TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDIDATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APENDICES i ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xiii xv I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objective of the Study 4 1.4 Scope of the Study 4
II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Computational Geotechnics and Soil Foundation Structure Interaction 5 2.1.1 Introduction 5 2.1.2 PLAXIS 6 2.2 Analysis and Design of Mat (or Raft) Foundations 6 2.2.1 Advantages of Using Shallow 6 2.2.2 Disadvantages of Using Shallow 7 2.2.3 Combined Footing 7 2.2.4 Types of Mat Foundation (or Raft) Foundations 8 2.2.5 To Design a Mat (or Raft) Foundation 10 2.3 Bearing Capacity of Mat (or Raft) Foundations 11 2.3.1 Introduction 11 2.3.2 Major point for Bearing Capacity of Raft (or Mat) Foundation 12 2.3.3 Calculation and Estimation Bearing Capacity of Mat (or Raft) Foundation 14 2.4 Settlement of Mat (or Raft) Foundation 20 2.4.1 Introduction 20 2.4.2 Compressibility and Settlement 21 2.4.2.1 Estimation of Immediate Settlement in Soil 21 2.4.2.2 Elastic Properties and In Situ Parameters 25 2.4.5 Settlement Analysis 27 2.4.5.1 Stress Distribution in Subsurface Soils Due to Foundation Loading 27 2.4.6 Calculation and Estimation Settlement of Mat (or Raft) Foundations 30 2.4.6.1 Immediate Settlement 31 2.4.7 Compensated Foundation 34
III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Data Acquisition 37 3.3 Data Analysis 39 IV CASE STUDY 4.1 Introduction 40 4.2 Soil Profile 41 4.3 Groundwater 44 4.4 Soil Properties 44 V RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Analysis Using PLAXIS 46 5.2.1 Settlement Result from PLAXIS Analysis 46 5.3 Estimation of Allowable Bearing Capacity by Empirical Methods. 63 5.3.1 Estimation of Bearing Capacity 63 5.3.1.1 Using Data from Mackintosh Probe 63 5.3.1.2 Result of Allowable Bearing Capacity Based on Chart 64 5.3.1.3 Using Conversion Method 69 5.4 Estimation Bearing Capacity For Mat (or Raft) Foundation 74 5.4.1 Using Equation 2.12 74 5.4.2 Using Equation 2.9 76 5.5 Comparison Result 77 5.5.1 Comparison of Different Methodology by Cost and Time 77 5.5.2 Bearing Capacity Comparison 78
VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusions 79 6.2 Recommendations 80 REFERENCES APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES TABLES TITLE PAGE Table 2.1 Bearing-capacity equation by the several author indicated 1 Table 2.2 Bearing-capacity factor for the Terzaghi equation 18 Table 2.3 Shape, depth, and declination factors for the Meyerhoft bearing capacity equation of the table 2.1 18 Table 2.4 Poisson Ratio (µ) for Geomaterials 24 Table 2.5 Approximate Elastic Moduli of Geomaterials 24 Table 2.5 (a) Elastic Parameters of Various Soils (Braja M. Das (2000). Principle of Foundation Engineering,5E ) 25 Table 2.6 Soil Elastic Moduli fron In Situ Test Data 26 Table 2.7 I1 and I2 for Equation (2.21) 32 Table 5.1 (a) Result of Macintosh Probe 63 Table 5.1 (b) Result of Allowable Bearing Capacity on Table 5.1 (a) 64 Table 5.2 Summarize of Result According to Prof Chin Fung Kee 69 Table 5.3 (SOFT CLAY): C U Value Base on SPT N-Value 75 Table 5.4 Costing Comparison 77
Table 5.5 Time Comparison 77 Table 5.6 Summarize of Comparison 78
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES TITLE PAGE Figure 2.1 Chart for obtaining the α factor 22 Figure 2.2 Strain influence factor 23 Figure 2.3 Stress increase due to a concentrated load 29 Figure 2.4 (a) Stress increase due to a distributed. (b) Stress increase to a distributed rectangular footing 29 Figure 2.5 Approximate estimation of subsurface vertical stress increment 30 Figure 2.6 Immediate settlement computation for mat footings 30 Figure 2.7 Plot of the depth influence factor IF for Equation (2.21) 31 Figure 3.1 Flowchart of the study 35 Figure 3.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity v.s Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Value 37 Figure 4.1 Location of Boreholes 42 Figure 4.2 Typical soil profile based on borehole log 3 & 4 43 Figure 5.1 Overall Diagram / Simulation for Plaxis Analysis 47 Figure 5.2 Connectivities fron Plaxis Analysis 48
Figure 5.3 Connectivities fron Plaxis Analysis 49 Figure 5.4 Effective Stresses from Plaxis Analysis 50 Figure 5.5 Active Pore Pressure from Plaxis Analysis 51 Figure 5.6 Deformed Mosh from Plaxis Analysis 52 Figure 5.7 Calculation List 53 Figure 5.8 E, = 15 MPa 54 Figure 5.9 E, = 20 MPa 55 Figure 5.10 E, = 25 MPa 56 Figure 5.11 E, = 30 MPa 57 Figure 5.12 E, = 35 MPa 58 Figure 5.13 E, = 40 MPa 59 Figure 5.14 E, = 42 MPa 60
Figure 5.15 E, = 45 MPa 61 Figure 5.16 E, = 50 MPa 62 Figure 5.17 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP1) 65 Figure 5.18 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP2) 66 Figure 5.19 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP3) 67 Figure 5.20 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP4) 68 Figure 5.21 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH1) 69 Figure 5.22 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH2) 71 Figure 5.23 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH3) 72 Figure 5.24 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH4) 73
LIST OF SYMBOLS a = Area B = Breadth of Footing C = Cohesion of Soil c u = Undrained Shear Strength D = Depth; Diameter; Depth Factor E = Young s Modulus of Elasticity FS = Factor of Safety L = Length N = SPT Value N c, N q,n γ = Bearing Capacity Factor q = Bearing Pressure q all = Allowable Bearing Capacity q c = Cone Penetration Resistance q u = Ultimate Bearing Capacity
q net = Net Bearing Pressure R = Resistance Force R γ = Reduction Factor s = Settlement S c,s q,s γ = Shape Factors (Bearing Capacity Equation) SPT = Standard Penetration Test V = Volume V t = Volume of Sample V v = Volume of Voids V w = Volume of Water ν = Poisson s Ratio γ = Bulk Unit Weight of Soil γ = Effective (Submerged) Unit Weight (γ sat γ w ) γ d = Dry Unit Weight γsat = Bulk Saturated Unit Weight γ w = Unit Weight of Water (=9.81kN/m³)
φ = Angle of Friction
LIST OF APENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Soil Investigation (S.I) Report for Borehole and Macintosh Probe B Laboratory Test Result C Sample Calculation of Moisture Content, Volumetric Moisture Content and Density of Soil D Plan Layout - Piling - Raft Foundation E BQ of piling Methodology F BQ of Raft Foundation Methodology G Summary of Work Programmed