Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY) Introduction to Accelerator Physics DESY, 27th July 2015
Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 2
Working with accelerators in the control room The Main Accelerator Control Room Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 3
Synchrotrons: dipoles, quadrupoles, correctors beam cell corrector dipole focusing quadrupole dipole magnet corrector dipole defocusing quadrupole dipole magnet corrector dipole focusing quadrupole Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 4
How electromagnetic fields accelerate particles Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 5
Why we need superconducting magnets LHC: Large Hadron Collider at CERN p: 7 TeV superconducting magnets HERA: Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator at DESY p: 920 GeV e: 27.5 GeV Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 6
Differences between proton and electron accelerators HERA (Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator) tunnel: proton accelerator 920 GeV electron accelerator 27.5 GeV Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 7
Synchrotron radiation dipole magnet B electron bunch undulator magnet electrons + photons Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 8
Which collider is better? Circular colliders: E : electric field B magnetic field B magnetic field Linear colliders: E : electric field E : electric field Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 9
Worldwide > About 120 accelerators for research in nuclear and particle physics Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 10
Applications of Accelerators (1) Particle colliders for High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments Fixed target experiments Two beams collider experiments Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 11
Applications of Accelerators (1) Particle colliders for High Energy Physics experiments Example: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN Lake Geneva Mont Blanc Geneva built between 2001 and 2009 Higgs discovery: July 2012 Pentaquark discovery: July 2015 8.6 km superconducting magnets (inside a cryostat) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 12
Worldwide > About 120 accelerators for research in nuclear and particle physics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics > About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called synchrotron radiation sources ) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 13
Applications of Accelerators (2) Light sources for biology, physics, chemistry experiments Electromagnet B structural analysis of crystalline materials X-ray crystallography (of proteins) X-ray microscopy X-ray absorption (or emission) spectroscopy Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 14
Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA) positron-electron tandem ring accelerator at DESY built between 1976 and 1978 HEP experiments: 1978-1986 gluon discovery: 1979 JADE CELLO, PLUTO 2.3 km long 0.5 GeV e-/e+ collisions at 2 x 19 GeV MARK J 7 GeV TASSO Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 15
Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA) positron-electron tandem ring accelerator at DESY built between 1976 and 1978 HEP experiments: 1978-1986 gluon discovery: 1979 12 GeV e-/e+ 40 GeV protons 2.3 km long 0.5 GeV e-/e+ protons 7 GeV pre-accelerator for HERA 1987-2007 synchrotron radiation since 1987 Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 16 HERA
Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA) positron-electron tandem ring accelerator at DESY built between 1976 and 1978 HEP experiments: 1978-1986 gluon discovery: 1979 Max von Laue hall 300 m 2.3 km long e-/e+ pre-accelerator for HERA 1987-2007 synchrotron radiation since 1987 PETRA III since 2009 Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 17
Max von Laue hall 14 beamlines 30 exp. stations e- e- http://photon-science.desy.de/facilities/petra_iii/beamlines/index_eng.html photons Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 18
Example: Positron-Elektron-Tandem-Ring-Anlage (PETRA) positron-electron tandem ring accelerator at DESY built between 1976 and 1978 HEP experiments: 1978-1986 gluon discovery: 1979 hall nord 2.3 km long e-/e+ hall east pre-accelerator for HERA 1987-2007 synchrotron radiation since 1987 PETRA III since 2009 PETRA III Extension from 2014 Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 19
Worldwide > About 120 accelerators for research in nuclear and particle physics > About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called synchrotron radiation sources ) > More than 7,000 accelerators for medicine Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 20
Applications of Accelerators (3) Medical applications For radioisotope production proton beam + stable isotope transmutation radioactive isotope For radiotherapy and radiosurgery: x-rays and gamma-rays ions (from protons to atoms with atomic number up to 18, Argon) neutrons Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 21
Applications of Accelerators (3) Medical applications For radioisotope production For example: cyclotron 18 MeV proton accelerator Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 22
Applications of Accelerators (3) Medical applications For radioisotope production For example: target p 18 MeV proton accelerator Oxygen-18 (stable) (transmutation) Fluorine-18 (half-life time = 110 min.) 97% of decays Oxygen-18 + positron Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 23
Applications of Accelerators (3) Medical applications For radioisotope production For example: target p 18 MeV proton accelerator Oxygen-18 (transmutation) Fluorine-18 (half-life time = 110 min.) Fludeoxyglucose ( 18 F) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 24
Applications of Accelerators (3) Fluorine-18 Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 25
Applications of Accelerators (3) detectors Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 26
X-rays PET X-rays + PET Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 27
Applications of Accelerators (3) detectors Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 28
Applications of Accelerators (3) detectors not to be confused with: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) CT (X-ray Computed Tomography) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 29
Worldwide > About 120 accelerators for research in nuclear and particle physics > About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called synchrotron radiation sources ) > More than 7,000 accelerators for medicine radiotherapy (>7,500), radioisotope production (200) > More than 18,000 industrial accelerators Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 30
Applications of Accelerators (4) For industrial applications: Application Ion implantation ~ 9500 Electron cutting and welding ~ 4500 Electron beam and x-ray irradiators ~ 2000 Ion beam analysis (including AMS) ~ 200 Radioisotope production (including PET) ~ 900 Nondestructive testing (including security) ~ 650 Neutron generators (including sealed tubes) ~ 1000 with energies up to 15 MeV approx. numbers from 2007 (worldwide) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 31
Applications of Accelerators (4) For industrial applications: an example: electron beam welding acceleration up to 60-200 kev electron beam magnets as focusing lenses as well as deflectors up to 15 cm deep welding effect Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 32
Worldwide > About 120 accelerators for research in nuclear and particle physics > About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called synchrotron radiation sources ) > More than 7,000 accelerators for medicine radiotherapy (>7,500), radioisotope production (200) > More than 18,000 industrial accelerators ion implantation (>9,000), electron cutting and welding (>4,000) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 33
Worldwide > About 120 accelerators for research in nuclear and particle physics > About 70 electron storage rings and electron linear accelerators used as light sources (so-called synchrotron radiation sources ) > More than 7,000 accelerators for medicine radiotherapy (>7,500), radioisotope production (200) < 1% > More than 18,000 industrial accelerators ion implantation (>9,000), electron cutting and welding (>4,000) Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 34
Applications of Accelerators (5) Many millions of television sets, oscilloscopes using CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube) TV oscilloscope Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 35
Applications of Accelerators (5) Many millions of television sets, oscilloscopes using CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube) acceleration 25 frames / s magnets as focusing lenses as well as deflectors 625 lines Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 36
Applications of Accelerators (6) X-ray tubes DC high voltage (20-150 kv) VACUUM braking radiation or bremsstrahlung Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 37
Discussion time Do you know an accelerator from your university / town / country? (if no: pick up an accelerator from the table or from the lists mentioned above) Which kind of accelerator is it? (cyclotron, synchrotron, linear accel.) Which application area is it dedicated to? (HEP, synchrotron radiation, medicine) and Which are the main parameters that describe it? (particle type, energy, current ) hint: you may search in internet... Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics 27 th July 2015 Page 38