GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH-IV- B SECTION

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract) UG-Programme in Malayalam under Choice Based Credit Semester System-Scheme &Syllabus-Revised with effect from 2011 admission-approved-orders Issued. GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH-IV- B SECTION No: GAIV/B2/68/09 Dated, Calicut University. P.O., 20.04.2011 Read: 1. U.O GA I /J2/601/08 Vol. II dated 19-06-2009 2. U.O of even No.dated 25.06.2009. Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG) held on 17.02.2011, Item No.II 4. Letter dated 06.04.2011 from the Chairman, Board of Studies Malayalam(U.G) 5. Orders of Vice Chancellor in file of even no.dated 16.04.2011 ORDER Choice based Credit Semester System and Grading has been introduced for U.G courses in affiliated colleges in the University with effect from 2009 onwards and regulation for the same implemented vide paper read 1 st above. As per University Order read 2 nd above, the syllabus of BA Malayalam programme under Choice based Credit Semester System was implemented with effect from 2009 admission. The Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG) at its meeting held on 19.01.2011 Vide item No.6 resolved to revise the syllabus of B.A Malayalam programme under Choice based Credit Semester System. The Board of Studies in Malayalam(U.G) at its meeting held on 17.02.2011 vide item number 2 finalised & approved the revised scheme & syllabus of B.A Malayalam Programme under Choice based Credit Semester System to be implemented with effect from 2011 admission vide paper read rd above. Vide paper read 4 th above, the Board of Studies Chairman Malayalam (U.G) has forwarded the hard & soft copies of the revised scheme& syllabus of BA Malayalam programme under Choice based Credit Semester System to be implemented with effect from 2011 admission. Considering the urgency for implementing the revised syllabus of BA Malayalam programme under Choice based Credit Semester System in affiliated colleges, the Vice Chancellor exercising the powers of Academic Council has approved item number 2 of the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam (UG) held on 17.02.2011 subject to ratification by the Academic Council. Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the revised syllabus of BA Malayalam Programme under (CCSS) in affiliated colleges of the University with effect from 2011 admission onwards subject to ratification by the Academic Council. Orders are issued accordingly. The revised syllabus of BA Malayalam (CCSS) is uploaded in the University website. Sd/- DEPUTY REGISTRAR (G&A-IV) For REGISTRAR To The Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges. Copy to:- CE./ Ex. Section/ DR/AR BA Branch/System Administrator with a request to upload the Same on University website/ GA-I F Sn./Library/SF/DF/FC Forwarded/By Order SECTION OFFICER.

2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B. A DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SYLLABUS 2011-12

BapJw 2009-10 A y-b-\-h jw apx timgn-t msv k Δ-I-em-im-e v Iogn-ep timtf-pp-ifnse _ncp-z-]-t\w Choice Based Credit & Semester (CCSS) -tebv v amdn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wt m. tic-f-ønse s]mxp-hn-zym-`ym-k-cw-køv GXm- v Hcp hymg-h- - mew apºv Xs \S- n-em- nb ]mty-]- Xn ]cn-jvi-cww D -X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-tØ pw hym]n- n-t -- Xv Hcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bmbn-cp- p. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn-emwv timgn-t msv k Δ-I-em-ime timtf-pp-i-fnse _ncp-z-]-t\w ska-ã h -cn- m Xocp-am-\n- -Xv. sk-a-ã h -c-w-øns `mk-ambn ae-bmfw _ncp-z-tim-gvkns kne-_ v 2009 Xs ]p\x-{i-ao-i-cn- n- p-- v. 6 ska-ã-dp-i-fp timgvkns 4 ska-ã-dp-iƒ CXn-\Iw Xs ]q Øn-bm-bn- p-ap-- v. 2009 {]th-i\w t\snb ae-bmfw _ncp-z-hn-zym n-iƒ v, Ah-cpsS aq p-h j-tø- p kne-_- mwv Xøm-dm- n-bn-cp- -Xv. 2010 {]th-i\w t\snb hnzym n- Iƒ pw CtX kne-_ v Xs -bmwv ]n p-s p-h-cp- -Xv. \ne-hn-ep kne-_- n Nne A]m-I-X-I-fp-s- v ]cs Nq- n- m-wn- -s - n-cp- p. Nne t] -dp-iƒ Bdp-amkw sim- v ]Tn- n p Xo m ] m-ø-h-bmwv (DZm: mw ska-ã-dnse tima timgvkv 9). Nne t] -dp-iƒ Bi-b-hy- -X- C- m-ø-h-bm-sw pw ]cmxn Db n- p- - v. Cu ] m-ø-e-øn-emwv kne-_- n Nne sndnb am -ßƒ hcp-øm ae-bmfw t_m Uv Hm^v ÃUokv (bp. Pn) Xocp-am-\n- -Xv. \ne-hn-ep kne-_- n ka-{k-amb Hcp ]cn-jvi-cww Dt±-in- n- n-. Ct mƒ AXns Bh-iy-ap-s- pw txm p- n-. Nne t] -dp-i-fnse D -S w hfsc A[n-I-am-sW- -Xn-\m Ah Npcp- n-bn- p-- v. Nne t] -dp-i-fnse sauyp-fp-i-fn hni-z-]-t-\-øn-\mbn Ht m ct- m tej-\-ßƒ \n t±-in- n- p-ap-- v. ska-ã 1 se tim timgvkns t] 1 (`m-jbpw kmln-xyhpw ]T-\-Øns coxn-im-kv{xw) se D -S- -Øn Imcy-amb am w hcp-øn-bn- p-- v. 5 mw ska- Ã-dn-sebpw 6 mw ska-ã-dn-sebpw timgvkp-i-fp-ssbpw Hm timgvk,v Ce-IvSohv timgvkv, timwπn-sa dn timgvkv XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-sSbpw kne-_- n Hcp am hpw hcp-øn-bn- n-. t] -dp-ifpss t]cp-i-fnepw am -an-. t]m-cmbvaiƒ apgp-h ]cn-l-cn p F p Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- n-. Ah ASpØ L -Øn Xncp-Øm-hp- -tx-bp- q. 2011- {]th-i\w t\sp hnzym n-iƒ v Cu kne-_ v _m[-i-am-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv. 28-02- 2011

4 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM 1. ]co Dƒs ss 90 {]hrøn Znh-k-ß-fp-ff 6 ska-ã-dp-iƒsim- mwv Cu t{]m{kmw ]q Øn-bm-Ip- -Xv. 2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep-ff timgvkp-i-fmwv Cu t{]m{km-an-ep-f-fxv A tima timgvkv, B. tim timgvk,v C. timwπn-sa dn timgvkv, D.Hm timgvkv. F m timgvkp-iƒ pw-iqsn 120 s{iun- m-wp-f-fxv Pn\pw Xm ]-cy-ap-ff hnjbw sxc-s -Sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Cu timgvkp-iƒ ae-bmf `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw sf ni-ambn FSpØv ]Tn- p hnzym n-iƒ v th-. 4. 5 mw ska-ã-dnse Hm timgvkn\v hnj-b-ß-fmwv \n t±-in- n- p-f-f-xv. Hmtcm timtf- n-bp-f-f-x- 5. 6- mw ska-ã-dnse tim timgvknse 15- masø timgvkv Ce-IvSohv timgvkm-wv. hnj-bßƒ \n t±-in- n- p-- v. Hmtcm timtf-pn\pw Xm ]-cy-ap-ff hnjbw sxc-s -Sp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 6. 5, 6 ska-ã-dp-i-fn-embn timgvkv h v/t{]mpivsv h v \n t±-in- n- p-- v. 2 awn- q hoxw CXn-\p-th- n \o n-sh- n- p- v. 6 masø ska-ã-dn-emwv {]h Ø\w ]q Ønbm n ka n-t -- -Xv. 7. timgvkv h v/t{]mpivsv h ns `mk-ambn snøm-hp {]h Ø-\-ßƒ: a) 25 ^pƒ kvim n Hcp {]_ w Xøm-dm- pi b) Hcp t\mh- /sndp-iym kam-lmcw/ihnxm kam-lmcw/\msiw/xnc- Y/kmln-Xy-]- T\w Xøm-dm n ka n- p-i. c) Ac-a-Wn- q ssz Ly-ap-ff Hcp tumiyp-sa dn/{lkz-nn{xw \n Ωn- pi (So-aw-K-ßƒ 7 t]cn IqS-cp-Xv). 8. aqey-\n Æ-b-Øns 75% FgpØp ]co- bpw 25% Ct -W A kvvsa pw Bbn-cn- pw. 9. ]co- bv v 4 Xcw tnmzy-ßƒ D- m-ipw. (a) Objective Type, (b) Short Answer, (c) Short Essay, (d) Long Essay 10. Assk sa v, ssãv t] (Np-cp-ßn-bXv 2 FÆw), lmp, skan-\m F nh ASn-ÿm- \-am- n-bmwv Ct -W A kvsa v. kne-_- ns A -]q Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-øn\v skan-\mdpw Assk sa pw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. *************

5 B.A. MALAYALAM DEGREEPROGRAMME CURRICULUM Core Course o kz w `mj-tbmspw kwkvim-c-tømspw m\-hy-h-ÿ-tbmspw Dff Xm ]cyw kmln- Xym-kzm-Z-\-Øn-eqsS hni-kn- n- o ae-bmf `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw F n-hsb hni-i-e\w snøp- -Xn\v Bh-iy-amb kmwkvim-cni ]T-\-Øns coxn-im-kv{xhpw kn m- hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -S. o ae-bm-f-`m-jbv pw kmln-xy-øn\pw Ime-L- -ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn ]cn-wm-a-ßsf kmwkvim-cni ]cn-t{]- y-øn a\- n-em-. o tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni hyxn-cn- -X-Isf Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coxn-bn ]p\ \n Ωn- p- -Xn-\p-ap-ff tijn ssih-cn-. o kuμ-cy-im-kv{x-kn- m- -ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -S o ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpss hymi-c-w-\n-b-a-ßƒ a\- n-em- o B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns kmam-\y-k- -ßƒ ]cn-n-bn- o emwtkzpv em_ns\ {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØn ssk m- n-ihpw {]mtbm-kn-i-hp-amb `mjm-]- T\w o ae-bmf kmlnxy hna i-\-øns Ncn-{Xhpw thdn hgn-ifpw hna i-\m-fl-i-ambn hnebn-cp-ø o KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hgn-ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em- o Zriy- -{im-hy- -A- Sn am[yaßsf B{i-bn- p-ff `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -S o Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s -S, hnimkw F n-h-bpss Ncn-{X-{]-Xy-b-imkv{X ]cn-k-c-ß-sf- - n-bpff [mcw cq]-s -S. o ]T\bm{X-I-fn-eqsS tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni ap{z-isf t\cn p ]cn-n-b-s -S. Complementary Course o t-i-c-f-øns Ncn{X L -ßfpw kmwkvim-chpw ]cn-n-b-s -S o B[p-\nI tic-f-øns cq]o-i-cww a\- n-em- o Ncn{X cn-\-bpss kn m- -ßfpw k ]-t`-z-ßfpw Dƒs mff o \mtsmsn hn m-\hpw {KmaoW kwkvir-xnbpw Dƒs mff. Open Course o kmln-xy-]-t-\sø ka-im-eni {]k- n-tb-dp-, sxmgn km[yx h n- n- p a p Iem-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh m-\ni taj-e-i-fp-ambpw _ n- n v ]Tn- *****************

6 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM Sem Code No. Course Title Insti/ hrs/ week Credi t Exam Hrs. Marks Int Ext Total Credit I II MA1A07(1) MA1B01 MA1C01 MA2A08(01) MA2B02 MA2C02 Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 7 k Km-flI cn-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw Core Course 1 `mjbpw kmln- Xyhpw ]T\-Øns coxn-imkv{xw 1 st Complementary (kwkvir-xw) IInd Complementary t-i-c-f-]-t\w BZy-Ime ticfw Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course 8 hnh Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w a-[yime ticfw 4 5 4 6 4 5 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 25% 75% 18 25% 75% 20 III IV MAA09(01) MAB0 MAB04 MAC0 MA4A10(01) MA4B05 MA4B06 MA4C04 Common Course (English) Common Course 9 ae-bm-fkm-lnxyw Core Course III am[y-a-]-t\w Core Course IV \msiw Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w A[n-\n-thiIme ticfw Common Course (English) Common Course 10 kwkv m-chpw \mk-i-cn-i-xbpw Core Course V ae-bmf IhnX ]q Δ-L w Core Course VI `mjm imkv{xhpw `mjm-n-cn-{xhpw Ist Complementary (kwkvir-xw) IInd Complementary tic-f-]-t-\w B[p-\n-I -ti-cfw 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 25% 75% 20 25% 75% 20

V MA5B07 MA5B08 MA5B09 MA5B10 MA5D01 MA5D02 MA5D0 7 Core Course VII -hymi-cww Core Course VIII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X- - \-thm- m-\-l w Core Course IX kmlnxy kn m- -ßƒ Core Course X KZy-km-lnXyw Open Course 1 \ms-i-]-t\w kv{xo]-t\w Ne- n-{x-]-t\w 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 25% 75% 20 Course Work/Project Work 2 - VI MA6B11 MA6B12 MA6B1 MA6B14 MA6B15(E)0 1 MA6B15(E)0 2 MA6B15(E)0 MA6B16(Pr) Core Course XI - \mtsm-snhn- m-\obw Core Course XII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X-- D- Ø-c-L w Core Course XIII ae-bmf kmln- Xy-hn-a i\w Core Course XIV ti-c-fo-b-cw-k-i-e-iƒ Elective ssk_ ae-bmfw hnh Ø\w \h-kw-kvimc ]T-\-ßƒ Course Work/Project Work 5 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 25% 75% 22 B.COM DEGREE PROGRAMME Sem Code No. Course Title I MA1A07(02) Common Course 7 k Km-flI cn-\bpw Insti/ hrs/ week Credit Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw 5 4 II MA2A09(02) Common Course 9 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw 5 4 Exam Hrs. Marks Int Ext 25% 75% Total Credit B.SC DEGREE PROGRAMME (IN OTHER PATTERN) Sem Code No. Course Title I MA1A07(0) Common Course 7 k Km-flI cn-\bpw Insti/ hrs/ week Credit Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw 5 4 II MA2A09(0) Common Course 9 aebm-f-km-ln-xy-]-t\w 5 4 Exa m Hrs. Marks Int Ext 25% 75% Total Credit

8 Code. MA1A07(01) Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ: ska-ã I tima timg-kv- 7 k m-fl-i-c-n-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 k mfli Ign-hp-Isf hni-kn- n- p-i, kmlnxy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn- p-hm-\p-ff tijn hf Øp- I. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn hf Øp-I. hnhn[ kmlnxy cq]-ß-fpss cn-\m-x-{ -ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI cn-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am- m klm-bn pw hn[w hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßsf pdn- p-ff Adnhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw \ Ip-I. \ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy- -{im-hy- -B-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-iƒ ^e-{]-z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-hm {]m]vx-cm- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: Fgp-Øns kmam\y \nb-a-ßƒ a) sndp-i-y, Ihn-X, t\mh, \ms-iw, Xnc- Y F o kmln-xy-cq-]-ßƒ, hnhn-[-xcw Fgp-Øp-IfpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ F nh ]cn-n-b-s -SpI b) {]apj Fgp-Øp-Im Xß-fpsS cn-\-i-sf- p-dn p \S-Ønb \nco- -W-ßƒ hmbn- p-i. : k K-km-lnXn Hcp IY P\n- p p (Im-Yn-Is ]Wn- p-c) - Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b Fs IhnX sshtem- n-ffn (ssh-tem- n-ffn kºq W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw- 2) Fs ]Wn- pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS {]_- -ßƒ) CS-t»cn cwk-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie (\m-s-i-z i\w) Pn. i -c- n-ff IY-bn \n v Xnc- -Y-bn-te v B.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c (`m-jm-t]m-jnwn 2006 s^{_p-h-cn) (Hcp IY P\n- p- p, Fs ]Wn- p-c, cwk-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie, IY-bn \n v Xnc- -Y-bn-te v F o tej-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- samuyqƒ 2: cn\m ]cnioe\w a. ^o ssd nßv (td-un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]{Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te- p-ff ^o -dp- -Xv.) Iƒ Xøm-dm- p- -hn-[w) elp-te-j, en n amk-kn, hmƒ amk-kn F nh Xøm-dm-

9 b. hn m-\m-[n-jvtnx ]cn-]m-sn-i-fpss kv{in]v v, imkv{xw, kmln-xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwko-xw, kvt]m Svkv XpSßn hyxykvx taj-e-i-fnse hy n-i-fp-am-bp-ff A`n-ap-Jw, Poh-N-cn-{X- p-dn- p-iƒ F nh Xøm-dm- p hn[w. c. \ne-hn-ep-ff Hcp kmln-xy-irxn tdun-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyxykvx am[y-a-ß-fn Ah-X-cn- n- p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t - coxn-iƒ. d. ae-bm-f- `m-j-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-n-bs SpI. D m-c-ww, hymi-c-ww, ]Z-tImiw, hc-samgn F n-h-bn hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-I. (ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -SpI F \n t±-i-øns `mk-ambn Xmsg simsp- p tej-\-ßƒ hni-z-]-t-\-øn-\mbn \n t±-in- p- p.) 1. D m-cww G. B. cmp-cm-p-h Ω ({]-_- -kw-{k-lw, tic-f-km-ln-xy-a- m-z-an) 2. ae-bmf ssien (H mw A[ymbw am{xw) Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm (am-xr-`qan {]kn- o-i-c-ww) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ: ae-bmf ssien Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm kmln-xy-kmlyw F.-B. cmp-cm-p-h Ω ^o cn\ Fw.-]n. kptc-{μ (H-eo-hv) Zriy `mj si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) ssen-hn-j tp W-enkw hn. cmp-tkm-]m ]{X-`mj ticf {] A m-zan ae-bmfw ssã ]pkvxiw ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v s-am-uyqƒ : ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw- -]-cky cn-\, ]{X-{]-h Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-i-iƒ, h\nxm amkn-i-iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ, Ne- n{x amkn-i-iƒ, _me-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-ßƒ, h Ø-am\ ]{Xßƒ, kvt]m Svkv amkn-i-iƒ, F v.-fw.-f F o `mjm-hy-h-lmc coxn-i-fn {]mtbm- KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\sp-i. (hn-hn[ P\-{]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-øns kz`m-hhpw Fgp- Øns khn-ti-j-x-ifpw a\- n-em- p Xc-Øn-ep-ff ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-ßƒ \n t±-in- mw.) : ]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw kn. Kuco-Zmk \mb (am-[ya ]T-\-ßƒ, Id v _pivkv) kmln-xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw tum. jmpn tp _v (am-[ya ]T-\-ßƒ, Id v _pivkv) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ: `mhp-ixzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm mw \q m-- n Pn. a[p-kq-z-\ am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-xyhpw tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v ssen-hn-j tp W-enkw hn. cmp-tkm-]m

10 Zriy-`mj si.-f-kv. cmp-ti-j-c ]{X-temIw FUn.-Sn. thwp-tkm-]m-e (`mjm C Ãn- yq v) samuyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t -Xn-I-Xbpw ae-bmf `mj-bpss D]-tbmKw Iºyq- -dn (Encoding hyh-ÿ-iƒ, ASC II, ISC II unicode) - aebmfw tkm^v v shb-dp-iƒ (kn. Um ns t{]m{km-ap-iƒ, cn-\, en]y- -cw t{]m{km-ap-iƒ, hnh-c-hy-h-ÿ-iƒ, t^m- p-iƒ) ssl ssivãns (Xn-c-sam-gn) {]txy-i-x-iƒ ae-bm-f-`mj C s\- n D]-tbm-Kn- m-\p ]cn- m\w- sh_v ssk p-iƒ, C -tp W-ep-Iƒ, tªmkp-iƒ (_q-tem-iw, tªmkv kmln-xyw, {]apj ae-bmfw tªmkp-iƒ) sh_v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmkv \n Ωm-Ww F n-h-bn ]cn- m\w ({]m-tbm-kni ]cn-io-e\w \n _- -an- ) ae-bmfw sh_v I- v \n ΩnXn (a-e-bmfw hn n-]o-un-b-tbbpw A\p-_ kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-I) 1) ae-bmfw Iºyq- n-ßv Ncn-{XmhtemI\w tum. atljv awk-em v 2) ae-bmfw sh_vssk- p-iƒ tsmw. sp. aßm v ) Xnc-samgn ]n. ]n. cma-n-{μ 4) ae-bm- -bnse tªmkp-imew cmpv \o n-bøv (\mep tej-\-ßfpw "ssk_ ae-bmfw' F ]pkvx-i-øn \n v FUn. kp\ox Sn. hn, Id v _pivkv, Xriq ) 5) hn n-]o-unb P\-Iob hn m-\-timiw 6) sh_vam-k-kn-\p-iƒ ( c- p tej-\-ßfpw "C\n hmb\ C hmb\'f hn. si. BZ ins ]pkvx-i-øn \n v, Un.-kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocn-kv) 7) {]Zqc At\z-jWw si. cho-{μ ("hn-h-c-ti-j-cww C s\ n ', Un.kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocn-kv) 8) ae-bmfw bqwn-timuv sss nßv 9) kzx{ bqwn-timuv sss nßv (c- p tej-\-ßfpw "Fßs\ ae-bm-f-øn tªmkmw' F ]n. Fw. _m_p-cm-pns ]pkvx-i-øn \n.v Un. kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocnkv) (a-e-bm-fw Iºyq- n-ßv Ncn-{XmhtemI-\w, Xnc-sam-gn, sh_vam-k-kn-\p-iƒ, aebmfw bqwn-timuv sss nßv F o tej-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv.) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ: C t^m ta-j ssivt\m-fpn tum. ANypXv i F v.-\m-b (ticf `mjm C Ãn yq v) B temiw apx C -tem-iw-hsc tum. sp.-hn. hnf-\new (ticf `mjm C Ãn yq v) C s\ pw C ^ ta-j hnπ-hhpw tum. _n. CIv_m, si. cho-{μ (Un.-kn. _pivkv) ssk_ ae-bmfw FUn. kp\ox Sn.-hn. Id v _pivkv, Xr»q C ^ ta-j ssivt\m-fpn F v, Fßns\ tum. _n. CIv_m, si. cho-{μ, F n\v? Id v _pivkv, Xr»q *******************

11 Code. MA2A08(01) ska-ã II timg-kv- 8 hnh Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ: hnzym n-bpss `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-xy-`m-hp-i-xzhpw hnkvxr-xhpw kº- -hp-am- p-i. hnh Ø\-Øns XmØzn-I-h-i-ßƒ a\- n-em- p-i, {]mtbm-kni hi-ßƒ ]cn-io-en- p-i. samuyqƒ 1 hnh Ø-\w \n h-n\w, s]mxp-x-øz-ßƒ, hnh Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh Ø\w, kzx- { -hn-h Ø-\w, hymjym-\w, ]cm-h Ø-\w, en]y- -cww, hnh Ø-\-Øns kmwk-xyw, hnh Ø- \-Øn-eqsS km[n- p kmwkvim-cni [ Ωw hnh Ø-\hpw kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zybpw b{ -X -a, B\n-ta-j, X -a-bpw C s\- pw, b{ -X -a-bpss km[y-x-ifpw ]cn-an-xn- Ifpw hnhn-[-xcw hnh Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]txy-i-x-iƒ 1. kmlnxyw 2. kmln-txy-xcw. aoun-b-{sm kvtej : "hnh Ø-\w' tic-fm-`mjm C Ãn- yq v. Cu ]pkvx-i-ønse F. hn. IrjvW hmcy-cpss Ah-Xm-cn-I. samuyqƒ 2 hnh Ø-\-Ønse {][m\ kao-]-\-co-xn-i-fpw hnh Ø-\Øn D -hn- p {]iv\-ßfpw a\- n-em- p-i, hnh Ø\ coxn-isf ]cn-n-b-s -SpI F n-h-bmwv Cu samuyqƒsim- -Xv. : hnh Ø\ Nn -Iƒ (te-j\ kam-lm-cw) A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnxm\w si.]n. i c Imhy hnh Ø-\w- -Nne \nco- -W-ßƒ tzi-aw-kew cma-ir-jvw hnh Ø-\- -ax --- tum. {]t_m-[-n-{μ \mb IYm-hn-h Ø\w -Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ hn.-un. IrjvW \ºym v Dt±-in- p- ]mthpw ]mcm-b-whpw Aø- - -Wn- (km-ln-xy-temiw 99 sabv Pq e w, kmlnxy A m-u-an, Xr»q ) (A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnxm\w, Imhy hnh Ø\w Nne \nco- -W-ßƒ, hnh Ø-\-\- -ax, IYm-hn-h Ø\w Nne kao-]-\-ßƒ F o-te-j-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv.)

12 {]tbm-k-am-xri (hn-h Ø\Ønse khn-ti- j-x-iƒ Xmc-Xayw snbvxv Is- -Øm \n t±in -Ww.) hm\-ºmsn (ssh-tem- n-f-fn) Ode to the Skylark (Shelly) Cμp-te-J-bpsS H m-a- ymbw W. Dumergue, C.S- s Cw ojv ]cn-`mj (am-xr-`qan {]kn- o-i-c-ww) KoXm-RvPen: PnbpsS hnh Ø\w Cw ojv hnh Ø\w `P\w ]qp\amcm-[-\bpw Leave this chanting and singing and km[-\bpw tl \n ØpI kmt[m telling of beads...... tncp th s mgpis - Meet him and stand by him in toil and (Pn-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pivkv, 1999) Sweat of thy brow (Collected poems and Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan, 1967) kzman hnth-im-μs Nn mtkm {]kwkw Address at the Final Session (27 Sept. 189) kam-]\ ktω-f-\-ønse {]kwkw (189 sk]vxw-_ 27) Kolkata {iocm--a-irjvw atw, ]pd-\m- p-i-c, Xr»q - {]hm-n-i Jeo Pn{_m Bcw`w apx ""Ch-sb mw D -cn- -s hm p-i-fm-sw- nepw Dcn-bm-SmØ hn-\-ß-fm lrzbw \n`r-x-am- bn-cp- p. Xs AKm[ \nkq-v-x-iƒ Bhn-jv -cn- p-hm Ah\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- n '' F p hsc-bp-ff `mkw (J-eo Pn{_m IrXn-Iƒ, t]pv 471-47, Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim -bw) samuyqƒ Advaita Ashrama (Publication Department) Prophet-Kahilil Gibran These things he said in words. But much in heart remained unsaid. For he himself could not speak his deeper secret- F -Xp-h-sc. (Greatest works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico Publishing House, Bombay). Cw o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxv ]cn-io-en- pi o o o o o o o ]Z-ßƒ hmiy-ßƒ ssien-iƒ ]gw snm piƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ {]i-kvx-cpss {]kw-k-ßƒ tej-\-ßƒ (km-lnxy imkv{x am\-hni hnj-b-ßƒ) : imkv{x- -km-t -XnI {KŸ-ßƒ s{]m^. kn. si. aq Xv ("hn-h Ø\w' tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq- v) samuyqƒ 4: Cw o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-te v hnh Ø\w snbvxv ]cn-io-en- pi o ]Z-ßƒ o hmiy-ßƒ

o o o o o ssien-iƒ ]gs m piƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ {]i-kvx-cpss {]kw-k-ßƒ tej-\-ßƒ : X -a-bn hcm-hp A]m-I-X-Iƒ - ("hn-h Ø\w' tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 1 s{]m^. hnjvwp-\m-cm-b-w \ºq-Xncn klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ 1. X a: kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k -dn-b) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T-\- kn m- -ßƒ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4. hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum. hn.-b. {]t_m-[-n-{μ, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn. hmkp-tzh ` -Xn-cn, kvssi _p v ]ªn-tjgvkv, amth-en c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum. F.C. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) Assk sa v o k mflihpw ssh m-\n-i-hp-amb GsX- nepw IrXn-I-fpsS / ]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh Ø- \w- -Cw- o-jn \n v ae-bm-f-øn-tet m ae-bm-f-øn \n v Cw o-jn-tet m o GsX- nepw hnh Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-ir-xn-bp-am-bp-ff Xmc-Xayw o imkv{-x-km-t -XnI ]Z-ßƒ v XØp-ey-amb ae-bmf ]Z-ßƒ Is- o Cw ojv kn\n-abv v ae-bmfw k_vsss- n-ep-iƒ Fgp-XpI o ae-bmf kn\n-abv v Cw ojv k_vsss- n-ep-iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. -ØpI ******** Code. MAA09(01) ska-ã III timg-kv- 9 ae-bmf kmlnxyw Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ samuyqƒ 1 ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 ae-bmf kmln-xysø kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmln-xy-øn Xm ]cyw P\n- n- p-ibpw snøpi hyxykvx kmlnxy cq]-ßƒ, {]ÿm-\-ßƒ F n-hsb hnzym n v ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- Øp-Ibpw kmln-xym-kzm-z-\-tijn hf Øp-Ibpw snøpi ka-im-eo\ kmlnxy kn m- -ß-sf- p-dn v kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw D- m- p-i. ae-bmf Ihn-X-sb- p-dn v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n- p ]mt-`m-k-ß-fmwv Cu `mkøv \n t±in- p- -Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-im-hyw, JWvU-Im-hyw, `mh-koxn F o kmln-xy-cq-]-ß-sf- pdn pw {]ÿm-\-ß-sf- p-dn pw ]cnnb-s -Sp-Øn-s m- mbn-cn- Ww hni-z-]-t\w \S-tØ-- -Xv.

14 F) sndp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-, Ip \ºym, ]q m-\w, cma-]p-cøv hmcy, DÆmbn hmcy XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cn-\m-co-xn-isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp Ihn-Xm- `m-k-ßƒ hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-i. 1. tkmh -t\m- m-cww (Ir-jvW-Km-Y) sndp-t»cn Xs -bp-h p-tff--msc m-cp-an-ß-s\...... B\-μ-Km\w XpS-ßn-\m-t\...) 2. Km m-co-hn-em]w (kv{xo-] Δw) Fgp-Ø-. I ym-w-ku-k- niw Ip \ºym AXp-I-- p-l-\p-am-\p-a-xp-ew...... howp-h-wßn ]Zm-t...) _n) Bim, Df-fq, hf-f-tømƒ F n-h-cpss cn-\-iƒ kmln-xy-n-cn-{x-øn-ep-- m- nb `mhp-i-xz-hy-xn-bm\w Xncn- -dn-bp-i. Ch-cpsS Hcp JWvU-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-ibpw A m-e-sø-gp-xnb a p Ihn-I-fpsS cn-\-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp-i. NWvUm-e-`n- pin (c-- mw-j-wvuw) Ipam-c-\m-im ae-ti-d (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) Df-fq Hc txmwn-bm{x hf-f-tømƒ kn) \thm- m-\-im-eøpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hp-ap-ff IhnXmNcn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em- p-i. ]pxnb Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ a\- n-em- p-i. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-cøn aqs Æw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- p-i..1 k - msv sshtem- n-ffn 2. Idp-Ø-sN- n- n-iƒ CS-t»cn. _m n-h- -Xp-apt- m F.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b 4. ]mhw am\-h-lr-zbw kpk-x-ip-amcn 5. amº-g- mew ]n.-]n. cma-n-{μ 6. Ae- p-xn-cn-bp IhnX d^o v Al-ΩZv (C-S-t»-cn, F. hn. IrjvW-hm-cy, ]n. ]n. cma-n-{μ F n-h-cpss Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-ãdn ]Tn-t -- -Xv) samuyqƒ 2 ae-bmf kmlnxy Ncn-{Xw, hnim-kw, ]cn-wmaw F nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-I-fn \n v FÆw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. sndp-iy 1. sssk _jo 2. Hcp \{km-wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kv{Xhpw k -dnb

15. hf Øp-ar-K-ßƒ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb 4. aq m-a-sxmcmƒ ap- q IrjvW Ip n 5. LSn-Im-c-ßƒ \ne-bv p kabw kp`m-jvn-{μ 6. taml-a v si.-b. aoc (_jo, ap- ]Tn-t -- t\mh -Xv) q IrjvW Ip- n, kp`mjv N{μ F n-h-cpss IY-I-fmWv Cu ska-ã-dn hr -k-z\w Sn.-hn. sim p_mh samuyqƒ F. KZy-km-ln-Xy-sØ- p-dn v kmam\y ]cn-nbw D- m- -Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna i-\w, kmln- Xy- kw-kvimc ]T-\-ßƒ apx-emb taj-e-i-fn \n- p-ff 6 tej-\-ß-fn 2 FÆw hni-z-ambn ]Tn- -Ww. 1. [ Ω-cmP (ssz-h-\o-xn v Zm n-wy-an- ) si. `mkvi-c \mb 2. ac- p-cnipw hnip inc pw si.-]n. A (si.-]n. A s sxc-s -SpØ tej-\-ßƒ hmfyw- 1). A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-{Z-am- p hyh-kmb kwkvimcw - Fw.-F. hnp-b (h Æ-ß-fpsS kwko-xw) 4. kmln-xy-hnzy (km-ln-xy-hn-zy) Ip n-irjvw amcm 5. Imhy-tl-Xp- ƒ Fw.-sI. km\p (Im-hy-XØz {]th-in-i) Un.-kn. _pivkv 6. Zn hm (th-dn ImgvN-Iƒ) hn.-si. {iocm-a (Ip- n-ir-jvw-am-cm, Fw. si. km\p F n-h-cpss tej-\-ß-fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- samuyqƒ 4 \ms-iw, Xnc- Y F n-h-sb- p-dn v kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw D- c- p- Ir-Xn-Iƒ \n t±-in- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. -Xv) m- Ww. Cu taj-e-i-fn \n p 1. k_ axn Zqsc-bmWv (G-Im \ms-iw) Pn. i -c- n-ff 2. ImgvN (Xn-c- -Y) ª n *********** Code. MA4A10(01) Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ ska-ã IV timg-kv- 10 kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-xbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4

v 16 tic-f-kw-kvim-c-øn\v Du \ In-s m- C y kwkvim-c-øn-s bpw \mk-cn-i-x-bpssbpw ] m-ø-e-øn kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn- p-ff {][m\ hkvxp-x-ifpw kao-]-\-co-xn-ifpw hnzym n-isf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn- p-ff k ]-\-ßƒ a\- n-em- pi C y kwkvim-c-søbpw \mk-cn-i-x-sbbpw Ipdn v a\- n-em- p-i. hna i-\m-fl-i-ambn kao-]n- p-hm-\p-ff Ignhv hf Øn-sb-Sp- pi tic-f-øns kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn pw \mk-cn-i-x-sb-ip-dn pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-- samuyqƒ 1 m- p-i. {]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvim-c-hpw, kwkvim-c-øns Bhn-jv m-c-ßƒ, kwkvimc ]ptcm-k-xn-bp-tsbpw ]cn-wm-a-øn-s bpw L -ßƒ hn`-p-\w- -hn-`-p-\-øns am\-z-wvu-ßƒ, kmwkvim-cni cq]-ßfpss BZm\ {]Zm-\-ßƒ, imkv{xhpw kwkvimc-hpw, kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-x-bpw, \mk-cn-i- Xbpw \K-c-h -c-w-hpw, kwkvim-chpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw- -kw-kvimcw Hcp {]{Inb F \nebv pw D ]- -sa \ne-bv pw, kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn- p-ff hnhn[ ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ- -h-tc-wykw-kvim-chpw P\-Iob kwkvim-c-hpw- -sxmgnemfn h kwkvim-cw- -km-am\y kwkvim-cw- -kwkvimc hyh-km-bw- -kw-kvim-chpw BtKm-fo-I-cWhpw -hn-h-c-ß-fpss {]hm-lw, kwkvim-c-øns hmwn-py-h -c-ww. samuyqƒ 2 C y kwkvim-cw- -hn-hn[ kao-]-\-ßƒ- -simtfmwn-b, km{am-py-xz, anj-\dn kao-]-\-ßƒ- - Hm-dn-b -en-ãp-i-fp-ssbpw tzio-b-hm-zn-i-fp-ssbpw kzman hnth-im-\-μ, Ac-hnμvtLmjv, cho-{μ- \my SmtKm XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-xob kwkvim-c-sø- p-dn- p-ff \ne-]m-sp-iƒ, ax-\n-ct] kao-]-\-ßƒ- -{_m- -W-ta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t m-`-w-ßfpw ZfnXv apt - -ß-fpw. taml P-Zm-tcm- -lm-c- kwkvim-cw- -ssp-\n-kw- -_p- n-kw- -C-h-bpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k- n, apkf cmp-kw-`m-h-\- -` n {]ÿm-\w, Iebpw kmln-xy-hpw- -{_n- ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvim-cni kzm[o-\-hpw, kmap-zm-bni ax ]cn-jvi-cw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ, Km n-pn-bpss {Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C y ax-\n-c-t]- -X-sb- p-dn- p-ff s\lvdp-hns ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ. samuyqƒ {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-cw- -ti-c-f-ønse {]mmv Ncn{X kaq-lhpw kwkvim-chpw tic-f-øns `q{]-ir- Xn-bp-sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-ssbpw kzm[o\w kwkvim-c-øn, ss{xh ÆnI kwkvim-cw- hn-hn[ ax-ßfpw ticf kwkvim-chpw (C- mw- -{In-kvXy - -_p- - -ssp\ apx-em-b-h) ae-bmf kmln-xyw- -cm-a-n-cn-x-im-c, IÆ-i, sndp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-, Ip \-ºym XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-iƒ- -`mjm hnim-kw- -\m-s I-e-Ifpw mkn- Ie-I-fpw- -a-e-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy- Øns hf. samuyqƒ 4 kmaq-lni ]cn-jvi-cw {]ÿm-\-ßƒ- -]-{X-am-knI {]h Ø-\-ßƒ- -tz-iob {]ÿm-\w tziob {]ÿm-\-øns kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-xy-øn - -sfiyti-cf {]ÿm-\w, ticf cq]o-i-c-ww, Im jni ]cn-jn-i-c-ww, ticf hni-k\ amxr-i, km -cxm {]h Ø-\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-IcW {]h Ø-\-ßƒ, B[p-\nI hnzym-`ym-kw, BtKm-f-h -c-w-hpw tic-f-hpw- -\-h-km-aq-ly-{]- ÿm-\-ßƒ- -ti-c-fhpw {]hm-kn-i-fpw. klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ:

17 kwkvimc ]T\w: Ncn-{Xw, kn m- w, {]tbmkw ae-bmf ]T\w kwlw, Id v _pivkv, tim -bw. P\-{]nb kwkvim-cw- -N-cn-{Xhpw kn m- hpw jmpn tp -_v, amxr-`qan _pivkv, timgn-t msv ticf Ncn{Xw cmp Kpcp- ƒ, cml-h-hm-cn-b (hf-f-tømƒ hnzym-]o-tw, FS- mƒ) ticf kwkvimcw F. {io[-c-ta-t\m ticf Ncn{Xw F. {io[-c-ta-t\m tic-f-øns C -se-iƒ si.-f. KtWjv tic-fo-b-x- -N-cn-{X-am-\-ßƒ Fw.-B. cml-h-hm-cn-b lnμp kzcmpv alm-flm-km n C ysb Is- -Ø Ph-l em s\lvdp C y tzio-b-x-bpss kmaqly ] m-øew F.-B. tzimbn (`mjm C Ãn- yq v) tic-f-øns kmwkvim-cni Ncn{Xw ]n.-si. tkm]m-e-ir-jvw a[y-ime tic-fw- -k-º-øv, kaq-lw, kwkvimcw Fw.-B. cml-h-hm-cy (Nn ]ªn-tj-gvkv) kwkvim-chpw tzio-b-xbpw tum. si.-f. ]Wn- Id v _pivkv, Xr»q tzio-b-xbpw kmln-xyhpw C.-hn. cma-ir-jvw, Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim bw ka-\z-bhpw kwl jhpw hn. Ac-hn-μm-, Nn ]ªntjgvkv Culture - Raymond Williams Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Ed: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta Mahajan The idea of Culture - Terry Eagleton Interpreting Early India - Romila Thapar Culture and Civilisation of India - D.D. Kosambi Ancient Indian Social History - Romila Thapar ************

18 Code. MA1A07(02) Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ ska-ã I tima timg-kv- 7 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw k m-fli cn-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jn-bpw ]T-\-k-abw s{i-un v : 4 : 90 awn- q hmwnpy imkv{x hnzym n-iƒ v kmln-xy-]-chpw kmln-txy-x-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coxn- Iƒ ]cn-n-bs -SpØn Ahsc Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v {]m]vx-cm- p-i. k m-fli cn-\-i-fn Xm ]cyw hf Øn-sb-Sp- p-i. tej-\w- -IØv F nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw X -a-iƒ \n Δ-ln- p-hm-\p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \ IpI hmwnpy imkv{x-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h n- n- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: kvac-w-iƒ (B-sd-Æ-Øn \mseæw ]Tn- m axn) \ms-i-øn\p ]n nse \msiw (I a-hn-]m-iw) hn.-sn. ` -Xn-cn- msv \nd-ipsw (Po-hn-X- m-x) sndp-imsv hntz-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ (Hm Øm hnkva-bw) Iem-a-WvUew sslz-cen Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs Pohn-X-I-Y) F.-sI.-Pn. B a\p-jy \o Xs (C-h Fs {]nb kn.-sp) tdmkn txmakv AºXv cq] iº-f-ap-ff DtZym-K-ÿ Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb (B-tcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an- m-sx) (Cu ska-ã-dn hn.-sn. ` -Xn-cn- m-sv, sndp-im-sv, F.-sI.-Pn,- tdmkn txmakv F n-h-cpss cn-\- IfmWv ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyqƒ 2: hnnm-c-km-lnxn (te-j\ kam-lm-cw) (B-sd-Æ-Øn \mseæw ]Tn- m axn) ae-bmfw ad- p- -h (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) kv{xo {]mxn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-k-xn-bpw 2004 (hnik\w Xs kzmx-{ yw) ASp- f Xncn- p-]n-sn- pi Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb Aa Xym-sk, tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v kmdm-tpm-k^v tic-fo-b-xbpw kn\n-a-bpss ]cn-n-c-whpw Pn.-]n. cma-n-{μ, NBS tim -bw, 1998 (kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpss Pohn-X-hpw) ^mkn-k-øns a\:imkv{xw Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-ip-am (_p- s Nncn) Ie-bnse kztzin {]ÿm-\hpw ]p\-cp- m-c-whpw hnp-b-ip-am tat\m

v 19 (`m-c-xo-b-ie 20- mw \q m-- n ) (Cu ska-ã-dn Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \mb, kmdm-tpm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-n-{μ, hnp-bvip-am tat\m F n-h-cpss tej-\-ß-fmwv ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyqƒ : F) hmwn-py- -Øp-Iƒ 1. hmwn-py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS kz`mhw 2. hnhn-[-xcw IØp-I-fpsS amxri (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw). ]c-ky-`mj (Z Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn- p-iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a p-]-c-ky-ßƒ) 4. _nkn-\ tp W-enkw (hn-hn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØWw. Ah-bnse `mjbpw ssienbpw a\- n-em- -Ww) _n) ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t -Xn-IXbpw : 1. "C\n hmb\ C -hm-b-\' hn. si. BZ iv (C\n hmb\ C hmb\ F ]pkvx-i- Ønse tej-\w, Un. kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn koco--kv) 2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk- p-iƒ- -tsmw. sp. aßm v ("ssk-_ ae-bmfw' FUn. Sn. hn. kp\ox, Id v _pivkv, Xriq ) klm-bi {KŸ-ßƒ hmwn-py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12- mw A[ymbw hsc (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) samuyqƒ 4: hnh Ø\w hnh Ø-\w- -\n Δ-N-\-ßƒ- -t{km-x-`mj (Source of Language) e y-`mj (Target Language) hnh Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw km[y-x-i-fpw- -hn-h Ø-\-Øns {]m[m-\yw- -km-lnxy hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ- -im-kv{x-ir-xn-i-fpss hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]txyi {]iv\-ßƒ- -{]-kw-k-]-cn-`m-j- -]-{Xw, tdun-tbm, ssen-hn-j XpS-ßnb _lp-p\ am[y-aßƒ p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh Ø-\-Øn {i n-t - Imcy-ßƒ- -]-c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI dnt m p-iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F n-h-bpss hnh Ø-\w. b{ -hn-h Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y- -c-ww (Transliteration) hnh Ø\ ]p\:krjvsn (Transcreation) F n-h-sb- p-dn- p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-nbw (hn-h Ø-\-Øns hnhn-[-x-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eq-ssbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-tØ- XmWv). klm-bi {KŸ-ßƒ 1. X a: kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (F-Un) Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k -dn-b) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -ßƒ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4. hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum.-hn.-b. {]t_m-[-n-{μ ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn. hmkp-tzh ` -Xncn

20 kvssi _p v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en- c 6. hnh Ø\ hnnmcw tum. F.-C. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw Fw.-]n. kzm-in-h *************** (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) Code. MA2A09(02) ska-ã II tima timg-kv- 9 ae-bmf kmlnxy ]cn-nbw Dt±iye- y-ßƒ ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 ae-bmf `mj, kmlnxyw kwkvimcw F n-h-sb- p-dn v s]mxp[m-c-w-iƒ cp]-s -Sp-Øp-I. `mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI k m-fli cn-\-bn-te s -Sm-\p-ff hnzym n-bpss tijn h n- n- pi samuyqƒ 1: IY-Iƒ (Bdv IY-I-fn \mseæw ]Tn- -Ww) Bcm-[\ Ddq_v lmbv, F p-c-k-ap-ff Ifn-Iƒ AIv_ I - n Xcn-ip-\new am[-hn- p n pc-ky-[mc kn.-hn. {iocm-a hnhm-l- n-t v hn.-si.-f U ln 1981 Fw. apip-μ (Cu ska-ã-dn Ddq-_v, am[-hn- p- n, hn.-si.f., apip-μ F n-h-cpss IY-I-fmWv ]Tn-t -- - Xv). samuyqƒ 2: IhnX-Iƒ (Bdv IhnXI-fn \mseæw ]Tn- -Ww) Fs `mj hf-f-tømƒ Du men sshtem- n-ffn \nanjw Pn. i c- p-dp v am p-a-d ]q mew ]n. Ip n-cm-a \mb ag- mew A h Aen arkin -I hnp-b-e van (Cu ska-ã-dn hf-f-tømƒ, sshtem- n-f-fn, ]n. Ip n-cm-a \m-b, A h Aen F n-hcpss Ihn-X-I-fmWv ]Tn-t -- -Xv)

v 21 samuyqƒ : t\mh thcp-iƒ ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw samuyqƒ 4: Xnc- Y/\mSIw s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew (Xn-c- -Y) ]Zva-cm-P ************ Code. MA1A07(0) ska-ã I tima timg-kv- 7 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w k m-fli cn-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 Dt±iye- y-ßƒ ]c-º-cm-k-x-a- mø t{]m{km-ap-iƒ v taj-e-bn Xm ]cyw hf Øp-I. hnzym n-i-fpss Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h n- n- pi imkv{x-hn-j-b-ßƒ amxr-`m-j-bn-eqss Ah-X-cn- n- m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- hnh Ø-\-Øn-\p-ff _me]mtßƒ ]Tn- p-i. samuyqƒ 1: ssh m-\ni kmlnxy cn\ ae-bm-f-øn hni-kn- p-sim- ]Tn- p hnzym n-iƒ v kmln-xy- -kmw-kvim-cni m- pi ncn- p Hcp kmln-xy-im-j-bmwv imkv{x-km-ln-xyw. imkv{x kmt -XnI hnzy-iƒ \nxy-po-hn-x-øn snep-øp kzm[o\w hºn- -Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm- Xs imkv{x Imcy-ßƒ efn-x-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- m-\p-ff Ignhv imkv{x-hn-zym n-iƒ v D- m-th- Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. AØcw cn-\-i-fpss {]iv\-ßfpw {]txy-i-x-ifpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- Øp-I-bmWv Cu samuyq-fns e yw. ae-bm-f-øn ssh m-\ni kmln-xy-øns ÿm\w, ssh m-\ni kmln-xy-øn\pw k KmflI kmln-xy-øn\pw Dff hyxym-k-ßƒ - -ssh- m-\ni kmln-xy-c-n-\-bpss {]iv\-ßƒ- -`mj- -ssi-en- -km-t -XnI ]Z-ßƒ- -{]-Xn-]m-Z\ coxn-bpss {]m[m\yw. imkv{x-hn-j-b-ßƒ k KmflI cn-\bv v hnj-b-am- p-tºmƒ D- m-ip {]iv\-ßƒ. samuyqƒ 2: imkv{x-km-lnxn (imkv{x tej-\-ß-fpss kam-lm-cw) 1. Nne- n-he si. `mkv -c \mb 2. BcpsSbmWo `qan B.-hn.-Pn. tat\m. \mt\m-ss-ivt\m-f-pn-s mcmapjw Sn. {]Zo]v (Ip p-i-w-ßƒ v hk- w) Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim bw 4. hwi-ß-fpss AXn-Po-h\w Poh tpm_v txmakv (hn-izm-k-øns ico-c-im-kv{xw) Un.-kn. _pivkv, tim bw 5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-w-iq-sw, Itºm-fw, kaq-lw- -h-μ\ inh, amxr-`qan _pivkv, timgn-t msv (Pe-bp- -ßƒ) (si. `mkvi-c \mb, B.-hn.-Pn. tat\m, Sn. {]Zo-]v, hμ-\-inh F n-h-cpss tej-\- ß- fmwv Cu ska-ã-dn ]Tn-t -- -Xv). samuyq-ƒ : Hcp imkv{x- s Poh-N-cn{Xw

22 bqdn-k-km-dn kn.-pn. im -Ip-am ticf imkv{x-km-lnxy ]cn-jøv, Xr»q samuyq-ƒ 4: hnh Ø\w hnh Ø-\w- -\n Δ-N-\-ßƒ- -t{km-x-`mj (Source of Language) e y-`mj (Target Language) hnh Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-xn-ifpw km[y-x-i-fpw- -hn-h Ø-\-Øns {]m[m- \yw- -km-lnxy hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-ßƒ- -im-kv{x-ir-xn-i-fpss hnh Ø-\-Ønse {]txyi {]iv\-ßƒ- -{]-kw-k-]-cn-`m-j- -]-{Xw, tdun-tbm, ssen-hn-j XpS-ßnb _lp-p\ am[y-a-ßƒ pth-- n-bp-ff hnh Ø-\-Øn {i n-t - Imcy-ßƒ ]c-ky-ßƒ, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn- p-iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F n-h-bpss hnh Ø-\w. b{ -hn-h Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y- cww (Transliteraton) hnh Ø\ ]p\:krjvsn (Transcreation) F n-h-sb- p-dn- p-ff kmam-\y-]- cn-nbw (hn-h Ø-\-Øns hnhn[ Xe-ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-kni ]cn-io-e-\-øneq-ssbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.) 1. imkv{x hn m-\-]-t-\-øn\v C hmb\ hn. si. BZ iv ("C\n hmb\ C -hm-b-\' Un. kn. _pivkv, sf. Sn. kocnkv) 2. imkv{xw, axw, aqey-kr-jvsn, hnzym-`ymkw (hn-zym-`ymkw k -fl-i Pohn-X-Øn\v FUn.sUbv Fw. _ty Cu ]pkvx-i-ønse tej-\w, {]km: imkv{x-km-ln-xy-]-cn-j- Øv) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ: 1. X a: kn m- hpw {]tbm-khpw ae-bm-f-øn (F-Un. Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c & kvidnb k -dn-b) 2. hnh Ø\ ]T\ kn m- -ßƒ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 14. hnh Ø-\-Øns `mjm-im-kv{x-`q-ani tum. hn.-b. {]t_m-[-n-{μ ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq v 4. hnh Ø\w Hcp kwlw tej-i (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) 5. X p-a-bpss Xmt m kn.-hn. hmkp-tzh ` -Xncn kvssi _p v ]ªn-tjgvkv amthen- c 6. hnh Ø-\-hn-Nmcw tum. F.-C. hniz-\my Aø (ti-cf `mjm C Ãn- yq- v) ********** Code. MA2A09(0) Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ: ska-ã II tima timg-kv- 9 ae-bmf kmln-xy-]-t\w ]T-\-k-abw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-xy-ønepw Xmev]cyw hf Øp-I, Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf ØpI ae-bmf `mj, kmln-xyw, kwkvimcw F n-h-sb- p-dn v kmam-\y-[m-cw cq]-s -Sp-ØpI hnhn[ kmln-xy-cq-]-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-ØpI amxr-`m-j-bpss sshim-cn-i-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-x-ifpw ]cn-tim-[n- -dn-bm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-samcp pi hnhn[ ssh m-\ni taj-e-iƒ kz w `mj-bn Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- k Km-fl-I-tijn ]cn-t]m-jn- n- p-i. m- p-i.

samuyqƒ 1: t\mh BSp-Po-hnXw _\ym-an ({Ko _pivkv, Xr»q ) samuyqƒ 2: IYm-k-am-lmcw (6 IY-I-fn 4 FÆw ]Tn- m axn) sabn dæ Fkv.-sI. s]m msv 2 PmPz-ey-am\w {]nb F.-Fkv h- n-th-j-ßƒ sshim-j ai Sn. ]fl-\m-` tnme-a-c-ßƒ n-s-bn hn.-b. kp[ojv s]e-a-dpx \mcm-b (Cu ska-ã-dn Fkv.-sI. s]m m-sv, sshim-j, Sn. ]fl-\m-`, hn.-b. kp[ojv F n-hcpss IY-I-fmWv ]Tn-t -- samuyqƒ : \msiw -Xv). A[n-\n-th-i-Øns Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ si.-fw. cml-h \ºym (kzm-x{ yw Xs Pohn-Xw) (ti-cf kmlnxy A m-z-an) samuyqƒ 4 : IhnX ]pø Iehpw Acn-hmfpw CS-t»cn ************ Code. MA1B01 sk-a-ã I timgvkv 1 ]T\kabw : 108 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 `mjbpw kmln-xyhpw ]T-\-Øns coxn-imkv{xw Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ kaqlw, kwkv m-cw, kmln-xyw, `mj, F n-hsb kw_- n- p [mcw hnzym n-i-fn D- m- p-ibpw a p imkv{x-ß-fpss ]T-\-ß-fn \n p `mjm-km-ln-xy-]-t-\-øns coxnimkv{xw Fßs\ hyxy-kvx-am-ip- p-sh v t_m[y-s -Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv Cu timgvkns e yw samuyqƒ- 1 imkv{xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{xhpw kmln-xy-hpw imkv{x-]-t-\-hpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{x-]-t-\hpw, kmln-xyhpw kaq-l-hpw, kmln-xy-hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, kmln-xy-øns auen-i-x, Bkzm-Z\w, [ a-t_m-[-\w, am\-hn-i-x, aqey-ßƒ, {]Xy-bimkv{Xw F n-hsb kw_- n kmln-xy-øns ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ klm-b-i-{kÿ-ßƒ Ip n-ir-jvw-am-cm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - km-ln-xy-hnzy tum. eoem-hxn Fw - - - - - - - - - imkv{xhpw kmln-xyhpw

24 tum. jmpn-tp- -_v. Fw. - - - - - - - - t\mhepw Ncn-{X-hpw- -t\m-h Ncn-{X-Øns ]mt-t`zw Imhp-ºmbn _me-ir-jvw - - - - - - - - im-kv{xhpw imkv{x-km-ln-xy-hpw ae-bmfimkv{x-km-ln- Xy-{]-ÿm\w Hcp ]T\w tum. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ - - - - - - - - - - kw-kv m-cw, kmwkv m-cn-i-hm-zw, kmwkv m-cn-i-`u-xn-i-hmzw kwkv m-c-]-t\w tum. si. F. ]Wn- - - - - - - - - - - kw-kv m-chpw tzio-b-xbpw samuyqƒ- 2 `mj \n h-n\w, ImgvN m-sp-iƒ, hy n-i-fpss Bi-b-hy-h-lm-c-am- y-a-sa \ne-bnepw kmaqly-amb \n ΩnXn F -\n-e-bnepw `mj-bpss \ne-\n v. `mjm-nn- -ßfpw CX-c-Nn- -hy-h-ÿ-ifpw. a\p-jy-`m-j-bp-ssbpw a\p-tjy-x-c-`m-j-bp-ssbpw hyxy-kvx-x-iƒ, A -\n W-b-t\m-]m-[n- Iƒ A`n[, e -W, hyrvp\, enwkw, h Æw, PmXn F o kmaq-ly-{]-xn-`m-k-ßfpw `mjbpw, kmln-xy-`m-jbpw kmln-txyxc-`m-j-bpw Ae- mcw, hrøw F n-h-bn-eqss cq]-s -Sp kmln-xy-`m-j-bpss khn-ti-j-x-iƒ klm-bi-{k-ÿ-ßƒ tum. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\p-Æn- - - - - - - - - - - - - Im-hy-Nn tum.-]n. si. \mc-b-w-]n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ssi-c-fo-[z\n tum. Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn- m-sv- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - km-aq-ln-i-`m-jm-imkv{xw tum. si. Fw. {]`m-i-c-hm-cy - - - - - - - - - - - - B-[p-\n-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw tum. ]n. Fw. Knco-jv- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -B-Nm-c-`mj - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw tum. Fw. Fkv. tamt\m - - - - - - - - - - - ]uckvxy-km-ln-xy Z i\w s\ n- apc-fo-[-c - - - - - - - - - - - - km-ln-xy-kn- m- -ßƒ samuyqƒ- kmln-xyw- -hy-xy-kvx-im-gvn- m-sp-iƒ. Bkzm-Z-I, Ir-Xn, I Ømhv ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ- -[ Ω-hm-Z-]- cw, a\-»m-kv{x-]cw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{x-]-cw, Poh-N-cn-{X-]-cw, kmln-xyw kaq-l-øns {]Xn-^-e- \-sa- -\n-e-bn-epw, {]Xn-\n-[m-\Iw F \ne-bn-epw, kmwkv m-cn-tim - -sa \ne-bnepw klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ- - Fw. ANyp-X - - - - - - - - - - - - - ]m- m-xy-km-ln-xy-z i\w tum. si. Fw. Xc-I - - - - - - - - - - - - - ]m- m-xy-km-ln-xy-x-xz-imkv{xw tum. Fw. eoem-h-xn- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\-h-x-cwkw si. k n-zm-\-μ (FUn- )- - - - - - - - - -]p-xp-i-hnx Hcp N tic-f-i-hnx 2010 samuyqƒ- 4 kwkv mcw \n Δ-N-\w, kwkv m-c-øns Bhn-jv m-c-ßƒ, A[n-\n-thi kwkv m-cw, kmwkv m-cn-im-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ tum. si. F. ]Wn- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - kw-kv m-chpw tzio-b-xbpw

jmpn-tp- _v Fw.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - tum. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - kw-kv m-c-]-t\w - - - - - - - - - - - - - Code. MA2B02 25 -kw-kv m-c-]-t\w Hcp-kw-Lw-te-J-I - t\m-h Ncn-{X-Øns ]mt-t`zw (ae-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, ImeSn, -hn-x-cww Id v _p vkv Xr»q ) *************** ska-ã II timg-kv- 2 IYm kmln-xy-w Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ: t\mh, sndp-iym kmln-xy-ßsf kw_- n v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D- ae-bmf t\mh, sndp-iym kmln-xy-øns hf sb a\- n-em- pi ka-im-eo\ t\mh-en-s bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-ßƒ Xncn- -dn-bpi ]T-\-k-abw : 108 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 m- pi Ncn-{Xhpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb Hcp D ]- -sa \ne-bn Cu kmlnxy cq]-ßsf Dƒs mffp-i. samuyqƒ 1: t\mh ]m- mxy ]uckvxy \n h-n-\-ßƒ- -t\m-h apt m-sn-iƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-øn - sdmam kp-ifpw t\msh- -I-fpw- -]m- m-xy-km-ln-xy-ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-iƒ- -hn-iz-{]-kn- ß-fmb t\mh-ep-ifpw t\mh-en-ãp-i-fpw- -hn-t\m-zhpw hn m-\-hpw- -a-\p-jy-{]-ir-xn, Pohn-Xw kwkvim-c-ßƒ F n-h-sb- p-dn- p-ff ]pxnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temiw apgp-h ]c- p- Xv t\mh-ep- I-fn-eqsS. `mc-xob t\mh-ep-iƒ- - B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-ifpw t\mh-en-ãp-i-fpw- -t\m-h ae-bm-f-øn - -ap-t m-sn-iƒ- -B-ZysØ aebmf t\mh - -hy-xy-kvxm-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ- 19mw \q m-- nse t\mh-ep-iƒ- -C-μp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-Wß-fpw- -C-μp-te-J-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvim-cn-i-hp-amb {]m[m-\yw. Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ - kn.-hn. cma ]n-f-f-bpss Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-x-iƒ- -{]m-[m-\yw. X a t\mh-ep-iƒ hniz-km-ln-xy-ir-xn-i-fpss X -a-iƒ, tsmƒtãm-bv, hnivs lyqtkm, Nmƒkv Un kv, slanmvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Itfm cho-{μ-\m-y-sm-tkm, _ nw-n-{μ-nm- Pn, Xmcm-i- _tμym-]m-[ym-b, ic- -{μ-nm- m Pn, Bim-]q Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C y kmln-xy-im-c- m-cpss t\mh-ep-itfm BImw. tic-fob kmaq-lni kmwkvim-cni A -co w {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp t\mh-ep-iƒ- -t\m-h-ep-ifn-eq-ss-am{xw A\m-h-cWw snø-s, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temiw Adn-bm-Xn-cp Pohn-X-ßƒ- -km-[mc-w- m-cp-ssbpw ASn-ÿm\ h -Øn-t bpw Pohn-Xw- -]p-tcm-k-a-\-km-ln-xy-øns Bhn `mhhpw kzm[o-\hpw t\mh-en t\mh km[m-c-w- m-cs Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-ncyw XI-gn, tii-tz-hv, _jo, Fkv.-sI. Ddq_v apøn-cn-tßmsv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im.

26 1. imcz N p-ta-t\m 2. [ ΩcmP kn.-hn. cma ]-ff. c- n-s-ßgn XIgn samuyqƒ 2: kmaq-lni am -ßƒ hy nsb ti{μo-i-cn- p-sim- pff ]pxnb ImgvN- m-sp-iƒ a\-»m-kv{x- Øns kzm[o-\w- -hy- nbpw kaq-lhpw s]mcpø-ßfpw s]mcpø-t -Sp-Ifpw hy nbpw am\-kni {]iv\-ßfpw `mj-bp-tsbpw cn-\-bp-tsbpw khn-ti-j-x-iƒ. cmp-e- van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn- p- n, si. kptc-{μ, timhn-e, \ -\m, sndp-im-sv, ]md- p-d-øv, ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw, kn. cm[m-ir-jvw, h -e, F.-]n. apl-ωzv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cn-\- Iƒ. t\mh-en B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn `m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv -cw coxn-bn h am -ßƒ hy nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep-ff s]mcpø-t -Sp-Iƒ hy n kzmx-{ y-øns {]iv\-ßƒ- -im-kv{x-øns kzm[o-\w- -hn-izm-k-ø-i -Iƒ- -aq-ey-nyq-xn-iƒ- -A apj-xzw- -AkvXn-Xz-kw-_- n-bmb {]iv\-ßƒ- -cm-jv{sob k ]-ß-fn h am w- -kz-]v\-ß-fpss \jvsw- - {]-Xo- -I-fpsS ssitam-iw- -am-\-kni hn{`m- n-iƒ, Bi-b- p-g- -ßƒ/A\y-h -c-ww. Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ]md- p-døv am møn kmdm-tpm-k^v klm-b-{k-ÿ-ßƒ t\mh kmlnxyw Fw.-]n. t]mƒ t\mh kmlnxy Ncn{Xw s{]m^. si.-fw. Xc-I ae-bmf t\mh 19- mw \q m-- n tum. tpm v Ccp-ºbw BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh s{]m^. Xpº-a txmakv Ncn-{X-t\m-h ae-bm-f-øn I _me-ir-jvw kn.-hn. Ncn{XmJym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS Fw.-sI. IrjvW {]Xn-]m{Xw `mj-w-t`zw F. IrjvW-]n-ff sszh \oxn p Zm nwyan tum. si. `mkvi-c \m-b t\mh \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw Pn.-F. ]Wn- t\mhepw cmjv{so-bhpw F.-Fw. hmkp-tz-h ]nff samuyqƒ sndp-i-y- -\n Δ-N-\-ßƒ hni-zo-i-c-w-ßƒ- -hn-iz-km-ln-xy-øn - -]m- m-xy-kmln-xy-ønse sndp-i-yiƒ hniz-{]-kn- -cmb sndp-i-ym-ir-øp- ƒ- -sn-dp-i-y-sb kmlnxy cq]-øns hf - -bq-tdm-]y `mj-i-fn - -em- n-\-ta-cn- - -B-{^n- `mj-i-fn - -a-\p-jy-{]-ir-xn-bpss kq va-km- m m-c-sa \ne-bn sndp-i-y-bpss ÿm\w. sndp-iy `mc-xob `mj-i-fn - -h-f - -sn-dp-iy ae-bm-f-øn - -ssh-tz-in-i-kzm-[o\w BZy-Im-esN-dp-I-Y-Iƒ ]{X-{]-h Ø-\w- -]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw- -A-\p-I-c-W-ßƒ- -ti-c-fo-bm- -co- - Øn \S-Ønb ]p\:krjvsn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c -BZy sndp-i-y- 19- mw \q m-- ns Ah-km-\w.

27 Ccp-]Xmw \q m-- ns XpS w 190- -I-tfmsS cq]-s \ho-i-c-w-øns h m- -fmbn h XI-gn, tzhv, _jo, Ddq-_v, s]m Ip w h n, Imcq, hn.-sn., Fw.-B.-_n., efn-xmw-_ni A P-\w, si. kc-kz-xn-bω F n-h-cpss IY-Iƒ bym-x-y-k-t -Xw- -km-[m-c-w-a-\p-jy-cpss {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-]- m-ø-ew- -ti-cfønse CS-Xp-] cmjv{sob kzm[o-\w- -{]-Xyb imkv{x-]-c-amb kzm[o-\w- -]p-tcm-k-a\ kmln-xy-øns {]`m-h- Imew sndp-i-y-bpss awvu-e-øn hcp-ønb am -ßƒ. hmk-\m-hn-irxn tikcn thß-bn Ip n-cm-a \mb-\m ac- m-h-iƒ Imcq a\p-jy-]p{xn efn-xmw-_ni A P\w samuyqƒ- 4 F) sndp-i-y-bn h `mhp-ixz ]cn-wm-a-ßƒ- 1950-I-tfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-kni temißsf Nn{Xo-I-cn- p coxn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp- p. hy n-bpss kmaq-ln-i-kzxzw Bhn-jv -cn- p- - Xn \n p amdn B -c-kz-xzsø Bhn-jv -cn- p- -Xn\p {]m[m-\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m-`, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn- p- n, F. taml-\, timhn-e, \ -\m, ae-bm- q cma-ir-jvw XpS-ßn-b-h. Ccp- ns Bflmhv Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b ] n-bpss aww am[-hn- p n sn n- q- ƒ timhn-e _n) B[p\n-IXm {]ÿm-\w- -]p-xnb `mhp-ixzw bm-ym ysø A]-cn-NnXh -cn- p-i- -B- [p-\n-ixm {]ÿm-\-øns cn-\m-x-{ w- -hy-xykvx BJym\ coxn-iƒ- -bq-tdm- nse AkvXn-Xzhm-Zw, iq\y-xm-hmzw apx-emb Bi-b-K-Xn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\w- (-km {Xv, Im^vI, Iayp F n-h-cpss Z i-\-ß-tfm-sp-ff ASp- w)- -]-c-º-cm-k-x-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI p coxn Ah-ew-_n- - -Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-w- n-f-f, H.-hn. hnp-b, Fw. apip-μ, ]fl-cm-p, tkxp, ]p\-øn Ip -_vzp-f-f, hn.-si.-f., Im -\m-s, k -dn-b, B\-μv, kn.-hn. {iocm-a, ] -Øp-hnf Icp- Wm-I-c XpS-ßnb IYm-Ir-Øp- ƒ {]]- -Øns Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ k -dnb apcp-i F ]mºm n Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-w- n-ff e v hn.-si.-f. kn) sndp-i-y-bpss ka-im-eni apjw Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS- -Øn B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\- Øns hgn-i-tfmsv Htc kabw ASp- hpw AI-ehpw ]pe Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h ]m-c-un, ]mtm- -c- _- w, arkiy-i-fp-ssbpw sfxnlyßfpssbpw LS-\- -B-Jym\cq]-ßƒ- -B-[p-\n-I-X-bvs -Xnsc-bp-ff Ielw ]pxnb `mhp-i-xz-øns At\z-jWw kv{xohm-zw, ]mcn-ÿn-x-im-h-t_m-[w, {]m -h -cn-s - -h-cpss kzxzm-hn-jvim-cw, BtKm-f-h -c-w-øn-s\-xn-sc-bp {]mtz-in-i-xbpss {]Xn-tcm-[w kmaq-lni Pm{K-X, kq a cmjv{sob ss\xn-i-[m-cw

28 F. Fkv. am[-h, F {]`m-i-c, kn. hn. _me-ir-jvw, hn. ]n. inh-ip-am, sshim- J, AIv_ I - n-, Atim-I sncp-hn, si. ]n. \n a Ipam, t{kkn, taxn cm[m-irjvw, inlm-_p-±o s]mbvøpw-i-s-hv, hn. B. kp[o-jv, kmdm tpmk^v, KoXm lnc-wy, Ajn-X, N{μ-a-Xn, knxmc Fkv, kp[oc, si. B. aoc, si. ]n. cma-\p-æn, _n. apc-fn, kt mjv F n- m-\w, ]n. kptc-{μ, kp`mjv N{μ, B. DÆn, Cμp-ta-t\m, si. tcj, [\ycm-pv, kn. A\p]v XpS-ßnb ]pxnb Fgp-Øp-Im. H hn. ]n. inh-ip-am Cu `qan-sb- n A[nIw ]d-tb- kn. hn. _me-ir-jvw ] n-t`m-p\w kt mjv F n- m\w klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ sndp-iym kmlnxyw Fw. ]n. t]mƒ sndp-iym kmlnxyw Fw. ANyq-X IYm-]-T-\-ßƒ ]n. si. ]c-ta-iz-c \mb {KŸm-hen IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw si. ]n. A sn-dp-i-y-bpss Oμ v tum. hn. cmp-ir-jvw \n»-_vz-xbpw \n Ωm-Whpw C. ]n. cmp-tkm-]m-e IY-bpsS IY tum. si. Fkv. chn-ip-am ae-bm-f-ønse BZy-Ime sndp-i-y-iƒ 100 h jw 100 IY sn-dp-iy hm pw hgnbpw IYbpw `mhp-ixz ]cn-wm-ahpw ********************* Code. MAB0 Dt±-iy-e- y-ßƒ sk-a-ã III timgvkv am[y-a-]-t\w ]T\kabw : 90 awn- q s{i-un v : 4 Bib hn\n-a-b-øns ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\nab taj-e- I-fpsS km[yx Xncn- -dn-bp-i. _lp-p-\-kw-th-z\w (mass communication) ] m-ø-ew, am[y-a-]-t-\-øns coxn-imkv{xw F nhsb- p-dn v [mc-w-bp-- m- pi am[y-a-{]-h Ø-\-Øns am\-ß-sf- p-dn pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf- p-dn pw kmam\y t_m[-ap- - m- pi B[p-\n-I-km-t -XnI hnzy-i-fpss ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eqss am[y-a-{]-h Ø\w F sxmgn taj-etbm-sp A`n-cpNn hf ØpI Ne- n{x Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne- n{x \ncq-]ww F n-h-bn Xm ]cyw P\n- n- pi

29 A Sn -Zr-iy- -{im-hy- -C s\ v taj-e-i-fn `mj-bpss {]tbm-k-ssh-hn- y-ßƒ ]cn-n-b-s - Sp-Øp-I. kmaq-ln-i- -cm-jv{so-b- -kmw-kvim-cni ]cn-k-c-ßsf \nb-{ n- p am[y-a-ß-sf- p-dn v hna i-\- _p- n-tbmss ]Tn- m\pw hne-bn-cp-øm\pw {]m]vx-cm- p-i. v samuyqƒ- 1 Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ ]e-xcw Bi-b-hn-\nabßƒ, _lp-p-\-kw-th-z\ (mass communication) Øns ] m-ø-ew, A -SnbpsS Bhn `mhw, hnim-kw, A Sn am[y-a- Øns khn-ti-j-x-iƒ, C y-bnse ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-Øns Ncn{Xw (km-am-\y-]-cn-n-bw) C y ]{X-{]-h Ø-\-cwKw kzmx-{ y-øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h Ø\w, anj-wdn-am-cpss kw`m-h-\, ]{X-{]-h Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns hf bpw tic-fob \thm- m-\hpw ]{X-{]- h Ø-\hpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-ßfpss Bhn `m-hw hnim-kw. : A[n-Im-chpw am[y-a-ß-fpw _n. B. ]n. `mkvi ("am-[y-a-]-t-\-ßƒ' FUn. ] -\-cm-a-n-{μ \mb, Id v _pivkv, Xr»q ) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ ticf ]{X-{]-h Ø\ Ncn{Xw ]pxp- n cmlh, ticf kmlnxy A m-zan hrøm ]{X-{]-h Ø\w kztz-im-`n-am\n cma-ir-jvw-]n am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-xyhpw Fw hn. txma-kv, kmwkvim-cni {]kn- o-i-cw hip v ]{X-{]-h Ø\w `n -ap-j-ßƒ ticf {] A m-zan \m\m \mzw Htc temiw ko amiv ss{_uv, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v hm Ø ]{Xhpw hm Øbpw tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v dnt m nwkv tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v kºq Æ ]{X-kw-hn-[m\w tpmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v hm Ø-bpsS inev]-ime F. F. kxy-{h-x ]{X-`mj ticf {]kv A m-zan ]{X temiw Sn. thwp-tkm-]m-e, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v sam-uyqƒ 2 Zriy- -{imhy am[y-a-ßƒ {]t -]-W-Øns Ncn{Xw {]t -]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øns {]txy-i-x- Iƒ tdun-tbm-bpss Bhn `mhw hnimkw tic-f-øn tduntbm {]t -]W-Øns Bcw`w tdun-tbm-bv p-th- n cn-\-iƒ \n h-ln- p-tºmƒ {i n-t - Imcy-ßƒ, P\-Iob am[y-a-sa \ne-bn tdun-tbm-bpss {]k- n, ae-bmf kmln-xy kwkvimc {]Nm-c-W-Øn tduntbm hln ] v. ssen-hn-j Bhn `mhw hnimkw Sn. hn. C Uy-bn tic-f-øn hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ ssen-hn-j P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ hn m-\-hn-t\mz ]cn-]m-sn-iƒ P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l- Øn Zriy-am-[y-a-ßƒ hln- p ] v

0 tdmuntbm \msiw Sn. F. tkm]n-\m-y \mb ("\m-siw Hcp ]T-\w' kn. sp. kvamci {]kwk kanxn, amfp-_ ]ªn-t -j kv, Xncp-h-\- -]p-cw) klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ Zriy- -{imhy am[y-a-ßƒ Zriy-`mj ss-en-hn-j tpw-enkw B temiw apx "C' temiw hsc sam-uyqƒ Hcp kwlw tej-i, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v si. Fkv cmp-ti-j-c, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v hn. cmp-tkm-]m, Id v _pivkv tum. sp. hn. hnf-\new kn\n-a Bhn `mhw, hf, kn\n-a-bpss ]cn-wm-a-ßƒ, temi-kn-\na, C Uy kn\n-a, aebmf kn\na (km-am\y ]cn-n-bw) tumiyq-sa dn kn\n-a-bpss Bhn `mhw tumiyq-sa dn ^o kn\n-a-i-fpss -hy-xym-kw, kn\n-abpw kmln-xy-hpw, Xnc- Ym \n Ωm-Ww Ne- n-{xhpw t{] -I-\pw, Bkzm-Z\w, \ncq-]-ww, tic-fob \thm- m-\-øns {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn hcp- -sx-ßn-s\, {]mtz-in-i-kz-xz-t_m[w (ti-c-fo-b-x) kn\na Dƒs m- p- -sxßs\ kn\nam]t\w kmwkvim-cni ]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ klm-bi {KŸ-ßƒ Ne- n-{x-øns s]mcpƒ hnp-b-ir-jvw, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v tem-i-kn-\na hnp-b-ir-jvw, Un. kn. _pivkv ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpss IY hnp-b-ir-jvw amxr-`qan _pivkv ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-xyhpw a[p Cd-h- -c, Un. kn. _pivkv Hcp kn\na Fß-s\-bp-- m-ip p si. si. N{μ, Nn m ]ªn-tjgvkv temi kn\n-a-iƒ Pn. ]n. cma-n-{μ, Nn m ]ªn-tjgvkv kn\na hountbm ssiv\n v - tum. apc-fo-ir-j-w, Un. kn. _pivkv IYbpw Xnc- -Ybpw tum. B. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c, amxr-`qan _pivkv Xnc- Ym cn\ Iebpw kn m- hpw tpmkv. si. am\p-h kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw hn. si. tpmk^v Aen-hns aμm-c-ßƒ a[p Cd-h- c kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw si. the- cm{xnbpw aqs a pw hn. cmp-ir-jvw Nn{Xw Ne- n{xw a S chn-h Ω ae-ap-i-fn a p-s]-øp-tºmƒ sf. j ap-j-zmkv ^nenw Ub-d- kmp sxcp-h- pg sam-uyqƒ 4 ssk_ am[y-a-ßƒ : \h-am-[y-a-ßƒ, khn-ti-j-x-iƒ, C ^ ta-j bpkw hnhc kmt - XnI hnzy Bi-b-hn-\n-ab cwk-øp-- m- nb hnπ-h-ßƒ Iºyq-, C s\ v C kmln-xyw, C s\ v Broadcasting, C s\ v tdun-tbm, C sabn, thƒuv sshuv sh_v (W.W.W)

1 hm Øm-[n-jvTnX sh_vssk- p-iƒ, C _p v, tªmkv, Web {]km-[\w, hnhn[ sh_v t]m - ep-iƒ kmam\y ]cn-nbw : ssl- ssivãpw aƒ o-ao-un-bbpw ("C s\ pw C t^m ta-j hnπ-hhpw' si. cho-{μ & tum. _n. CIv_m Un. kn. _pivkv) klm-bi {KŸ-ßƒ C s\ v C ^ ta-j ssivt\m-fpn ANyp-Xvi Fkv. \mb ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v ANyp-Xvi- Fkv. \mb, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v C s\ v Hcp ]T\w C s\ pw C t^m ta-j hnπ-hhpw ]n. tkxp-am-[-h, en]n ]ªn-t -j kv si. cho-{μ &tum. _n. CIv_m, Un. kn _pivkv B temiw apx "C' temiw hsc tum.sp. hn. hnf-\n-ew, ticf `mjm C Ãn- yq v ssk-_ kmlnxyw kp\ox Sn. hn. (F-Un.), Id v _pivkv, Xr»q sam-uyqƒ 5 am[ya hna i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpss [m Ωn-IX kaq-lsø \nb-{ n- p am[y-a-ßƒ, H o-\nb eou ka-hm-b-øn-s bpw kω-x-øn-s bpw D m-z\w am[y-a-ßfpss A[n-\n-thiw P\{]nb kwkvim-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw kmwkvim-c-øns _lp-kz-c-xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw am[ya-ßfpw hn]-wnbpw hni-z-]-t-\-øn-\p tej-\-ßƒ: a\ pw am[y-a-ßfpw Fw. F hnp-b am[ya [m Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am- - - hpw F. ]n. cmp-t{μ (t^m Øv FtÃ- ns acww) amxr-`qan _pivkv F ]pkvi-x-ønse tej\w ImgvN-bpsS timbva tum. Sn. si.-cm-a-n-{μ am[y-a-ß-fpss {]Xn-tema {]IrXw cho-{μ A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw tum. sk_m-ãy t]mƒ (am[y-a-]-t-\-ßƒ) Un. kn. _pivkv FUn. ] \-cm-a-n-{μ \m-b klm-b-i-{k-ÿ-ßƒ ImgvN-bpsS timbva tum. Sn.-sI. cma-n-{μ, amxr-`qan GIm- -\-K-c-ßƒ ]n. si. cmp-ti-j-c, Un. kn. _pivkv DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX kn. _n. kp[m-i-c, Un. kn. _pivkv t_m[-xo-c-ß-fn Imew-an-Sn- p-tºmƒ F. N{μ-ti-J, sdbn t_m _pivkv kn\n-a, kaq-lw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw cho-{μ, amxr-`qan _pivkv am[y-a-ß-fpss A[n-\n-thiw FUn- : {^m knkv Imc-bv m v {]km: tp W-enkw Un m vsa v tum t_mkvtim timtfpv IÆq bqwn-th-gvkn n