootstoks, ph, iron supply (in nutrient solutions) nd Agroterium rdioter on hlorophyll nd iron onentrtion in leves of peh vriety. J Plnt Nutr 28: 1833-1842 Tsipouridis C, Thomidis T (25) Effet of 14 peh rootstoks on the yield, fruit qulity, mortlity, girth expnsion nd resistne to frost dmges of My Crest peh vriety nd their suseptiility on Phytophthor itrophthor. Si Horti 13: 421-428 Villor G, Moreno DA, Romero L (22) Phosphorus supply influenes the molydenum nitrte nd nitrte redutse tivity in eggplnt. J Horti Si Bioteh 77: 35-39 Wtne FS, Olsen SR (1965) Test of n sori id method for determining phosphorus in wter nd NHCO3 extrts from soil. Pro Soil Si So Am 26: 677 678 Westgte ME, Boyer JS (1984) Trnspirtion-Indued nd Growth-Indued Wter Potentils in Mize. Plnt Physiol 74: 882-889 Wrren CR, Adms MA (2) Cpillry eletrophoresis for the determintion of mjor mino ids nd sugrs in folige: pplition to the nitrogen nutrition of slerophyllous speies. J Exp Bot 51: 1147-157 1549