TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 RESEARCH SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY... 15 1.1 Report scope... 15 1.2 Market definition... 15 1.2.1 Categorization.... 16 1.3 Research methodology... 17 1.4 Assumptions and limitations... 17 1.5 Primary research... 17 1.6 Secondary research... 17 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 18 2.1 Growth in high definition TV demand... 18 2.1.1 QD advantages and definition of QLED... 19 2.1.1.1 QLEDs/QD-OLEDs... 20 2.2 Market growth since 2013... 21 2.3 QD-TVs market... 22 2.4 The Quantum Dot market in 2019... 23 2.5 Cadmium vs. cadmium free... 24
2.5.1 Cadmium QDs... 24 2.5.2 Cadmium-free QDs... 24 2.5.3 European commission ban use of cadmium in TVs and displays... 25 2.5.4 Perovskite quantum dots... 25 2.5.5 Graphene quantum dots... 26 2.6 Quantum Dot Revenues 2015-2030... 26 2.7 Market drivers and trends... 27 2.8 Market challenges... 29 3 QUANTUM DOTS... 30 3.1 Properties...... 30 3.2 Synthesis...... 32 3.3 Types...... 34 3.3.1 Cadmium Selenide, Cadmium Sulfide and other materials... 34 3.3.2 Cadmium free quantum dots... 34 3.3.3 Graphene quantum dots... 34 3.3.3.1 Synthesis... 36 3.3.3.2 Applications... 36
3.3.3.3 Pricing... 38 3.3.3.4 Investment... 38 3.3.4 Carbon quantum dots (CQds)... 38 3.3.4.1 Properties... 38 3.3.4.2 Applications... 38 3.3.5 Quantum rods... 39 3.3.5.1 Properties... 39 3.3.5.2 Applications... 39 4 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL)... 40 5 QUANTUM DOTS INDUSTRY ANALYSIS... 41 5.1 Quantum dots market dynamics... 41 5.2 Market growth accelerators and inhibitors... 41 5.3 Competitive analysis... 42 5.3.1 Market Share Analysis... 42 5.3.2 Opportunity Matrix Analysis... 43 5.3.3 Key players... 44
5.3.4 Licensing, collaborations and partnerships... 47 5.4 Supply chain... 49 6 QUANTUM DOTS REGULATIONS... 51 6.1 Europe...... 52 6.1.1 Cadmium exemption in TVs and lighting... 52 6.1.2 August 2017 ruling... 53 6.2 United States... 53 6.2.1 Low Volume Exemption (LVE)... 54 6.2.2 New Chemicals Program... 54 6.3 Asia...... 54 7 MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS, BY END USER MARKET... 55 7.1 Revenues 2013-2030... 56 7.2 Production and prices... 60 7.3 Market for quantum dots, by region... 61 7.3.1 The market in Asia... 63 7.3.2 The market in North America... 63
7.3.3 The market in Europe... 64 8 QUANTUM DOTS IN LCD TVS/DISPLAYS... 65 8.1 Market drivers and trends... 66 8.2 Applications...... 68 8.2.1 LCDS vs. OLEDs vs. QD- LCDs/QLEDs... 68 8.2.2 QD-LCD TVs/QLEDs... 70 8.2.3 Micro- LEDs... 70 8.2.4 Augmented reality (AR) and Virtual reality (VR)... 71 8.3 Synthesis and manufacturing... 73 8.3.1 Integration into LCDs... 74 8.3.2 Types of QD displays and materials used... 76 8.3.2.1 On-edge (edge optic)... 76 8.3.2.2 On-surface (film)... 77 8.3.2.3 QD colour filter (QDF)... 77 8.3.2.4 On-chip... 78 8.3.2.5 Active Matrix Quantum-dot Light Emitting Diode (AMQLED)... 78 8.3.2.6 Quantum dot electroluminescence... 78
8.3.2.7 QD Glass LGP... 79 8.3.2.8 Quantum dot/oled hybrid... 79 8.3.2.9 Quantum rods... 80 8.3.2.10 Quantum converters with red phosphors... 80 8.3.2.11 Electroluminescent (EL)QD displays... 81 8.3.3 Flexible displays... 82 8.3.3.1 Inkjet printed QD displays... 82 8.3.3.2 Flexible LCDs... 83 8.3.3.3 Flexible OLEDs (FOLED)... 84 8.3.3.4 Flexible AMOLED... 85 8.3.3.5 Flexible electrophoretic displays... 87 8.3.3.6 Flexible QLEDs... 87 8.4 QD-LCD products... 88 8.4.1 Commercialization timeline for quantum dot display products... 88 8.5 Industry and research developments 2013-2019... 91 8.6 Global market for quantum dots in TVs and displays... 93 8.6.1 OLED market... 93 8.6.2 QD OLED screens... 93
8.6.3 QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030... 94 8.6.4 QD Monitor Unit sales 2015-2030... 96 8.7 Quantum dot TV and display companies... 97 9 QUANTUM DOTS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS... 99 9.1 Market drivers and trends... 99 9.2 Applications...... 101 9.2.1 Nanomaterials in solar cells... 101 9.2.2 Advantages of quantum dots in photovoltaics... 101 9.2.3 Types of quantum dot solar cells... 102 9.2.3.1 Metal semiconductor/ Schottky QD junction solar cell... 102 9.2.3.2 Silicon/QD Film Hydrid Solar Cells... 103 9.2.3.3 Silicon/Graphene QD Film Hydrid Solar Cells... 103 9.2.3.4 Depleted-heterojunction QD solar cell... 103 9.2.3.5 QD-sensitized solar cells (QDSSC)... 104 9.2.3.6 Quantum dot solar windows... 105 9.3 Market challenges... 107 9.4 Industry and research developments 2013-2019... 108
9.5 Global market for quantum dots in photovoltaics... 109 9.6 Quantum dot photovoltaics companies... 111 10 QUANTUM DOTS IN LED LIGHTING... 112 10.1 Market drivers and trends... 112 10.2 Applications...... 114 10.2.1 LED lighting... 114 10.2.2 Horticultural lighting... 116 10.3 Market challenges... 116 10.4 Industry and research developments 2013-2019... 117 10.5 Global market for quantum dots in LED lighting... 117 10.6 Quantum dot lighting companies... 119 11 QUANTUM DOTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE... 121 11.1 Market drivers and trends... 122 11.2 Applications...... 125 11.2.1 Imaging and diagnostics... 125 11.2.1.1 Biomarkers... 126
11.2.1.2 Photodynamic therapy... 126 11.2.1.3 Point-of-care... 126 11.2.2 Drug delivery... 126 11.3 Market challenges... 127 11.4 Global market for quantum dots in biotechnology and medicine... 128 11.4.1 Imaging and diagnostics... 128 11.4.2 Drug delivery... 129 11.5 Quantum dot biotechnology and medicine companies... 130 12 QUANTUM DOTS IN SECURITY AND ANTI- COUNTERFEITING... 131 12.1 Market drivers and trends... 132 12.2 Applications...... 133 12.3 Global market size for quantum dots in security and anticounterfeiting... 133 12.4 Quantum dot security and anti-counterfeiting Companies... 135 13 QUANTUM DOTS IN SENSORS... 136 13.1 Market drivers and trends... 136 13.2 Applications...... 137
13.2.1 Food sensors... 138 13.2.2 Chemical and gas sensors... 138 13.2.3 Biosensors... 139 13.2.4 Image sensors... 139 13.3 Global market size for quantum dots in sensors... 140 13.4 Market challenges... 141 13.5 Quantum dot sensor companies... 142 14 OTHER MARKETS... 143 14.1 Batteries...... 143 14.2 Thermoelectrics...... 144 14.3 QD Lasers... 144 14.4 Photocatalysts...... 145 14.5 Spectrometers...... 145 14.6 Quantum computing... 146 14.7 Hydrogen production... 146 14.8 Sunscreen...... 147 14.9 Composites...... 147
15 QUANTUM DOT COMPANY PROFILES... 148 (75 company profiles) 16 REFERENCES...... 210 TABLES Table 1: Categorization of nanomaterials... 16 Table 2: Market summary for the quantum dots market... 18 Table 3: Commercially available quantum dot display products... 21 Table 4: Quantum dot TVs launched 2017-2019... 23 Table 5: Total QD-based component revenues 2015-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 26 Table 6: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots... 27 Table 7: Impact of market drivers for the quantum dots market... 29 Table 8: Market challenges for quantum dots... 29 Table 9: Chemical synthesis of quantum dots... 33 Table 10: Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs... 35 Table 11: Applications of carbon quantum dots... 38 Table 12: Quantum dot producers-types of dots produced, target markets and estimated revenues... 44 Table 13: Quantum dots collaborations and partnerships... 48 Table 14: Product development agreements in quantum dot displays... 49
Table 15: Potential niche markets for QD products... 50 Table 16: Quantum dots market structure... 50 Table 17: Markets, benefits and applications of quantum dots... 55 Table 18: Total QD-based component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 56 Table 19: Production of quantum dots... 60 Table 20: Example prices of quantum dots... 61 Table 21: Market snapshot for quantum dots in TV/displays... 66 Table 22: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in LCD TVs and Displays... 67 Table 23: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the LCD TVs/Displays market... 68 Table 24: Advantages and disadvantages of LCDs, OLEDs and QDs... 69 Table 25: Types of QD-TV displays... 73 Table 26: Approaches for integrating QDs into displays... 75 Table 27: Commercialization timeline for QD display products... 88 Table 28: Commercially available quantum dot display products... 90 Table 29: Commercial development and research highlights in quantum dots in LCDs and OLEDs 2013-2019... 91 Table 30: QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030, conservative and optimistic estimates... 95 Table 31: Quantum dots product and application developers in TVs and displays... 97 Table 32: Market snapshot for quantum dots in photovoltaics... 99
Table 33: Market drivers and trends in quantum dots in photovoltaics... 99 Table 34: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the photovoltaics market... 100 Table 35: Advantages of quantum dots in photovoltaics... 101 Table 36: Schottky QD Junction solar cells... 103 Table 37: Comparison of third generation solar cells... 105 Table 38: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the solar market... 107 Table 39: Commercial development and research highlights in quantum dots in photovoltaics, 2013-2019... 108 Table 40: Total QD photovoltaic component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 109 Table 41: Quantum dots product and application developers in photovoltaics... 111 Table 42: Market snapshot for quantum dots in LED lighting... 112 Table 43: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in LED lighting... 112 Table 44: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the LED lighting market... 113 Table 45: QD-LEDs and External quantum efficiencies (EQE)... 115 Table 46: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the lighting and UVC market... 116 Table 47: Commercial development and research highlights in quantum dots in LED lighting 2013-2019... 117 Table 48: Total QD LED lighting component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 118 Table 49: Quantum dots product and application developers in lighting... 119 Table 50: Market snapshot for quantum dots in biotechnology and medicine market... 121
Table 51: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in biotechnology and medicine... 122 Table 52: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the biotech and medicine market... 124 Table 53: Market challenges in imaging and diagnostics... 127 Table 54: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the medical imaging and diagnostics market... 127 Table 55: Total QD revenues in biotechnology and medicine 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates. 129 Table 56: Quantum dots product and application developers in biotechnology and medicine... 130 Table 57: Market snapshot for quantum dots in security and anticounterfeiting... 131 Table 58: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in security and anticounterfeiting... 132 Table 59: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the security and anti-counterfeiting market... 133 Table 60: Total QD revenues in security and anti-counterfeiting 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates...... 134 Table 61: Quantum dots product and application developers in security... 135 Table 62: Overall market assessment for the quantum dots in the sensors market... 136 Table 63: Market drivers and trends for quantum dots in sensors... 136 Table 64: Impact of market drivers for quantum dots in the sensors market... 137 Table 65: Quantum dot sensors and applications... 138 Table 66: Total QD revenues in sensors 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 140 Table 67: Market challenges rating for quantum dots in the sensors market... 141
Table 68: Quantum dots product and application developers in sensors... 142 Table 69: Quantum dots product and application developers in batteries... 144 Table 70: Quantum dots product and application developers in thermoelectrics... 144 Table 71: Quantum dots product and application developers in lasers... 145 Table 72: End users markets matrix by quantum dot producer and product developers... 148 FIGURES Figure 1: QLED TV from Samsung... 19 Figure 2: 5 QLED prototype with 320x240 (80ppi) resolution and a 14 QLED prototype with 960x540 (80ppi) resolution...... 20 Figure 3: Samsung QDs utilized in 2017 range of QLED TVs... 22 Figure 4: Philips 8602 QD TV... 23 Figure 5: UHD HDR cadmium QD TVs... 25 Figure 6: Perovskite quantum dots under UV light... 26 Figure 7: Total QD component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 27 Figure 8: Quantum dot schematic... 31 Figure 9: The light-blue curve represents a typical spectrum from a conventional white-led LCD TV. With quantum dots, the spectrum is tunable to any colours of red, green, and blue, and each Color is limited to a narrow band. 32 Figure 10: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1 4)... 36
Figure 11: Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots... 37 Figure 12: Graphene quantum dots... 38 Figure 13: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for quantum dots... 40 Figure 14: Quantum dots market dynamics... 41 Figure 15: Accelerators and Inhibitors: Five Year Analysis (2023)... 41 Figure 16: Market share analysis by company type... 42 Figure 17: Global Quantum Dots Market Opportunity Matrix, by Region... 43 Figure 18: Global Quantum Dots Market Opportunity Matrix Analysis, by Country, by Value, 2017... 44 Figure 19: Schematic of typical commercialization route for quantum dots producer... 50 Figure 20: Total QD component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 57 Figure 21: End user markets for QDs 2018, %... 58 Figure 22: End user markets for QDs 2030, %... 59 Figure 23: Demand for quantum dots 2017, by region... 62 Figure 24: Demand for quantum dots 2030, by region... 62 Figure 25: Samsung QD-LCD TVs, UHD range... 67 Figure 26: Samsung QLED TV range... 67 Figure 27: Quantum dot LED backlighting schematic... 70 Figure 28: Methods for integrating QDs into LCD System. (a) On-chip (b) On-edge. (c) Onsurface... 76
Figure 29: On-edge configuration... 76 Figure 30: QD-film integration into a standard LCD display... 77 Figure 31: Inkjet-printed pattern on a QDCF... 77 Figure 32: BOE 5 inch (left) & 14 inch (right) QLED display... 78 Figure 33: Samsung 8K 65" QD Glass... 79 Figure 34: Schematic of Quantum Dot on Glass... 79 Figure 35: QD/OLED hybrid schematic... 80 Figure 36: LCD using Quantum rods (right) versus a standard LCD... 80 Figure 37: Quantum phosphor schematic in LED TV backlight... 81 Figure 38: The Wall microled display... 81 Figure 39: Carbon nanotubes flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries incorporated into flexible, rechargeable yarn batteries..... 82 Figure 40: Ink-jet printed 5-inch AM-QLED display (80 dpi)... 83 Figure 41: Flexible LCD... 83 Figure 42: "Full ActiveTM Flex"... 84 Figure 43: FOLED schematic... 85 Figure 44: Foldable display... 86 Figure 45: Stretchable AMOLED... 86
Figure 46: LGD 12.3'' FHD Automotive OLED... 87 Figure 47: LECTUM display... 87 Figure 48: Flexible & stretchable LEDs based on quantum dots... 88 Figure 49: Samsung CF791 QD monitor... 89 Figure 50: Acer Z271UV Quantum Dot monitor... 90 Figure 51: QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030, conservative estimates... 94 Figure 52: QD-TV unit sales 2016-2030, optimistic estimates... 95 Figure 53: QD Monitor Unit sales 2015-2030... 96 Figure 54: QD-LCD supply chain... 97 Figure 55: (a) Schematic of Schottky barrier quantum dots based solar cell... 102 Figure 56: (a) Schematic diagram of Depleted-heterojunction Colloidal Quantum Dots Solar Cells. (b) energy band diagram... 104 Figure 57: Schematic of QD Solar Cell... 104 Figure 58: Doped quantum dot LSC... 105 Figure 59: QD coated solar windows... 106 Figure 60: A layer of highly emissive manganese-doped quantum dots onto the outside surface of the outer glass pane (top layer on the left image below) and a layer of copper indium selenide quantum dots onto the inner surface of the inside (bottom) pane... 106 Figure 61: QDSSC Module... 107 Figure 62: Total QD photovoltaics component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 110
Figure 63: Fourth generation QD- LEDs... 115 Figure 64: Total QD LED lighting component revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 119 Figure 65: Total QD revenues in biotechnology and medicine revenues 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates.... 130 Figure 66: Total QD revenues in in anti-counterfeiting and security 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates.... 135 Figure 67: InVisage QuantumFilm schematic... 140 Figure 68: Total QD revenues in in sensors 2013-2030 ($M), conservative and optimistic estimates... 141 Figure 69: StoreDot battery charger... 143 Figure 70: Schematic of QD laser device... 145 Figure 71: Quantum dot spectrometer... 146 Figure 72: InP/ZnS, perovskite quantum dots and silicon resin composite under UV illumination... 165 Figure 73: Quantum dot sheet... 203