How and Why to go Beyond the Discovery of the Higgs Boson

How and Why to go Beyond the Discovery of the Higgs Boson John Alison University of Chicago

Discovery of the Higgs Boson Nobel Prize 2

What it Took: The Large Hadron Collider 17 miles 3

What it Took: The Large Hadron Collider International Airport 17 miles 4

What it Took: The Large Hadron Collider International Airport protons protons 17 miles 5

What it Took: The Large Hadron Collider International Airport protons protons 17 miles 6

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light. - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - ~1 billion proton collisions / second - Generates 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 7

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light. - ~1 billion proton collisions / second - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 8

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 10

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 11

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 12

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 13

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 14

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) 15

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) What is the Higgs boson?!? Why did we need such extremes to find it? Why look for the Higgs boson in the first place? Are we done now that we have found it? 16

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) What is the Higgs boson?!? Why did we need such extremes to find it? Why look for the Higgs boson in the first place? Are we done now that we have found it? 17

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) What is the Higgs boson?!? Why did we need such extremes to find it? Why look for the Higgs boson in the first place? Are we done now that we have found it? 18

What it Took: In Numbers - >10,000 scientists and engineers from 85 countries - 27 kilometer particle accelerator - Protons moving at 99.9999993% the speed of light - ~1 billion proton collisions / second (for 2 years) - Total budget: ~10 billions dollars - Detectors - size of apartment buildings - operating at 40 MHz - Generate 80 TB/s (~10 size of library of congress ) - (Salary of physicist) << (Salary of banker or engineer) What is the Higgs boson?!? Why did we need such extremes to find it? Why look for the Higgs boson in the first place? Are we done now that we have found it? 19

Lecture Outline April 1st: April 8th: Newton s dream & 20th Century Revolution Mission Barely Possible: QM + SR April 15th: Standard Model & Importance of the Higgs April 22nd: The Cannon and the Camera April 29th: Guest Lecture May 6th: The Discovery of the Higgs Boson May 13th: Going beyond the Higgs May 20th: Experimental Challenges May 27th: Memorial Day: No Lecture June 3rd: What comes next? 20

Lecture Outline April 1st: April 8th: Newton s dream & 20th Century Revolution Mission Barely Possible: QM + SR April 15th: Standard Model & Importance of the Higgs April 22nd: The Cannon and the Camera April 29th: Guest Lecture May 6th: May 13th: May 20th: May 27th: The Discovery of the Higgs Boson Going beyond the Higgs - Nima Arkani-Hamed Experimental Challenges - Steven Weinberg - Memorial Day: No Lecture June 3rd: What comes next? Sources: I will keep this list up to date as we go along. 21

Who am I? 22

Who am I? 23

Who am I? 24

Who am I? 25

Who am I? 26

Who am I? 27

Who am I? 28

Today s Lecture Newton s Dream: The direction of science 20th Century Revolutions: - Relativity - Quantum Mechanics 29

Scientific Explanation Notion that diverse natural phenomena can be explained by simpler concepts dates back to the ancients. Came to life with Newton (Galileo) : - Mathematics central to describing nature - Developed new branch of math: calculus - New laws of motion and gravity - Biggest advance of all: Newton s Dream 30

Scientific Explanation Concept A Scientific explanation Concept B 32

Scientific Explanation Newton: Planetary Motion Gravity 33

Scientific Explanation Newton: Planetary Motion Things Fall Down Gravity 34

Scientific Explanation Newton: Planetary Motion Tides Things Fall Down Gravity 35

Scientific Explanation Newton: Planetary Motion Tides Things Fall Down Gravity I wish we could derive the rest of the phenomena of nature by the same kind of reasoning as for mechanical principles. For I am induced by many reasons to suspect that they may all depend on certain forces. - Newton, Preface to Principia, 1686 36

Realizing Newton s Dream..................... 38

Realizing Newton s Dream......... Length of year......... Planetary Motion... Tides Things Fall Down Newton s Laws Relativity General Relativity 39

Realizing Newton s Dream Weather............... Pressure Fronts... Molecules... Chemistry Atoms Electrons Quantum Mechanics Standard Model 40

Features of Life Realizing Newton s Dream............... Evolution DNA Molecules...... Chemistry Atoms Electrons Quantum Mechanics Standard Model 41

Sense of Direction in Science..................... 42

Sense of Direction in Science..................... - Not all connections made - Not all arrows worth connecting - Direction/Convergence - Fact about nature Perhaps greatest scientific discovery of all - Steven Weinberg 43

It could have been different. 44

It could have been different...................... 45

It could have been different................... 46

Could have been different...................... 47

Newton s Dream Realized.................. Can answer all basic questions of everyday world, w/simple principles Particle physics probing deepest level Hints that we are approaching the final explanation Principles get simpler (not the mathematics!) Fewer and fewer moving parts This, deep down, is the why! 48

20th Century Revolutions 52

Science at turn of 20th Century..................... Biology Chemistry Physics 53

Science at turn of 20th Century..................... Biology Chemistry Physics Nothing new to be discovered in physics - Albert Michelson Radically changed (Dedication by two of revolutions: the University of Relativity Chicago's Ryerson and Quantum Physical Laboratory) Mechanics 54

Science at turn of 20th Century..................... Biology Chemistry Physics Nothing new to be discovered in physics - Albert Michelson Radically changed by two revolutions: Relativity and Quantum Mechanics 55

Physics Before the Revolution 56

Physics Before the Revolution Time Space 57

Physics Before the Revolution Time v - velocity Space 58

Physics Before the Revolution Time v - velocity p = m v - momentum Space 59

Physics Before the Revolution Time v - velocity p = m v Space 60

Physics Before the Revolution Time v - velocity p = m v F = Δp Space 61

Physics Before the Revolution Time m 1 r 1m 2 v - velocity p = m v F=G N m 1 m 2 r 2 F = Δp Space 62

Physics Before the Revolution Time m 1 r 1m 2 v - velocity p = m v F=G N m 1 m 2 r 2 F = Δp Space e 1 r F= 1 4 1e 2 e 1 e 2 r 2 63

Physics Before the Revolution Time m 1 r 1m 2 v - velocity p = m v F=G N m 1 m 2 r 2 F = Δp e 1 r 1e 2 - In principle can predict everything! - Action at a distance Space F= 1 4 e 1 e 2 r 2 64

Principle of Relativity 65

Relativity before Einstein Notion of relativity present in Newtons laws. Goes back to Galileo. 66

Relativity before Einstein Notion of relativity present in Newtons laws. Goes back to Galileo. Time v Space Some body standing still. ( observer at rest ) 67

Relativity before Einstein Notion of relativity present in Newtons laws. Goes back to Galileo. Time Time v v Space Some body standing still. ( observer at rest ) Space Observer moving at v in the same direction 68

Relativity before Einstein Another example Time v v Space Observer in motion throws something 69

Relativity before Einstein Another example Time v Time v v + v Space Space Observer in motion throws something Observer at rest 70

Relativity before Einstein Another example Time V Time v v + V Space Space 71

Relativity before Einstein Another example Time V Time v v + V Space Space No limit to how fast we can make something 72

Relativity before Einstein Time v = v + V Space Can in principle send objects as fast as we want. Regions arbitrarily far way can effect what is happening here and now. 73

Relativity before Einstein Time v = v + V Space Can in principle send objects as fast as we want. Regions arbitrarily far way can effect what is happening here and now. Einstein s Big Idea: Limit the range over which things can have an affect 74

Einstein s Relativity To limit the range over which things can have an affect: -1) Must be a maximum speed. -2) Max speed must be same regardless of how fast you are moving. (otherwise we are back where we started v + V) Maximum speed c Time c Space 76

Effect on Time 80

Effect on Time Time Left wall Right wall Light Rays c Space 81

Effect on Time Time v Space 82

Effect on Time Time v Space 83

Effect on Time Time is not absolute! Time v v Space Which order of what came first depends on how you are moving. 84

Effect on Time Time is not absolute! Time t1 v t3 v t2 x1 Space x2 x3 Which order of what came first depends on how you are moving. Observers do agree on the speed: x = c t x 1 = ct 1 x 2 = ct 2 x 3 = ct 3 85

Effect on Time Time is not absolute! Time t1 v t3 v t2 x1 Space x2 x3 Which order of what came first depends on how you are moving. Observers do agree on the speed: x = c t x 2 1 (ct 1 ) 2 =0 x 2 2 (ct 2 ) 2 =0 x 2 3 (ct 3 ) 2 =0 86

Effect on Time Time is not absolute! Time Direct analog: Length - Independent v of angle that your looking v t3 t1 t2 x1 y1 Space x2 x3 Which order of what came first depends on how you are moving. Observers do agree on the speed: x = c t x1 x 2 1 (ct 1 ) 2 =0 x 2 2 (ct 2 ) 2 =0 x 2 3 (ct 3 ) 2 =0 x 2 (ct) 2 =0 is invariant, independent of how you are moving. 88

Effect on Time Time is not absolute! Time Direct analog: Length - Independent v of angle that your looking v t3 t1 t2 x1 y1 Space x2 x3 Which order of what came first depends on how you are moving. Observers do agree on the speed: x = c t x1 y2 x 2 1 (ct 1 ) 2 =0 x 2 2 (ct 2 ) 2 =0 x 2 3 (ct 3 ) 2 =0 x2 x 2 (ct) 2 =0 is invariant, independent of how you are moving. 89

Effect on Time Time is not absolute! Time Direct analog: Length - Independent v of angle that your looking v t3 t1 t2 x1 y1 Space x2 x3 Which order of what came first depends on how you are moving. y Observers do agree on the speed: x = c t x 2 2 + y 2 2 x1 y2 x 2 1 + y 2 1 x 2 1 (ct 1 ) 2 =0 x 2 2 (ct 2 ) 2 =0 x x 2 3 (ct 3 ) 2 =0 x2 x 2 (ct) 2 =0 is invariant, independent of how you are moving. 90

Space-Time Mixing of space and time c Time Light goes off Space 91

Space-Time Mixing of space and time Hits Left wall c Time (x3, t3) (x1, t1) (x2, t2) Light goes off Space 92

Space-Time Mixing of space and time Hits Left wall c Time x 2 (ct) 2 Light goes off Space 93

Space-Time Mixing of space and time c Time Hits left wall Space 94

Space-Time Mixing of space and time c Time x 2 (ct) 2 Hits left wall Space Hits Right wall 95

Space-Time Mixing of space and time Dies c Time Born Space - Time dilation - Crazy but true! µ are hitting us now 96

Effect on Mass p F = Δp 97

Effect on Mass p F = Δp Δp = F x (Number Cycles) = Δ (mv) 98

Effect on Mass p F = Δp Can be arbitrarily large. (as long as we can keep p in the circle) Δp = F x (Number Cycles) = Δ (mv) 99

100 Effect on Mass p F = Δp Can be arbitrarily large. (as long as we can keep p in the circle) Δp = F x (Number Cycles) = Δ (mv) When v ~ c, Δp must come from Δm

Effect on Mass p F = Δp Can be arbitrarily large. (as long as we can keep p in the circle) Δp = F x (Number Cycles) = Δ (mv) When v ~ c, Δp must come from Δm Mass increases with speed! 101

Next Time: Quantum Mechanics 102