Copernicus for Coastal Zone Monitoring and Management DG-Grow, 29 June 2017 User Requirement Perspective: Monitoring of coastal zones, pressures and impacts on nature and people Courtesy: J. Ekebom storm surge in Latvia Markus Erhard & Andrus Meiner, European Environment Agency (EEA)
High value for nature Why are coasts special? o Habitats of high value for biodiversity but often small spatial extent o High productivity and biodiversity in coastal and transitional waters High value for people o High population density o High value for living and economy (e.g. recreation, trading, etc.) High pressures on natural resources and people o Land/sea cover/use change o Water pollution / Algae blooms o Climate change impacts (SST, SLR, storm surges, coastal erosion...) o Invasive alien species High risks and vulnerability
Coastal sustainability issue Coastal development at expense of natural systems that normally act as buffer between the sea and the land... leads to Conflict between protecting socio-economic activity and sustaining the ecological functioning of coastal zones in Europe
Selected EU policies and policy instruments related to the land-coast-sea nexus
Some coast related environmental policies Nature Directives Favourable status of species and habitats in the Coastal zone (land and sea) Water Framework Directive (WFD) Good ecological and chemical status of transitional and coastal water bodies Floods Directive hazard mapping for coastal floods Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) - good environmental status across 11 descriptors Procedural regulations: Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, Council decision on Barcelona Convention ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) Protocol, EU ICZM Recommendation, Climate Change Adaptation, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive
Chemical status General applicability of EU policy, Marine and Coastal zone Land Water Framework Directive RBD, Water bodies Inner waters Territorial waters Member States sovereignty or jurisdiction waters Marine Strategy Framework Directive Marine (Sub-)Regions Coastline Baseline 1 nautical mile limit (WFD) Territorial water limit (4-12 nm) High Seas (UN Conventions) EEZ limit Courtesy: ICES, ETC/ICM
Coherent policy alliance for sustainable coastal areas
Maritime dimension - coastal regions of EU Sea basins Relative size of sea basin catchments Source: Eurostat, GISCO
Economic importance and ecological threats In 2011, 41 % (206 mill) of Europe's population lived in the 378 EU coastal regions; Ca 40% of EU s GDP is generated in maritime regions 75% pf EU s foreign trades is conducted by sea Only 13% of coastal species are in favourable conservation status (HD) 73% of the coastal habitats show bad or inadequate conservation status (HD) 80 % of marine species and habitats and 100 % of marine ecosystems being classified as unknown status (MSFD) EEA, 2013: coastal report EEA, 2016: ecosystem condition assessment
Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment
Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment
Net changes in coastal zones land cover (land cover 0-10 km) Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Pastures & mosaics Forested land Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL [hundreds ha] 1.1. Land cover 2006 [% of total] 1.2. Net change in land cover 2000-2006 [ha] 4.0 1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year 2000] 5% 14% 6% 17% 100000 3.0 10% 12% 14% 50000 0 2.0 1.0 0.0 22% -5 0 0 0 0-1.0 Land cover 2000 35587 105918 90227 147541 75127 60688 34675 85948 635709 Consumption of initial LC 337 674 658 3266 414 482 101 119 6050 Formation of new LC 1685 303 215 3217 182 247 64 137 6050 Net Formation of LC 1347-372 -442-49 -232-235 -37 18 0 Net formation as % of initial year 3.8-0.4-0.5 0.0-0.3-0.4-0.1 0.0 Total turnover of LC 2022 977 873 6483 596 729 165 255 12100 Total turnover as % of initial year 5.7 0.9 1.0 4.4 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.3 1.9 Land cover 2006 36934 105546 89785 147492 74895 60454 34638 85966 635709
Example of Europe s coastal land cover trend monitoring Wetland and water areas
The importance of spatial and thematic resolution Corine VHRL (urban atlas) Corine Urban Atlas
The importance of spatial and thematic resolution Urban extension next to Palma de Mallorca airport 2005 2016 Copernicus HRL Imperviousness, 20 m Change mapping, 100 m
Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment
Coastal and transitional waters of WFD Note: Maritime boundaries outdated!!! For updated version please see URL below Source: BIOMES Marine Ecosystem Services, JRC/IES Ca 3800 reporting water bodies Total area 384 300 km2 Source: EEA, 2012 based on WFD See also EU-Hydro http://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/satellite-derived-products/eu-hydro Maritime boundaries https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/maritime-boundaries
EU Water Framework Directive - river basin districts include coastal waters - status statement: chemical and ecological - status assessments by Member states Figure: Share of water bodies not achieving good chemical status of transitional and coastal waters per river basin district
Pressures & impacts MSFD annex III, table 2 8 major groups of pressures and impacts 18 minor groups of pressures and impacts 100+ activities / pressures identified for the North Sea Source: HELCOM HOLAS
Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment
Vulnerability to coastal floods and need for adaptation population 130000 120000 110000 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 European population below 5 m elevation and inside 1 km coastal zone 1 23 45 67 89 111 133 155 177 199 221 243 265 287 309 331 353 375 397 Coastal regions Mapping vulnerability
Updating the current baseline Coastal Erosion: Eurosion project 2002-2004 A European initiative for sustainable coastal erosion management Final report Eurosion vision, 4 key recommendations Findings and technical results Shoreline Management Guide Coastal erosion management solutions in Europe, 60 case studies GIS database Update of 1985-1990 CORINE Coastal Erosion data 14 data layers for Europe Brochure Living with coastal erosion in Europe PORTAL: www.eurosion.org
Specific needs for coastal monitoring Land cover/ habitat change in coastal zones Transitional and coastal waters WFD, MSFD Coastal vulnerability & Eurosion Ecosystem mapping and assessment
Ecosystem mapping and assessment DPSIR approach Ecosystem Mapping Condition assessment Service assessment Integration Policy integration
12 Ecosystems Terrestrial (7) freshwater (1) marine (4) Ecosystem Map (GIS database) Ca. 50 Habitats Terrestrial (>40) freshwater (3) marine (>15) Ecosystem type EUNIS Level 1 EUNIS Level 2 Area (km 2 ) Attributed to sparsely vegetated land Wetlands Marine inlets and transitional waters, coastal, shelf, open ocean B Coastal habitats D Mires, bogs and fens A Marine habitats B1 Coastal dunes and sandy shores B2 Coastal shingle B3 Rock, cliffs, ledges and shores, including supralittoral MAES, 2016 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/ecosystem_assessment/pdf/3rdmaesreport_condition.pdf n/a n/a n/a D1 Raised and blanked bogs 28 246 D2 Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires 1 856 D3 Aapa, palsa and polygon mires 44 981 D4 Base-rich fens and calcareolus spring mires D5 Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water D6 Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds A1 Littoral rock and other hard substrate A2 Littoral sediment A3 Infralittoral rock and other hard substrate A4 Circalittoral rock and other hard substrate A5 Sub-littoral sediment A6 Deep sea-bed A7 Pelagic water column A8 Ice-associated marine habitats 590 4 373 42 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Integrated approach assessment of coastal areas development and pollution pressures that impact coastal and marine areas; services that are provided by ecosystems of the coastal and marine areas; vulnerability to environmental change (incl. climate) and need for adaptation; policy responses and coastal areas management (e.g. ICZM and Maritime spatial planning).
Vision of integrative approach: also for coast Reporting Statistics Indicators Proxies for envir. pressures & state Ecosystem maps and assessment Monitoring on accounting frame Source: Adapted from ESRI, EEA/ETC (Manuel Lago, Benjamin Boteler and Alejandro Iglesias-Campos)
Conclusions monitoring requirements What is needed? Land/sea cover/use and habitat mapping and monitoring Land sea interaction : coastal erosion/accumulation, sediment transport, wave height, water level, storm surges, flooding Land/sea habitat quality, habtat change, species distribution and migration Water color / chlorophyll biomass, algae blooms Water photic depth / transparency Water/land pollution monitoring including litter
Conclusions monitoring requirements Spatial and temporal resolution Very high spatial resolution for land monitoring land/sea cover/use changes delineation of EUNIS coastal habitats terrrestrial and (shallow) sea-bed (tidal areas, dynamics of beaches, sand banks etc.) overlap & consistency existing VHRL layers: urban atlas and riparian zones, N2K Very? high temporal resolution for monitoring seasonal changes coastal erosion, sediment transport, water color / chlorophyll, pollution Overlap monitoring systems land sea e.g. coastal erosion monitoring, (shallow water) sea-beds Spatial coverage Consistency with reporting obligations of Directives Selection of focus areas for cost benefit (e.g.sediment transport, erosion)
Thematic refinement Questions monitoring requirements Land cover classification see VHRL layers urban, riparian, N2K Habitat delineation EUNIS classes Coastal erosion dynamics (see also Copernicus Emergency Response Service) from event based assessment to monitoring effects and trends Sediment distribution and transport, river/seabed morphology and dynamics Water color/chlorophyll (transitional and marine productivity) Provider User interaction needed evaluate what is needed (user) versus what is feasible (provider) boundaries core vs. downstream services discussion between providers and users along classifications, modelling approaches, thematic, spatial accuracy etc.
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