HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE DATA FOR LAND USE/LAND COVER MAPPING IN ROHTAK DISTRICT HARYANA, INDIA MR. MUKESH KUMAR 1 AND MR.SANDEEP KUMAR 2 1. M.tech. Student, Department of Geography, M.D.University Rohtak, Haryana, India Email: bansal.mukesh5@gmail.com 2. M.tech. Student, Department of Geography, M.D.University Rohtak, Haryana, India Email: sgujjar98@gmail.com ABSTRACT The land use/land cover of planned and unplanned residential area is very important for decision making of sustainable land use planning at both national and regional levels. Identification of land cover establishes the baseline form which monitoring activities can provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps. An attempt has been made to study the land use/land cover of Rohtak district having a total geographic area of 1672.92 sq. km using eight band high resolution satellite data of WORLD VIEW-2. The satellite images were rectified and georeferenced using master image of cartosat-1 orthorectified image. The main objectives of the study were to analyze and interpret satellite data for Land Use/Land Cover mapping and to generate geo-database of the district in GIS format. The base map of the study area was prepared using Survey of India Toposheets. The base map was used to prepare thematic map on it. A field survey was also conducted to verify the doubtful features in the satellite image. Land use/ Land cover categories identified in this area were Agricultural crop land, Plantation, Wastelands, Built-up area & water body. Pinnacle Research Journals 117 Introduction The land use/land cover of planned and unplanned residential area is very important for decision making of sustainable land use planning at both national and regional levels. Identification of land cover establishes the baseline form which monitoring activities can provides the ground cover information for baseline thematic maps. Information of land use and land cover is an important element in forming policies regarding economies, demographics and environmental issues at national, regional and local levels. The relation between man and land determines all the productive and economies activities. Land is not only a resource but also resources base in itself. Land use and land cover (LU/LC) changes are affected by human intervention and natural Phenomena such as agricultural demand and trade, population growth and consumption Patterns, urbanization and economic development, science and technology, and other factors (Research on Land use change & Agriculture, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 2007). As a consequence, information about LU/LC is essential for any kind of natural resource management and action planning.
Timely and precise information about LU/LC change detection of earth s surface is extremely important for understanding relationships and interactions between human and natural phenomena for better management of decision making. Land use and land cover change has become a central component in current strategies for managing natural resources and monitoring environmental changes. The advancement in the concept of vegetation mapping has greatly increased research on land use and land cover change thus providing an accurate evaluation of the spread and health of the world s forest, grassland, and agricultural resources has become an important priority. Study Area The Rohtak district lies between 28 0 23` N to 29 0 06` N latitude and 76 0 13` E to 76 0 58` E longitude. It has an average elevation of 213m above mean sea level. It occupies an area of 1672.92 sq. km. and has a sub-tropical location lying about 600 km north of the tropic of cancer. It is located 77 km to the north-west of Delhi, national capital of India and 235 km south of Chandigarh, the common capital of the State of Punjab and Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Rohtak is the administrative headquarter of the division, district and tehsil of the same name. The location of the district in the state is shown in Fig-1. The satellite path/row details covering the study district are shown in Fig-2. The district is covered by ten Survey of India (SOI) Toposheets as shown in Fig-3. Figure:-.1 Location Map of the Study Area Pinnacle Research Journals 118
Figure:-2 Satellite Path/Row Coverage Map Figure:-.3 Survey of India Toposheet Index Map Pinnacle Research Journals 119
Objectives To analyze and interpret satellite data for Land Use/Land Cover mapping. To prepare and compose Land Use/Land Cover maps in GIS environment To generate geo-database of the district in GIS format. Review of Literature The work done by various workers on land use/land cover mapping has been discussed in this chapter. Relevant work done on the influence of land use on natural resources is also discussed. Arya et al. (2012) carried out a study on wastelands of Haryana and their change analysis. Resource Sat-1 LISS III satellite data viz. kharif, rabi & zaid seasons for 2008-09 were used and change analysis between 2005-06 to 2008-09 in various wasteland categories were calculated. It was found that total wastelands of Haryana in 2008-09 were 2145.92 sq. km and 201.13 sq. km area was changed during 20005-06 to 2007-08 from wastelands classes to non-wastelands classes. Land use/ land cover mapping of 13 micro watershed of Hisar district using high resolution Worldview-2 satellite data was done by Arya et. al. (2012). Various landuse/ land cover classes were identified in these micro watersheds, those includes crop land (1431.05 ha), current fallow (12.84 ha), land with open scrub (73.82 ha), land with dense scrub (0.71 ha), strip plantation (18.30 ha), water body (0.19 ha) and settlements (1.09 ha). Muazu, et. al. (2010) while studying Land Use-land Cover Change Detection in Kafur Local Government, Katsina, Nigeria found Remote sensing and GIS techniques are the paramount importance to planners, geographers, environmentalists and policy makers, in fact to everybody who cares about human sustainable development. Land use is the human modification of the natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as field, pasture, industrialization, settlement and agricultural practice etc. Pinnacle Research Journals 120 Arya V. S. et. al. (2009) published a Resource atlas of Rohtak district. As per the landuse/ land cover map of the atlas, various classes are occurring in the district. The main classes of land use/land cover which are found in the district are double cropped (1221.61sq. km.), rabi only (267.92 sq. km.), kharif only (1.36sq. km.), current fallow (2.13 sq. km.), open forest (0.5 sq.km.), sandy desertic land (10.65 sq.km.), agriculture plantation (4.11 sq.km.) degraded grazing land and mining/ industrial wasteland (62.90 sqq.km.). This land use and land cover study was mapping on high resolution satellite data in GIS environment. Nobi, E. P. et. al. (2009), has studied Land Use and Land cover Assessment along Pondicherry and its surroundings Using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite and GIS. The study revealed that Land use/land cover pattern of Pondicherry and its surroundings were studied using IRS IC LISS III data. The land use/land cover patterns were visually interpreted and digitized using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The study observed that agriculture area (52.89 per cent) is dominant in Pondicherry and its surroundings followed by settlement with vegetation (18.35 per cent). The study recommends the use of satellite imageries for future environmental monitoring studies. Arvind, et. al. (2006) carried out a study on land use land cover mapping of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanar districts of Haryana. They observed that the heterogeneous climate and physiographic conditions in these districts have resulted in the development of different land use/
land cover in these districts. An evaluation by digital analysis of satellite data indicates that majority of areas in these districts are used for agricultural purpose. The hilly regions exhibit fair development of reserved forests. It is inferred that land use/ land cover pattern in the area are generally controlled by agro climatic conditions, ground water potential and a host of other factors. Gupta and Jain (2005) have been made to evaluate the information content available in IRS-P6, LISS-IV data for the identification of urban features and urban mapping. Level-III of the urban land-use classification at the scale of 1:10,000 was successfully attempted for Dehradun city and its environs. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of LISS-IV data has also been done with PAN-sharpened LISS-III data. The boundaries of polygon features, road intersections, and contrast with the surroundings are more precise on LISS-IV data in comparison to merged data. It is also found that 100 percent more linear features can be extracted with LISS-IV data compared to PAN-sharpened LISS-III product. National Remote Sensing Agency has carried out the urban mapping and change analysis for Greater Mumbai (NRSA, 2002, 2005). National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA/DOS), in a joint project with Hyderabad Urban Development Authority, carried out land use and base mapping for the HDA area using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques (HUDA, 2003). Bangalore Urban District land use mapping and change assessment was carried out jointly by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO/DOS) and Karnataka State Remote Sensing Agency (1996 2002) as a proto type study for Natural Resources Census (ISRO/KSRSAC, 2005). Ramachandra and Kumar (2004) carried out the study of Geographic Resources Decision Support System for land use, land cover dynamics analysis. He analyzed that Remote Sensing helps in acquiring multi spectral spatial and temporal data through space borne remote sensors. Image processing techniques help in analyzing the dynamic changes associated with the earth resources such as land and water using remote sensing data. Thus, spatial and temporal analysis technologies are very useful in generating scientifically based statistical spatial data for understanding the land ecosystem dynamics. Pinnacle Research Journals 121 Abu Kubi M. (1999) carried out a study on Detection and mapping of the land use/land cover (LULC) changes in the Jordan Valley using LANSAT imageries. The study aims to map the change in the LU/LC using different classification methods and to quantify the land use/land cover change that took place in the Jordan valley. The study promotes the classification of LU/LC based on remote sensing information (obtained mainly through the utilization of thematic mapper TM and Enhance Thematic Mapper ETM scenes) to generate data products that are both appropriate to and immediately usable within different scientific applications. The advancement of remote sensing technology in the developing countries such as Palestine encouraged the use of remotely sensed data to monitor the land use changes in an effective and more frequent manner. Three classification approaches were deployed and the appropriateness of the classifications to derive accurate land use maps for the pilot area using Landsat scenes was evaluated. The results showed that the use of spectral mixture analysis classification approach enhanced the classification accuracy and the ability to categorise the LU/LC on the pixel level.
MATERIAL USED Satellite Data The Digital Globe s World View-2 Satellite data with eight bands has been used for the present paper. It provides 2m panchromatic (B&W) mono stereo images and eight band multispectral data. This satellite data was acquired from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad to carry out the study. Satellite, sensor and acquisition dates for the data are given in Table-1 and the satellite sensor specifications are given in Table- 2. Table 1:- Satellite Data used Satellite Sensor Date of acquisition World View -2 Eight Multispectral (4 standard colors: red, blue, green, near-ir and 4 new colors: red edge, coastal, yellow, near-ir2) March, September, October, May 2012 Table 2:- Satellite sensor specifications Sr. No. Resolutions World View-2 1. Spatial 2 m 2. Temporal 1.1 Days 3. Swath 16.4 km Pinnacle Research Journals 122 Auxiliary Data: i) Survey of India (SOI) Toposheets on 1:50,000 scale. SOI Toposheets no. 53C/04, 53C/08, 53C/12, 53D/01, 53D/05, 53D/06, 53D/9, 53D/10, 53D/13, 53D/14. ii) Reports and other related material and maps of the study area. METHODOLOGY: The methodology used in the preparation of land use/land cover map of the study area is shown in figure -4.
Figure: - 4 Methodology Flow chart Satellite Data (World view-2) & Toposheets (SOI) Master image (CartoSat-1 orthorectified) Geo-referencing of Satellite Data Subset of Satellite Data Overlay Developed Classification Scheme Ground Verification Through GPS & Photograph On Screen Digitization Technique Pinnacle Research Journals 123 Transfer of GPS Point On Satellite Image Final Maps & Tables Preparation Report Writing
Figure: - 5 Base Map of Rohtak District Pinnacle Research Journals 124
Results and Discussion: Remote sensing and GIS are highly capable in studies of land use/land cover & its management and planning. The present study High Resolution Satellite Data for Landuse/ Land Cover Mapping in Rohtak District Haryana clearly demonstrates the importance and role of GIS based information system and potentialities of satellite remote sensing technique for preparation of more updated and reliable information. Land use/land cover is an important element in forming policies regarding economies, demographics and environmental issues at national, regional and local levels. The relation between man and land determines all the productive and economies activities. Land use/ Land cover mapping of Rohtak district was carried out using World View-2, satellite data for the years 2011-12. All classes of LU/LC cover 1672.92 sq. km. area. Based on the screen digitization of World View-2 satellite data, major land use/ land cover categories identified in this area were Agricultural crop land, Plantation, Wastelands, Built-up area & water body. The areal extent of these categories is given in Table-3 & figure-6. After the preparation of land use/ land cover map, the area under each category was calculated. The data shows that agricultural land covered 86.24 percent from which crop land covers 86.01 percent, horticultural plantation covers 0.13 percent and field plantation covers 0.10 percent area. Plantation covered 0.13 percent from which open block plantation covers 0.06 percent and dense block plantation covers 0.08 percent area. Wastelands covered 7.67 percent from which scrub land covers 3.7 percent (degraded grazing land (3.36), open scrub (0.21) and dense scrub (0.13) percent) area, waterlogged covers 0.16 percent (permanent waterlogged (0.09) and seasonal waterlogged (0.07) area, salt affected covers 0.30 percent (slightly (0.18) moderately (0.11) strongly (0.01) area, mining waste (brick kilns) covers 0.58 percent area, industrial waste land covers 0.02 percent area and desertic sand covers 2.92 percent area. Built up land covered 5.21 percent from which built up rural covers 3.13 percent, built up urban covers 1.74 percent and single group building covers 0.34 percent area. Water body covered 0.75 percent of the total geographical area of Rohtak district. The interpreted landuse/ land cover map of the study area is shown as Figure-7. Area of different categories of LU/ LC is displayed in table-4. Table-3. Area under different landuse/ land cover categories Pinnacle Research Journals 125 Land use/land cover Categories Area in sq. km. (2011-12) Percent to *TGA Built Up Land 87.10 5.21 Agricultural land 1442.69 86.24 Plantations 2.24 0.13 Wastelands 128.35 7.67 Water body 12.52 0.75 Grand Total 1672.92 100.00 *TGA- Total Geographical Area
Figure: - 6 Table: - 4. Area under land use/ land covers categories & sub categories Pinnacle Research Journals 126 Land use/land cover Categories Area in sq. Percent km. (2011- *TGA 12) Built up Rural 52.29 3.13 Built Land Up Agricultural Land Built up Urban 29.07 1.74 Single group building 5.73 0.34 Crop land 1438.89 86.01 Horticultural Plantation 2.15 0.13 Field Plantation 1.66 0.10 to
Plantation Block Plantation Scrub Land Open Block Plantation 0.96 0.06 Dense Block Plantation 1.30 0.08 Degraded 56.23 3.36 Grazing Land Open Scrub 3.54 0.21 Dense Scrub 2.12 013 Wastelands Waterlogged area Salt affected area Permanent 1.48 0.09 Waterlogged Seasonal Waterlogged 1.09 0.07 Slightly 2.99 0.18 Moderately 1.90 0.11 Strongly 0.21 0.01 Mining Waste Brick kilns 9.73 0.58 Industrial Waste Industrial Waste 0.26 0.02 Desertic Sand Sand dune 48.78 2.92 Water body Pond/Lake 12.51 0.75 Horticultural Pond 0.01 0.00 Grand Total 1672.92 100.00 *TGA- Total Geographical Area Pinnacle Research Journals 127
Figure:- 7 Pinnacle Research Journals 128 Conclusion The present paper was conducted for Land use/ Land cover mapping of Rohtak district using eight band World View-2 satellite data of 2011-12. All landuse/ land cover classes in Rohtak district covered an area of 1672.92 sq. km. After going through the final land use/land cover data, following conclusions were drawn.
The major land use/ land cover categories identified in this area were Agricultural land, Plantation, Wastelands, Built-up area & water body. These classes area further divided in sub classes. Agricultural land is further divided in Crop land, horticultural plantation & field plantation. Plantation class is subdivided in open block plantation, dense block plantation. Likewise, wastelands are also subdivided in Degraded pasture & grazing land, open scrub & dense scrub, waterlogged permanent & seasonal, salt affected land (slightly, moderately, and strongly), mining wastelands (brick kilns), industrial wastelands & sand dunes. Built up area is also sub divided in three parts i.e. Built up Urban, Built up Rural & single group building. Total built up area of Rohtak district was 87.10 sq. km that is 5.21 percent of total geographical area of the district. Built up urban covers 29.07 sq. km, built up rural covers 52.29 sq. km & single group building 5.73 sq. km area which are 33, 60 & 7 percent of total built up area, respectively. Agricultural land covers 1442.69 sq. km area which is 86.24 percent of the total geographical area of Rohtak district. Crop land covers 1438.89 sq. km, horticultural plantation covers 2.15 sq. km, and field plantation covers 0.96 sq.km area which is 86.01, 0.13, and 0.10 percent of total agricultural land. Block plantation s sub classes open block plantation covers 0.96 sq. km that is 15.88 percent of all plantation of the district and dense block plantation covers 1.30 sq. km that was 21.42 percent of all plantation of the district. All wastelands of Rohtak district cover 128.35 sq. km area which is 7.67 percent to total geographical area of Rohtak district. Pinnacle Research Journals 129 In wastelands sub classes, degraded pasture & grazing land was major class that covers 56.23 sq. km area which is 48.81 percent of all wastelands of Rohtak district. Other major class was sandy area that covers 48.78 sq. km area that is 38.01 percent of all wastelands of Rohtak district. Mining wastelands (Brick kilns) covers 9.73 sq. km, open scrub covers 3.54 sq. km. dense scrub covers 2.12 sq. km, slightly salt affected area 2.99 sq. km, moderately salt affected 1.90 sq. km & waterlogged permanent covers 1.48 sq. km area that are 7.58, 2.76, 1.65, 2.33,1.48 & 1.15 percents area of all wastelands of Rohtak district. Water body class covers 12.52 sq. km area which is 0.75 percent of the district. References Arvind C. Pandy and M. S. Nathawat (2006). Land Use Land Cover Mapping Through Digital Image Processing of Satellite Data A case study from Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts, Haryana State, India. Arya.V.S. and Pankaj Kumar (2012). Generalization of baseline information using high resolution satellite data in various micro watersheds case study of Hisar district.
Arya,V. S; Arya, Sandeep; Khatri, S.S; Singh, Hardev; Kumar, Sandeep; Kumar, Dushyant; Sharma, Prem Parkash; Heena Sharma and Hooda, R. S. (2012): Wastelands Atlas of Haryana, change analysis based on temporal satellite data of 2005-06 & 2008-09. Haryana Space Applications centre (HARSAC), Hisar, HARSAC/TR/03/2012. Arya.V.S., Anup Kumar, Ajeet Singh; S.S.Khatri and Hooda, R. S. (2009). Resource Atlas of Rohtak district. Haryana Space Applications centre (HARSAC), Hisar, HARSAC/TR/02/09. Arya.V.S. K.Raj and Hooda. R.S., (2010) Evaluation and Geo-Database Creation of Watersheds in Siwaliks, Haryana, Current science, Vol. 98,No.9. pp.1-5. Gupta, K and Jain, S (2005): Enhanced capabilities of IRS P-6 sensor for Urban Planning`, Current Science, Vol.89, No.11, pp.1805-1812. M. Abu Kubi, (1999), Detection and Mapping of the Landuse/ Landcover (LULC) Changes in the Jordan Valley Using LANDSAT Imageries, pp.1 Muazu, K. M. et. al.,(2010), Mapping Land Use-land Cover and Change Detection in Kafur Local Government, Katsina, Nigeria (1995-2008) Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 2(1): 6-12, 2010. Nobi.E.P., R. Umamaheswari., C. Stella and T. Thangaradjou (2009), Land use and Land cover Assessment along Pondicherry and its Surroundings Using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite and GIS, American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.4, pp.1 Ramachandra, T. V. et. al., (2004), Geographic Resources Decision Support System for land use, land cover dynamics analysis, Centre for Ecological Sciences. Web Refrences:- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/landuse en.wikipedia.org/wiki/land_cover soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/mlra/mlra_definitions.html www.dir.state.tx.us/tgic/pubs/digtex2004/appendix3.htm Pinnacle Research Journals 130 http://www.gisdevelopment.net/magazine/gisdev/2004/june/landuse4.shtml