Key Issue 1: Where Is Industry Distributed?

Key Issue 1: Where Is Industry Distributed? Pages 395-397 ***Always keep your key term packet out whenever you take notes from Rubenstein. As the terms come up in the text, think through the significance of the term. 1. Regarding the Industrial Revolution: What? Where? When? 2. Define cottage industry: 3. How did the iron industry benefits from the steam engine? 4. How is the distribution of steel and iron industry influenced by coal? 5. Why was development in transportation necessary? 6. What two forms of transportation grew rapidly? 7. How did the Industrial Revolution change textiles? 8. How did the Industrial Revolution and factory system contribute to the need for food processing? 9. As you read the section, make notes on the resources, advantages, conditions, and issues in each of the sub regions of industrial development discussed. Shade and label each of the regions on the maps. (Use maps on pages 396-397 as guides) Europe United Kingdom Rhine-Ruhr - Mid-Rhine Po Basin -

Northeastern Spain Moscow - St. Petersburg Urals Volga - Kuznetsk - Donetsk Silesia - North America New England Middle Atlantic - Mohawk Valley Pittsburgh-Lake Erie - Western Great Lakes Southern California - Southeastern Ontario

East Asia Japan China - South Korea Key Issue 2: Why Are Situation and Site Factors Important? Pages 398-411 1. Define situation factors: 2. Define site factors:

3. What is a bulk-reducing industry? 4. What is a bulk-gaining industry? 5. Give two examples of these industries, and explain how they are bulk-gaining. 6. Specialized manufacturers make products that are designed to be sold primarily to. 7. Where is their optimum location? 8. Describe one example of this phenomenon. 9. List examples of perishable products that must be located near their markets. 10. How is a newspaper highly perishable? 11. Give reasons for why each of the following modes of transportation might be selected by a manufacturer to deliver their products to market. TRUCKS TRAINS SHIPS AIR 12. What is a break-of-bulk point?

13. Give two examples of important break-of-bulk points. 14. Make a brief flow chart to illustrate how copper is an example of a bulk-reducing industry. 15. How does energy play a role in the situation of copper mills? The text describes the changing location of steel mills in the U.S. Explain when and why each location was preferred. 16. Pittsburgh, southwestern Pennsylvania 17. Locations around southern shore of Lake Erie 18. Southern Lake Michigan (Gary, Indiana & Chicago) 19. East and West Coasts (Trenton, NJ & Los Angeles, CA) 20. Why are the newest steel mills (minimills) beginning to move closer to markets and away from inputs? 21. Explain how motor vehicle production is a bulk-gaining industry. 22. Where are the three regions of assembly plants for vehicle production? 23. Why is vehicle production highly clustered? 24. What are the three production cost factors associated with the site of an industry? (Memorize Them!)

25. Define labor intensive industry: 26. Explain the difference between labor-intensive and high-wage industries. 27. Describe the relationship between capital and the computer industry in California. 28. What are several factors about a given piece of land that make it attractive to industry and manufacturing? 29. What type of worker is required for the textile industry? 30. What country accounts for most of the world s spinning and weaving? 31. Why do MDCs play a larger role in textile assembly than LDCs? Key Issue 3: Where Does Industry Cause Pollution? Pages 412-417 Bullet key information for each sub section for each of the three types of pollution geographers worry about. Global Scale Air Pollution Regional Scale Local Scale

Solid Waste Pollution Sanitary Landfill Hazardous Waste Water Pollution Sources Impact Key Issue 4: Why Are Situation and Site Factors Changing? Pages 418-424 1. How are manufacturing jobs shifting in the U.S.? 2. Define right-to-work laws: 3. Why are southern right to work states attractive to companies? 4. Why has textile production moved from the northeast to the southeast? 5. What are the convergence regions? 6. What are the competitive and employment regions? 7. What makes central Europe attractive to manufacturers? 8. Where has industry shifted internationally? And, name each regions leading industrial country(s).

9. Why do transnational corporations transfer work to LDCs? 10. Define outsourcing: 11. Provide an example of an industry that outsources, and what do they outsource? 12. Define maquiladoras: 13. Explain the two major fears of the integration of a North American industry. 14. Who are the four BRIC countries and what are they expected to do? 15. Which country was added to the BRIC countries in 2010 and why? 16. What factors influence industry to remain in northeast U.S. or northwest Europe? 17. Define Fordist: 18. Define Post-Fordist: 19. What benefits do the manufacturers receive from just-in-time delivery? 20. How can labor unrest, traffic, and natural hazards disrupt reliance on just-in-time delivery? 21. What are the three ways the US government distinguishes between domestic and foreign vehicles?

Key Issue 1: Where Are Services Distributed? Pages 430-433 ***Always keep your key term packet out whenever you take notes from Rubenstein. As the terms come up in the text, think through the significance of the term. *See the Introduction on page 430 to answer questions #1-4 1. Define service: 2. What sector of the economy do services fall under? 3. Define settlement: 4. What distribution must services follow? 5. What are the three subdivisions of the service sector of the economy? 6. Define consumer services: 7. What are the four main types of consumer services, and provide an example of each. 8. Define business services: 9. What are the three types of business services, and provide an example of each.

10. Define public services: 11. Explain where an increase and/or decrease have occurred in each of the following categories. (Use the reading and Fig. 12-6 as a guide) Changes in Number of Employees between 1975 and 2010 Business Services Consumer Services 12. Explain how the service sector contributed to the 2008 Recession. Key Issue 2: Where Are Consumer Services Distributed? Pages 434-440 1. Define central place theory: 2. What does central place theory seek to explain? 3. Define central place: 4. What is a market area? 5. What other term is sometimes used to refer to a market area?

6. What shape does central place their hypothesize for market areas? (See Figure 12-9) 7. Why this particular shape? 8. Complete the pyramid below regarding the concept of range. Definition: RANGE Services with LONG ranges: Services with SHORTER ranges: 9. Complete the pyramid below regarding the concept of threshold. Definition: THRESHOLD Not all people within a market area can be counted when determining location of a service by considering its threshold. Explain how this is so, and provide examples 10. Small settlements have services with thresholds, ranges and market areas. 11. Larger settlements have thresholds, ranges and market areas. 12. However, smaller neighborhoods within larger settlements must also do what? 13. Who created the original study in central place theory? Where?

14. Who documented the central place phenomenon in the U.S.? Where? 15. In MDCs, the pattern of cities follows the rank-size-rule. What is it? 16. If the largest city in a country is more than twice the size of the second city, it is said to be what? 17. According to geographers, where is the best location for a service (once range and threshold have justified its viability)? 18. The gravity model helps explain this as the optimal location is related to the number of people in the area an related to the distance they must travel. 19. What two patterns are reflected by consumer behavior? 20. Define periodic market: 21. What groups of people and areas are provided goods by periodic markets? Key Issue 3: Where Are Business Services Distributed? Pages 442-447 1. Explain why business services are disproportionately concentrated in global cities. 2. Bullet major characteristics of global cities.

3. What functions do offshore centers provide, and explain each? 4. Where is a prominent example of an offshore center? 5. What are typical back-office functions? 6. Why have LDCs been able to attract back offices? 7. Define basic industry: 8. Define non-basic industry: 9. What is the economic base of a community? 10. Explain how a basic industry creates new types of jobs. 11. Complete the graphic below to illustrate the question above with regard to the cities of Cleveland and Baltimore. Cleveland s economic base during the industrial Cleveland s economic base in post-industrial period society is Baltimore s economic base during the industrial period Baltimore s economic base in post-industrial society is

12. What did Richard Florida s research deduce? Key Issue 4: Why Do Services Cluster in Settlements? Pages 448-455 1. Define clustered rural settlement: 2. Define dispersed rural settlement: 3. How are strips of land allocated in a clustered rural settlement? 4. Illustrate a circular rural settlement. 5. In a linear rural settlement, why are settlements clustered around roads and/or rivers? 6. Why did New England colonists prefer clustered settlements?

7. Why had owning several fields around a clustered rural settlement become disadvantageous? 8. Why did many European countries convert to dispersed patterns? 9. Define enclosure movement: 10. What happened to England s displaced farmers? 11. Based on archaeological research, what services were most likely provided in history s earliest settlements? 12. What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with the first settlements? 13. What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with early public services? 14. What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with early business services? 15. Identify four potential hearth regions for the world s first urban settlements. 16. List three characteristics of the world s first cities that emerged around 2000 BCE, as deduced from the excavations of Ur (modern Iraq) and Titris Hoyuk (modern Turkey).

17. What was a city-state? 18. What services did the city-state provide to the surrounding hinterland? 19. Large cities, such as ancient Athens, began to supply what types of things not available in smaller settlements? 20. Why did these large centers collapse with the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5 th century CE? 21. What role did trade play in the revival of urbanism during the Middle Ages? 22. What were the five largest cities in the world during the Middle Ages (around 900)? 23. Explain the difference between number or people living in large cities and the percentage of people living in large cities as it relates to MDCs and LDCs. 24. Complete the chart with several bullet notes detailing the characteristics of urban settlements according to Louis Wirth. Large Size High Density Social Heterogeneity