k m-cn-iä I ticfw ]n F skbvxp-ap-l-½zv

k m-cn-iä I ticfw {KÙ-IÀ m: ]n F skbvxp-ap-l-½zv

{]kvxm-h\ Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xy- n\v AÀln- p- {X {]m[m\yw ae-bm-f-`m-jbnâ e`n- n-«n-sã- nepw Bim-h-l-amb ]ptcm-kxn {]kvxpx amà - nâ I p-xp-s- n-bn-«p-s Imcy- nâ kwi-b-an-ã. P\-k-ap-Zm-b- nsâ kmwkv m-cni ]ptcm-k-xn-bnâ Ncn-{X- n v al- mb kw`mh-\-iä \evim³ Ign-bp-sa- Xv Hcp bmymà y-am-wv. hf-cp P\- Xbv v Ncn-{X-]-T\w AXy- m-t]- n-x-am-bn- oà n-cn- p- p. tic-f-n-cn-{xs kw_-ôn- p Fsâ {]Y-a-{K-Ù-amb Ncn-{XtI-c-f- n v lmà±-h-amb kzoi-cww \ÂInb klr-z-b-cpss ap¼nâ ip`m-]vxn-hn-izm-k-t m-sp-iqsn k m-cn-iä I tic-fhpw kaà n- p- p. CS- n-s v ]{X- -fn-se-gp-xnb Ncn-{X-kw-_-Ô-amb tej-\- -fpss Hcp kam-lm-c-amwv k m-cn-iä I ticfw. km¼- ni `{Z-Xbpw kmwkv m-cni ]ptcm-k-xnbpw ssitimà v ]nsn v \n n-cp ]pcm-x-\- ti-c-f- nsâ Nn{Xw "k m-cn-iä' Cu {KÙ- n-eqss \evip- p. `n - cp-nn- m-cpäs m-åp hn[n-ià m- -fmb hmb-\- m-cpss AwKo-IcWw {]Xo- n- p-sim- v... kkvt\lw ]n.-g.-sk-bvxp-ap-l-½-zv.

Df-f-S w k m-cn-iä I HmWw... 4 Be-an-bpsS tic-f-bm{x... 11 {]mno\ simsp- -ÃqÀ... 20 ticfw PqtX-Xn-lm-k- -fnâ... 27 \yqtlm^v I ticfw... 37 C_v\p-_-Xq tic-f- nâ... 44 Xplv^- pâ appm-ln-znsâ Imew... 50 e Zzo]pI-fpsS CXn-lmkw... 59

k m-cn-iä I HmWw sfxn-lm-kn-i-amb Hcp alm-kw-`-h- nsâ kvac-w-bv mbn aebm-fn-i-fn pw HmW-am-tLm-jn- p- p. Imew ]ptcm-k-an- p-t m-dpw HmWw Hcp kap-zm-b- nsâ Hcp {]txy-im-tlm-j-ambn ]cn-w-an- p- Ibpw sn p- p. Ncn-{X- nsâ Xmfp-IÄ adn- p-t\m- p-t¼mä ]pcm-x-\- ti-c-f- nse HmWm-tLm-j- Ä C -t -XnÂ\n v XnI pw hyxy-kvxam-bn-cp- psh v a\-ên-em- mw. ]e Ime- -fn-embn ticfw kµàin- n- «p-ff hntz-io-b-k- m-cn-iä tic-fo-b-cpss HmWs Hcp tzio-tbm-õh-am-bn-«mwv Ncn-{X- nâ tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-«p-å-xv. ]Xn-s\m mw \qd-dm- nâ ticfw kµàin {]ikvx Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-\mb AÂ-þ-_-dqWn {Ko p-im-cpss {]mno\ ^ nb Hfn-¼n- n-t\mspw, 1154þÂ tic-f- nse nb AÂ-C-{Znkn SpWo-jy-cpsS dm_nkm BtLm-j-t mspw, 1159þÂ ]cy-s\w \S- nb _ -an³ awtkm-fn-b- m-cpss jmjqpm DÕh-t mspw \½psS HmWm-tLm-js Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp- n-bn-«p- v. HmWw Hcp al- mb dn -»n- ³ BtLm-j-am-bn«mWv ]pcm-x-\-ti-c-fo-bà sim m-sn-bn-cp- -sx v Ncn-{X-tc-J-IÄ hnfn- p-]-d-bp- p. ax- n\pw PmXn- p-a-xo-x-ambn t a-cm-jv{s- nse kwxr-]vx-cmb \½psS ]qàæn- I³amÀ kmtlm-jw-sim- m-snb B kphà Ime-L«w \ap- n v kz]v\-am-bn- oà n-cn- p- p. tic-f- -c-bnâ BZy-ambn IpSn-tb-dn- mà PqX- mcpw XZ-\- cw {]th-in {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apéo-an- fpw X -fpss tzio-tbm- Õ-h-ambn HmWs AwKo-I-cn- n-cp- p. t]mà p-ko-êp-im-cpss B{Ia-W- n-\p-ap¼v tic-f- nse hym]m-c-{]-ap-j-\m-bn- oà PqX-{]-am-Wnbmb tpmk^v dºm³ `mkv -c-hà½ cmpm-hn\v hntz-i-km-[-\- Ä HmWw {]am-wn v k½m-\n- p-ibpw Hcp hymg-h-«- m-es HmWm-tLmj- nsâ taât\m«w `mkv -c-hà½ At±-l- n\v \ÂIp-Ibpw 4

snbvx-xmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tpmk^v anunâ«{]kvxm-hn- p- p. PqX- m-sc-t mse {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apéo-an- fpw HmWm-tLm-j- -tfm- S-\p-_-Ôn v Npa-X-e-IÄ hln- n-cp- p. {In: 954þÂ ]mwvun-s -cp-amä simsp- -ÃqÀ hnfn- p-iq-«nb ]WvUn-X-k-Z-ÊnÂsh v {InkvXym-\n- IÄ pw ax-hn-izm-kn-iä pw HmW-a-Õcw \S- m\pw BtLmjw `wkn-bm- m\pw A\p-aXn \evin. A s HmW- n\v sh«v \m«p- Im-cpsS Imbn-I-a-Õ-c- Ä {]kn-²-am-bn-cp- p. Btbm-[\ hnzy-bnâ {]mhowyw k¼m-zn- n-«p-ff Bfp-IÄ ""HmW- - n-''bnâ X -fpss A`ym-k- Ä {]I-Sn- n- pw. AXn\v k½m\w \ný-bn- p-hm\pw ad-dpambn \ymbm-[n-]- m-cmbn {InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw apéo-ao- -sfbpw cmpmhv \nb-an- m-dp- v. Ien-bpK hàjm-cw-`-amb A D444-þÂ A -b- ]m-{x-tn-c³ F [mà½n-i-n-{i-hà n-bmwv tic-f-sam-«p pw {]mxn-\n- [y-ap-ff alm-k-t½-f\w hnfn- p-iq-«n-b-sx v kntem _p²-an-jy-\-dnam-cpss Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fnÂ ImWp- p. _p²-a-x-{]-nm-c-i\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c- \p-amb AK-kvXym-\-µ³ ""Z n-tw- y-bnâ _p²-a-x- nsâ {]m_eyw'' F Ncn-{X-{K-Ù- nâ alm-_en N{I-hÀ n-tbbpw At±l- nsâ t]cnâ LSn- n- -s -«n-«p-ff HmW- -S- p-i-sf-bpw-]-ddn C ns\ ]d-bp- p. ""{]Pm-X-ev]-c-\mb Ncn{X ]pcp-j-\m-bn-cp p alm- _-en. tic-fo-b-cpss skuioeyhpw[mà½n-i-`m-hhpw alm-_en N{IhÀ n-bnâ\n v e`n- -Xm-bn-cn- -Ww. HcmÄ pw AÃepw B] pw hcp- msx kt m-j-t m-sp-iqsn {]P-IÄ Pohn- -W-sa v A\p-imkn am-_-en-bpss `c-w-im-es A\p-kva-cn- p-hm-\mwv tic-fo-bà hàjw-txmdpw HmW-am-tLm-jn- p- -Xv. PmXn-Nn- IÄ am_-ensb Xo n-bn-cp- n-ã. ]s CS- m-e v tic-f- nâ B[n-]Xyw Øm]n sshzn-i-a-x- mà am_-en-bpss ]mh-\m-zài-\s _en-i-gn- p-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. _p²-a-xm-\p-bm-bn-isf `oj-wn-s -Sp- n-s m- n-cp sshzn- I-a-X- mà lnwk-bv p-iqsn P\- sf t{]cn- n- p. 1200þÂ kµài- \mà w tic-f- n-se- nb AÊo-dn-b- m-c-\mb sau v hnt\mâ 5

tpm Xsâ ""k m-c-km-ln-xy- nâ'' tic-fo-b-cpss HmW- m-e- -S- p-i-sf- p-dn- n- s\ ]d-bp p: ""{]mtbw im -io-ecpw {]b-xv\-imen-i-fp-amb ae-_m-dp-imà X -fpss \jvs-s «kphà -Im-es kvacn- p-sim p \S- p Hcp-Õ-h-amWv HmWw. Cu DÕ-h- nâ Ah-cpsS FÃm Ie-Ifpw {]ZÀin- n- pw. Irjo-h-e- m-cmb \m«p-imà Ah-cpsS \m«n³]p-d- -fnâ HmW-ta-f-Xs \S- pw.- FÃm ax-hnizmkniä pw Cu taf-bnepw ]s -Sp- mw. ip²-hkv{xw [cn v At\ym\yw kvt\lhpw hnizm-khpw ]pxp- p Cu BtLm-j- n\v CXn-lm-k-{]m-[m-\y-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. Ah-cpsS \ms³km-\- -fnâ \ng-en- p- Im-Wp Ncn{Xw B CXn-lm-k- n-sâ-xm-wv. Cu Km\- Ä Cd-dm-enb³ `mj-bn-te pw AÊo-dn-b³ `mj-bn-te pw ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp- m³ Rm³ {ian- p..'' sau v hnt\mensâ kµài-\- n-\p-ap-¼mwv AÂ_-dqWn tic-f- nâ h -Xv. AÂ_-dq-Wn-bpsS hnh-cww e`n- n-st mfw tcj-i-fnâ hne-s -«-Xm-Wv. ""Ipcp-ap-f-In\pw Ge- n\pw t]sc-sp ticfw k¼âk-ar-²nbpss Bhm-k-tI-{µ-am-bn-«mWv F\n- -\p-`-h-s -«-Xv. Jpdm-km-\nse Irjn- m-sc-t mse Chn-S-s bpw Irjn- mà {]bxv\imen-ifpw im -io-e-cp-am-wv. tic-fo-b-cp-ss-bn-s-bnâ {]i-kvx-\mb Hcp (Jm-en-^v) am_en `cn- n-cp-s v Ah-cpsS tzio-tbm-õ-hw hyà-am- p- p. ticf- nâ IpSn-tb-dn- mà FÃm-hcpw Cu \Ã `c-wm-[n-im-cnsb ]pigv p- p. PqX- m-cp-ssbpw, {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw, apéo-an- -fp-ss-bp-an- S-bnÂ Cu `c-wm-[n-im-cn-sb- -ddn \oxn-i-y-iä {]N-cn- n- n-«p- v. timgn-t m-«pw, simã- pw, ] -f pw HmW- m-e v Rm³ Xma-kn- p. R -fpss ]cy-s-\-kwlw timgn-t m«p Xma-kn- p-t¼mä ae-_mdnsâ Nne `mk- -fnâ \n v R Ä v W-\- Ä e`n- p. timgnt ms«`c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fpss taât\m-«- nâ R Ä sh«v HmW- mgvn ImWm³ t]mbn. sh«v Kw`o-c-amb kzy-bmwv GÀ m-sp-sn- 6

bvxn-cp- -Xv. Cu kzy-bnâ ]uc-{]-ap-j-cmb FÃm-hcpw Xpd-ap-Js hntz-in-i-fmb hym]m-cn-ifpw ] p-sim- n-cp- p. HmWm-cw-`- nâ sh«v \m«nâ FÃm-hcpw ]s -Sp- p kzy-iä hàjw-txmdpw \S- m-dp- -t{x. sh«v `c-wm-[n-imcn kzy-bv p-tijw hnt\m-z-a-õcw GÀs -Sp- n-bn-cp- p. Cu aõ-c- nâ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apéo-an- fpw ] p-sim- n-cp- p. c p hcn-bnâ {Ko p-imà bp²- -f- nâ D]-tbm- Kn- n-cp Hcp-Xcw Bbp[(]-cn-N)hpw [cn v {Kmao-WÀ Ifn XpS- n. AXp-t]mse Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z- Ä ]expw {]ZÀin- n- p. Cu aõ-c- -fnbnâ hnp-bn- p- -hà v HmW-_n-cpZw \evipw. Ifn-kwLw HmW- me v \mssm-«p pw Npddn k -cn- pw. \msnsâ FÃm `mk- -fnepw Dt -jhpw BËm-Zhpw Ae-X-Ãn-bn-cp- p. FÃm Iem-hn-t\m-Z- fpw {]ZÀin- n- p Cu Ime v Hmtcm \m«p-`-c-wm-[n-im-cnbpw {]txy-iambpw k½m-\- Ä \evim-dp- v. simã p sn -t mä Ahn-sSbpw hn]p-e-amb \ne-bnâ BtLm-j- Ä \S- p- p. Cu BtLm-j-Im-e- -fnâ FÃm tzhm-e-b- fpw Ae- -cn- n-«p- m-bn-cn- pw. ]pcm-x\ {Ko p-imà Ah-cpsS tzio-tbm-õ-h-ambn BtLm-jn- n-cp ^ nb Hfn-¼n- nâ FÃm Ie-Ifpw {]ZÀin- n- p-ibpw X -fpss cmjv{s- nsâ `{Z-X-bv mbn ]cn-{i-an- m³ {]XnÚ ]pxp- p-ibpw snbvxncp- p. AXp-t]mse cmjv{so-b-amb Hcp atlm-õ-h-amwv tic-f- nse HmWw. ]WvUn-X\pw XymK-io-e-\p-amb ] -f v cmpmhv HmW- nsâ sfxnlyw F\n v hnh-cn- p-x- p. Cu BtLm-j- nâ `mk-`m- m- m³ timgn-t m-s«bpw ]cn-k-c- -fn-sebpw FÃm apéo-an- fpw Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn- n- n-cp- p. ax-]-c-amb bmsxmcp XS-Êhpw BtLmjs _m[n- n-cp- n-ã. X -fpss {]P-I-fpsS t am-t\z-j-wmà w cmpm- - m-à \msv Npd-dn-s m- n-cp- p. apéow {]_e- m-scbpw {InkvXo-b-{]-am-Wn-I-sfbpw DÄs -Sp- n-s m- på BtLm-j- Ä simã v Rm³ I p. Nmen-b pw I qcpw Rm³ apéow IpSpw-_- -fnâ sn -t mä ln p {]amwnam-cpss HmW-k-½m-\- Ä F n-bncp- -Xmbn I p. timgn-t ms«hgn-b-¼-e- -fnepw k{x- -fnepw HmW- 7

m-e v Bscbpw Rm³ I n-ã. Ah-sc-sbÃmw Hmtcm-cp- À HmWam-tLm-jn- m³ Wn- p-sim- p-s]m-bv -gn-ªn-cp- p. Xpd-ap-J v hym]mcw sn p hntz-io-bà cmpm-hn\v hne-]n-sn HmW-k-½m-\- Ä \evip-ibpw cmpmhv Ah-tcmSv Ipi-e-a-t\z-jn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. simsp- -ÃqÀ cmpm-hn\v Atd-_y-bnÂ \n pw ssn\-bnâ\n pw HmWk-½m-\- Ä hym]m-cn-iä hgn e`n- n-cp- p. A s\ hntz-i- -fp-ambn skulmà±-l-_ôw ]pxp- p-hm\pw HmWm-tLm-j- n\v km[n- p- p. simsp- -ÃqÀ cmpmhv \S- p kzy-i-fnepw Iem-a-Õ-c- -fnepw FÃm ax-hn-izm-kn-ifpw ]s -Sp- n-cp- p.'' AÂ_-dq-Wn-bpsS A\p-Km-anbmbn 114-þÂ h AÂ-C-{Zn-kn-bpsS k m-c- p-dn- nâ ]d-bp p: ""HmW- m-e- v, in n- -s -«n-«på XS-hp-ImÀ v in Cf-hpsNbvXp simsp- p-ibpw am p-\-evip-i-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p.]c-kv]cw _Ô-s -Sp-hm\pw skulmà±w IqSp-XÂ ZrV-am- p-hm\pw HmW- mew tic-fo-bà v ]n³_ew \evin-bn-cp- p. AXn-Yn-{]n-b-cmb tic-fo-b-cpss at\m-hn-im-ex hntz-in-iä v A\p-`-h-s -Sp- Xv HmW- m-e- m-wv. Hcp Znhkw cmhnse ]pd- p-h- -t mä \nd-ª-ip-«-iä Fsâ ap¼nâ I p At\z-jn- -t mä HmW-k-½m-\-am-sW- -dn-ªp. simã v ImbenÂ GÀs -Sp- n-bn-cp aõcw ImWphm³ Rm\pw t]mbn. B aõc- nsâ taât\m«w {InkvXym-\n-IÄ pw apéo-an- Ä p-am-bn-cp- p. HmW- m-e v CX-c-a-X-hn-izm-kn-IÄ v {]txyiw k½m\w \evip ]Xn-hp- v. FÃm-hcpw HmWm-tLm-j- nâ ] p-sim-åp- p- v. 1286þÂ ax-{]-n-c-wmà w h {^bà HmtUm-dn pw 1347þÂ timgn-t m«v Xma-kn- n-cp dokv s\ãnbpw [À½-{]-N-c-WmÀ w \msp-`cn- n-cp am_-en-bpss kvac-wsb ]pâin-\n-ev p HmWs hnip- ²m-tLm-j-am-bn-«mWv tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-«p-å-xv. HmW- m-e v AwK-lo-\- scbpw Zcn-{Z-scbpw Biz-kn- n- m\pw AhÀ p klmbw \evip- 8

hm\pw cmpm- - mà ipjv m n {]I-Sn- n- n-cp- p. hgn-b-¼-e- -fnâ Xma-kn- p FÃm AK-Xn-I-sfbpw HmW-\m-fp-I-fnÂ timgn-t m«v cmpmhv Wn- p-h-cp n kzy \evin-bn-cp- p. hym]m-cn-iä v {]txyiw ]mcn-txm-jn-i- Ä \ÂIm³ cmpmhv {i²n- n-cp- p. I q-cpw,,nm-en-b pw [À½-S pw s\bvxp- m- p hnti-j-s «hkv{x- Ä HmW-k-½m-\-ambn Irjn- mà v \msp-hm-gn-iä \evin-bn-cp- p. ]WvUn- X³amÀ v hne-iq-snb hkv{x- -fmwv k½m-\-ambn \evin-bn-cp- -Xv. ]ptcm-ln-x- m-cpss AI-¼-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqSn HmW- -S- p-iä cmpmhv \nàæln- p-t¼mä tzhm-e-b- -fnâ im n pw kam-[m-\- n-\p-ambn Iq«- {]mà \ \S- m-dp- v. CXnÂ FÃm hnizm-kn-ifpw X -fpss ] v \nàæ-ln- n-cp- p. timgn-t ms«{]ap-j- m-cmb Jmkn-am-cpsS hosp-ifnâ Acnbpw XpWnbpw ]g-hà - fpw [À½w simsp- n-cp- p. hnãm³i-fn, tnt -dv, tifn-sim«v XpS- nb Ifn-IÄ ae-_m-dnâ HmW- m-e v \S- n-bn-cp- p. a{ nbpw cmpm-hp-ambn h\-hm-kn-iä {]mir-x-am-xr-i-bnâ \S- p timew-si-«â \ms-i- n\v hf-sc-tbsd ImWn-Isf e`n- n-cp- p. a{ n-bpss Ipddw I p-]n-sn- p-ibpw HSp-hnÂ cmpmhv am p-sim-sp- p- -Xp-amWv timew si«nse Df-f-S- w. Cu timew-si-«â shfn-ø-e- -fnemwv \S- -s -Sp- -Xv. CXp ImWp-hm³ am_en Fgp-s -f-fp-sa v hniz-kn- -s -Sp- p. HmW- m-es ImbÂbm-{X-bnepw \msp-hm-gn-b-s w hf-sc-t]à ] p-sim-åpw..'' s{^bà HtUm-dn- nsâ Item-Õ-hs kw_-ôn pff hnh-c-w- nsâ Hcp `mk-am-wn-xv. dokvs\ãn-bpss ""shtì³ F³Iz-bdn''bnÂ \½psS HmW- mes ]WvUn-X-k-Z-Ên-s\bpw kàæ-a-x-k-t½-f-\-s bpw kw_-ôn- mwv ]d-bp- -Xv. HmWw FÃm-hcpw BZ-cn- -s -Sp tzio-bm-tlm-jam-sw pw Hcp Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-k-{¼-Zmbw \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp tic-f- 9

nse cmjv{so-tbm-õ-h-sa \ne-bn-emwv _lp-p-\- -f-xw-ko-i-cn- p- sx pw dokv s\ãn ]d-bp p. am_en Hcp-k- -ev]-i-ym-]m-{x-am-sw- nepw A\p-I-c-Wo-b-\mb Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cp- p-sh pw At±lw Du n- -d-bp- p. B[p-\n-I-tI-c-f- nse P\X {]Pm-[n-]-Xy- n-sâbpw, tkmjy-enk- n-sâbpw amà - n-te v {]th-in- p-i-bm-wv. Ign-ªp-t]mb B Ime-L«w C\n hcn-i-bn-sã- nepw A s skulrz-po-hn-xhpw kl- I-c-W-t_m-[hpw hos -Sp- m³ \mw {ian- -Ww. tic-f-kw-kv m-c-sa- Xv Cu \msnsâ a nâ IpSn-tb-dn- mà FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw skulmà±- nsâ aw-ap-ff al- mb kwkv m-c-am-wv. km¼- n-iamb hnj-a-x-ifpw PmXo-b-Nn- bpw B[p-\n-I-tI-c-fs Ae-«n-s m- n-cn- p-t¼mä Ipd v t\c-t -s - nepw \½psS ]qàæn-i- m-cpss kt m-j-{]-z-amb Pohn-X-s - -ddn \msam- m-tem-nn- -Ww. At mä Fs v aõ-c- -fp- m-bmepw AsXÃmw hnkva-cn- p-sim p t]mim³ \ap- p-t -P\w \ÂIpw. tic-f- nsâ ktµiw hntz-i- - fn-e-dn-b-s -«Xv Xs Chn-Sps adp-\m-s³ Xma-k- mà hgn-bm-wv. \qddm- p-iä pap¼v Xs tic-f- n v {]ikvxn kamàön- p-sim-sp- m³ km[n \in- m B skulmà±-_ôw D -tcm- cw hfà p-hm³ \ap p Ign-b-s«. kpµ-c-amb Hcp Pohn-X-L-S\ tic-f- n-ep-b-cp-sa v hniz-kn- mw. A m-e-s - nepw HmWw \½psS tziobm-tlm-j-ambn sim m-sm\pw FÃm PmXo-a-X-ØÀ pw AXnÂ kl- I-cn- m\pw kµà`w D m-ti- -Xm-Wv. tic-f- nsâ B \in- m skulrzw HmW- m-e- -fnâ IqSp-XÂ kpi-à-am-i-ww. {]mnn-\-ti-cf- nâ k m-cn-iä I HmWw Hcp bmymà y-ambn cq]w {]m]n- p kphà -L«w kam-k-x-am-i-ww. 10

Be-an-bpsS tic-f-bm{x B[p-\nI ssn\bpw C ybpw IqSp-XÂ _Ô-s -«p-sim- n-cn- p kµà`-am-wn-xv. {]mno-\-im-e- p-xs C y-bp-ambn ssn\ p At`-Zy-amb _Ôw si«n-bp-d- n- p-hm³ Ign-ªn-«p- v. ^ml-bmsâbpw lpbm- vkm-sâbpw Ncn{Xw krjvsn `mc-x-]-cy-s-\- n- ptijw al- mb ]e ]cn-hà -\- fpw C y-bnepw ssn\-bn-ep-ap- m-bn. C y-bp-ambn ssn\- p-ff _Ôw c p-x-c- n-em-bn-cp- p. _p²-k-\ym-kn-i-fmb Hcp hn`m-k- nsâ Bßo-b-t\-XrXzw D -tc- ybnâ hnp-b-s msn \m«nb Hcp Ime-L-«- n-emwv ssn\okv k m-cn- I-fpsS Xn pw Xnc pw IqSp-XÂ A\p-`-h-s -«-Xv. asd-dm p tic-f-hp-ambpå hym]m-c-_-ô-am-wv. {]i-kvxn-bmàön simsp- -ÃqÀ Xpd-ap-Jhp-ambn ssn\- mà _Ôw Øm]n- Xv _n.-kn.2108emsw- mwv Nm nbm-lqan (Chaankiyahumi)-F- ssn\okv Ncn-{X-Im-c³ ]d-bp- -Xv. {InkvXp-hn-\p-ap¼v 832þÂ ti S-WnÂ Pohn- n-cp Nm n-bm-lqan ""ssn\-bpss hnzq-c-tz-i-_-ô- Ä'' F {KÙ- nâ tic-f-s - -ddnbpw hntú-b- -fmb hnh-c- Ä \evip- p- v. ssn\bpss t\xrxzw \nc-h[n \qd-dm- p-i-tfmfw kqbn cmp-hwi- nsâ I n-em-bn-cp- p. kqbn cmp-hw-i-p m-cnâ aq mw-_m_ F - dn-b-s -Sp k m-c-{]n-b-\mb N{I-hÀ n-bp-ss-im-e v ticfw kµàin- p-hm³ Hcp skulmà±-{]-xn-\n[nkwlw jnbm-\nâ\n p ]pd-s -«p. {]mno-\-ti-c-f-s - -ddn hf-sc-tb-sd-ti-«n-«p-ff {]Xn-\n-[n-kw- Lmw-K- Ä `à-i-hn-bmb Xqf-ko-Zm-ksâ DÂIr-jvS-IrXn tic-f-cm-pmhn p kaà n- p. {]kvxp-x-irxn hf-sc-s m-ã- -Ä p-ap¼v tic-f- nse Hcp cmpmhv ssn\m- mà v k½m-\n- -Xm-bn-cp- p. B IrXn k½m-\n Ime- Ä p-ap¼p Xs ssn\bpw tic-fhpw ]c-kv]cw 11

_Ô-s -«n-cp- p-sh p cmpm-hns\ {Kln- n- p-hm³ {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ p Ign-ªp. {In:408þÂ ssn\okv hym]m-cn-iä tic-f- nâ Hcp hym]m-cti{µw Øm]n- p. sx ³ ssn\-bnâ \ne-hn-ep-ff ""jmàkq v'' \ms³]m-«p-i-fnâ ISÂk- m-cn-i-fpss hntz-i-bm-{x-sb- -ddnbpff hà -\-IÄ tiä mw. Hcp \ms³]m-«nâ\n p e`n Ncn-{X-kw-_-Ôamb sndnb hnh-cww F v.-g.-sk-bn³kv F Ncn-{X-Im-c³ Road to Ancient China (""]pcm-x-\-ssn-\-bn-te- på amà w'')f elp-{k-ù- nâ tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-cp- p- -Xn- -s\-bmwv: ""N m- nâ \n p-ff ISÂk- m-cn-iä FXnÀ p-i-b-dp Hmf- sf apdn- p-sim v akq-enbnâ sn p hn{i-an- pw. ag- mew k m-cn-i-fpss Hgn-hp-Im-ew. em³xo- m-bpss c -bn-e-hà kt m-j-t mss as- n-sb- pw.'' N m³ F -dn-b-s -«n-cp jnbm-\nâ\n p akqen (a-kq-en-sb simsp- -ÃqÀ)-bn-te- på bm{x em³xo- -sb kap-{z-tz-h-x-bpss c -bn-em-bn-cp- p-sh p {]kvxpx Km\- nâ\n p a\-ên-em- mw. Atd-_y-bnÂ\n p ax-{]-n-c-wmà w ssn\-bn-se- nb A_o- I-_vi-bpsS kl-bm-{x- m-c-\mb hjq-_v-b-ean {InkvXm_vZw 687þÂ Hcp tic-f-]-cy-s\w \S- n-b-xmbn ImWp- p. hjq-_v-b-ean Hcp ssn\okv k m-cn-bm-bn-cp-s v 1286þÂ tic-f- nâ h {^bà-htum-dniv Xsâ {KÙ- nâ kwi-bm-kv]-z-ambn ]d-ªn-«p- v. Be-anbpsS k m-c-im-e-s - p-dn p Ad-_n-bnÂ {]kn-²-s -Sp- n-bn-«på {KÙ- Ä HtUm-dn- nsâ tcjsb iàn-bpàw JWvUn- p- p. {]kn- ²-XpÀ n Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb Al-½Zv d^o v BÄ«n-s\-bpsS Ncn-{X-Kth-jWw ]e ]pxnb kw`-h- fpw \½psS ap¼nâ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p- v. BÄ«n-s\-bpsS {KÙ- -fn-eqss t\m p-t¼mä ssn\bpw ticfhpw X½nÂ kpzr-v-amb _Ôw Øm]n- Xv {InkvXm_vZw Adp-\q-dn- p-ti-j-am-wv. Cu _Ô- n p hym]m-cs am{xw Ah-ew-_n- på {]m[m-\y-aã BÄ«ns\ ImWp- -Xv. ssn\-bnâ Atd-_y-cmb Ncn-{Xm- 12

t\z-j-icpw kmaq-ly-{]-hà -Icpw {]hm-n-isâ Ime- p-xs h p- Xp-S- n. HSp-hnÂ h hjq^v Be-an-bmWv Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xys ssn\-bnâ ]cn-t]m-jn- n- -Xv. Ad-_n- - -h-s- m-cnâ Hcp hn`mkw ssn\-bnâ ax-{]-n-c-w-hpw \S- n. hntz-i-]-cy-s-\- nâ Atd-_y- på kl-p-amb DÕmlw Ahsc temi- nsâ FÃm `mk- -fn-epw \njv{]-bmkw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- m³ D]-bp-à-am-bn. ssn\-bnse Hcp {]_e apéow-ti-{µ-amb ti³s-\nâ\n p hjq^v Bean ssn\- mcpw Atd-_y- m-cp-a-s- nb bm{xm-kw-ls C y-bn-te p \bn- p. Cu bm{xm-kw-l- nâ Hcp ssp\-a-xmw-khpw DÄs -«n-cp- p. Sm³Ko-enbm v F Cu ssp\-a-x- m-c³ Hcp Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X³Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp- p. aq p I -ep-i-fn-embn ]pd-s «bm{xm-kwlw Hcp simsp- m-d-dn-e- I-s -«p. c p I -ep-iä 687 HIvtSm-_-dnÂ tic-f- n-se- n. simsp- - ÃqÀ Sm³Ko-en-bm- n\pw hjq^v Be-an pw Kw`o-c-amb kzoi-c-w-amwv \ÂIn-b-Xv. Sm³Ko-en-bm- nsâ ax-{]-n-cww tic-f- nsâ Z n-w-`m-k- - fnâ \nà_m[w XpSÀ p. samtdm-s, SqWn-kv, CuPn]vXv XpS- nb cmpy- -fnâ\n p I -h-s- mà simsp- -ÃqÀ h p Xmh-f-a-Sn- n-cp Ime-am-bn-cp p AXv. hjq^v Be-an simsp- -ÃqÀ cmpm-hnsâ AXn-Ynbmbn Xma-kn- p. cmp-ip-spw-_- nâ s]«hcp {]ap-j\v hnjw Xo nbxmbn hjq^v Be-ansb At±-l- nsâ kplr- p- Ä Adnbn- p. hnj-ssh-zy- nâ sshzkv²yw k¼m-zn Bean hnj-an-d- n. cmpmhv Be-ansb Xsâ kz w sshzy-\mbn AwKo-I-cn- p. Bean sim«m-c-ssh-zy-\mbn tpmen-t\m- p-t¼mä At±-l- n\v Fgp-]-s «v hbêv {]mb-ap- m-bn-cp- p. Be-an-bpsS ssn\okv kplr- p- Ä v Xma-kn- m-\på Øehpw si«n-shpw cmpmhv \evin. ssn\bpw ticfhpw X½n-epÅ hym]m-c-kw-_-ô-amb FÃm _Ô- fpw Be-an-bpsS taât\m-«- nâ \S- p. ]{ p kwh-õ-cs tic-f- nse Xma-k- n- p-tijw {In:699Â ssn\-bn-te p as- n. ssn\-bn-se- nb 13

DSs\ ssn\okv apéow-i-fpss \ymbm-[n-]-\mbn Be-ansb Xnc-sª-Sp- p. ]s k m-c-{]n-b-\mb Bean sxm q-ddn H m-as hb-ênâ A -cn- p. ti S-\nse Hcp XoÀ m-s-\-ø-e-ambn Be-an-bpsS ivaim- \-a-wvu]w Ad-_n-I-sfbpw ssn\m- m-tcbpw BIÀjn- p-sim- n-cp- p. Be-ansb Hcp ]cn-jv À m-hn-s\-t mse KWn- n-cp Zm³Knen-bm v ""Sm³Kn-en-bmkv t\m«vkv'' F Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-- nâ C ns\ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p p: ""I Â Imd-dn-e-I-s -«n«pw [oc-\mb Bean FÃm-hscbpw kam-iz-kn n psim- n- -s\-bmwv ]d-ª-xv: "Bßm-hn\p ss[cyw \ÂIm³ kàæ-i-à-t\msp {]mà n- p-i, ss[cy-am-bn-cp- mâ simsp- m-d-dns\ \ap p Iog-S- mw. FÃm-hcpw lq -h-en p ^enxw ]d-bp-i. I Â Ic- -W-bpw ' Bean IÀ½w sn p- -XnÂ Ft mgpw ipjv m- n-bp-f-f-h-\m-bn-cp- p. ]I-bpw, Akq-b-bpw, Al- bpw At±ls Hcn- epw kv]àin- n-ã. k m-c-th-f-bnâ CXn-lm-k-I-Y-IÄ hà n- p-]-d-bp-ibpw bm{xm-hn-h-c-w- Ä FgpXn kq n- p-ibpw sn p- -XnÂ Bean {]txyiw {i²n- n-cp- p. ssn\-bnâ\n p ae-_mdn-te p hcp k m-cn-i-fpss F w Hmtcm hàj- nepw IqSn- qsn h p. Be-an-bpsS t{]c-wm-iàn A{Xbpw iàn-a- m-bn-cp- p. C ym ssn\ _Ôs ZrV-X-c-am- nb Be-ansb Bßo-b-Kp-cp-hns\-t mse Rm³ _lp-am-\n- p- p."" Bean tic-f-s -Êw-_-Ôn p Xsâ Ncn-{X-{K-Ù- nâ F mwv ]d-ªn-«p-f-f-sx- -dn-bm³ \ap- m-{k-l-ap- v. Be-an-bp-tS-Xmbn hnizkm-lo-xy- n\p e`n- n-«p-åxv Ccp-]-t gv hnin-jvs-{k-ù- -fm-wv. CXnÂ ]Xn-\m-sd w temi- nse CXc `mj-i-fn-te v ]Xn-\memw \qd-dm- n-\p-ap-¼p-xs ]IÀ -s -«n-«p- v. ssn\okv `mj-bnâ BZyambn JpÀ-Bsâ Hc-]qÀ -hym-jym\w Fgp-Xn-bXv Be-an-bm-Wv. a²y-im- 14

e-ssn-\-bpss CXn-lm-k-sa- Xv ]WvUn-X-h-cy-\mb kvacy-]p-cp-jsâ DÂIr-jvS-{K-Ù- ÄIqSn DÄs m-åp- -Xm-Wv. ""Im³S-\nÂ \n p ISep-IÄ - p-d-t v'' F ssn\okv k m-c-ir-xn-bnâ Bean ISÂs m-å- m-scbpw hym]m-c-{]-ap-j³am-scbpw kw_-ôn v hnh-cn- p- p. ""AÀta-\n-b- m-cpss kap-{z-k- m-cs ddn hfsc sndp- - nâxs Rm³ ti«n-«p- v. Hcp k m-cn-bm-im-\p-ff Fsâ A`nemjw AÀta-\n-b³ k m-c-iy hmbn- -txm-sp-iqsn aqà²-\y- n-se- n. Atd-_y-bnÂ\n p ssn\-bn-te p bm{x Xncn- p-t¼mä Xs Gjy ssa\-dnsâ FÃm `mk- fpw Npd-dn- m-wm-sa- m-{k-ln- p. ssn\- bnâ hym]m-c-amµyw kw`-hn Hcp Ime- mwv R -fpss bm{xmkwlw Im³S-\nÂ F n-b-xv. hym]m-cn-i-fnâ `qcn-]- hpw t]àjy³ DÄ -SÂ Xoc- nâ \n p h n-«på kmpnb hà - m-cm-bn-cp- p. kqbn cmp-hw-i- m-cpss {]Xm]w \ne-\n Ime v kmpn-b-hà - mà Im³S-\nÂ hym]mcw snbvxn-cp- p. ap p- n- n-ifpw tcma- -¼n-fn-Ifpw I -hsw snbvxn-cp kmpn-b- m-cpss ASp bm{x ae-_m-dn-te- mbn-cp- p. ae-_mà I -h-s- nâ Fsâ ]nxm-a-l-\mb \Jq-Z-k- nzv CSs]-«n-cp- -Xmbn Rm³ Atd-_y-bnÂ sh p ti«n-«p- v. hmk-\-bpå ht\m-ev]- - Ä Atd-_y-bnÂ sim p-h- n-cp- Xv ae-_m-dnâ\n- mbn-cp- p. AÀta-\n-b- mcpw, SpWo-jy- mcpw CuPn-]vXvImcpw Cu hym]m-c- nâ ]mc-¼-cy-ap-f-f-h-cm-bn-cp- p. ssn\bnâ BZy-ambn h -t mä hym]m-cn-iä v Hcp kwl-s\ Rm³ I n-ã. c p simã- mew ssn\-bnâ Xma-kn- -t mä Ad-_n- I-fmb ]Xn-t\-gm-fp-IÄ Hcp hym]m-c-kwlw Øm]n- p. Cu hym]m-ckwl nsâ klm-b-t m-sp-iqsn hntz-i-bm-{x- på kui-cy- Ä e`n- p. Im³S-\nÂ \n p km³k-\n-te p bm{xm-kwlw ]pd-s -«p. km³k-\n-â\n p ae-_mà bm{x- mbn köo-i-c-w- Ä snbvxp. aq p bm{xm- - -ep-i-fn-embn R Ä ]pd-s -«p. aq mw 15

Znhkw hn{i-amà w Hcp Zzo]nÂ ASp- p. ho pw ]pd-s -«p. Zzo]nÂ \n v Dt±iw \qd-dn-a-dp-]xp \mgni R -fpss I -ep-iä \o n. BIkvan-I-amb Hcp simsp- m-ddv R Ä p-ap-i-fnâ `oi-c-i_vz-ap- m- n- p-s- n. ]n n-em-bn-cp sndnb I Â Imd-dn-e-I-s -«p. Ah-cnÂ Bscbpw c n- p-hm³ R Ä p Ign-ªn-Ã. Hcp cm{xn apgp-h\pw R -fpss c p I -ep-iä Ae- y-ambn IS-enÂ Ae-ªp. shfn w hoin-b-t mä \ncm-i-cmb R Ä Iq«p-Imsc At\z-jn p _lp-zqcw k -cn- p. Imd-dn-e-I-s «I -ensâ Ah-in-jvS- -sfm pw I p-in-«nbn-ã. ae-_m-dp-ambn henb \ne-bnâ hym]mcw \S- p Nphmw-KvIm-c- \mb Zm³bmbpw simsp- m-d-dn-e-i-s «I -en-ep- m-bn-cp- p. amà - ZÀinbpw ss[cy-im-en-bp-amb Zm³bmsb Hcn epw ad- m³ Ign-bp-Ibn-Ã. own-xcpw Zp:JnX-cp-amb R Ä ]Xn-s\«mw Znhkw asd-dmcp Zzo]n-se- n. P\-hm-k-an-Ãm B Zzo]nÂ\n p aq p Znh-ks bm{x- p-tijw ae-_mà Xoc- -Sp- p. Im³S-\nÂ\n p A[n:IrXÀ \evin-bn-cp km n-]{xw Rm³ \msp-hm-gn p kaà n- p. {]txy-i-ambn ]Wn sn n- n AXnYn aµn-c- nâ Xma-kn- m³ A\p-aXn e`n- p. lpbm- vkm³ D]-tbm-Kn- -Xmbn ssn\- mà hniz-kn- -s -Sp ]m\-]m-{x-hpw Hcp hsnbpw ae-_mà cmpm-hn p ImgvN-h-kvXp- -fmbn Rm³ k½m-\n- p. ae-_mà Xoc- - fnâ hym]m-c-kvxw-`\w XpSÀ p-sim- n-cp kµà`-am-bn-cp p AXv. hntz-i-hym-]m-cn-i-fnâ ]ecpw Øew hn«n-cp- p. F mepw CuPn- ]vxvim-cnâ NneÀ timgn-t m-«p-xs Xma-kn- n-cp- p. simsp- - ÃqÀ\n p hntz-i- -fn-te p Dev]- - Ä t\cn«p Ib-ddn Ab- n-cp- p. simãw, sim n, ]c- -\- m-sn, I qà F o {]tz-i- -fnâ Dev]- - Ä kw`-cn- n-cp- p. ISÂ -Å³am-cpsS hà²n- p-h-cp el-f-sbm- Xp- p-hm³ cmpmhpw ]«m-fhpw ]cn-{i-an- p Ime-am-bn-cp- -Xv, hntzi-t - p-t]m-ip I -ep-iä IS-enÂsh- m-{i-an p Dev]- - Ä simå-snbvxp bm{x- msc h[n- p {Iqc-{]-hr- n-i-fnâ GÀs -«n-cn- 16

p- -hsc HXp- m³ cmpm-hn p hf-sc-tbsd kml-k-s -ts- n-h- p. Ad-_n- - n- m- m-cpss klm-b-t m-sp-iqsn elf \ntèjw cmpmhv HXp- n. ssn\ mcpss Xma-k s-ku-i-cy- n-\mbn timgn-t m«pw simsp- -Ãqcpw {]txyiw si«n-s- Ä \nà½n- n-cp- p. ssn\-bnâ\n p ]pxnb I -ep-iä ae-_m-dnâ hm n-bn-cp- p. ae-_m-dnse henb ac- Ä ssn\- m-cpss I -h-s- -c- p-i-fnse {]txyi C\-am-bn-cp- p. kpk-ô-km-[-\- Ä ssn\-bn-te pw þssn-\-bnâ \n pw abnâ, am³, tcmaw XpS- n-bh ae-_m-dn-te pw Ib-ddn Ab- n-cp- p. ssn\- m-cpss tcma-h-kv{xhpw ]«p-h-kv{xhpw ae-_m-dnâ IqSp-XÂ hnd-d-gn- ªn-cp- p. ae-_m-dnâ \qâhy-h-kmbw ]cn-jv -cn- Xv ssn\- m-cpss k¼à w-sim- m-wv. ssn\okv hym]m-cn-iä v ae-_m-dnse ISÂ Xoc- -fnâ hfsc kzm[o-\-ap- m-bn-cp- p. Fs ae-_m-dnse P\- fpw `c-w-ià m- fpw Hcp ssn\okv {]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mbn _lp-am-\n- n-cp- p. {]mtbw FÃm ax- mcpw ae-_m-dn-ep- v. FÃm ax-hn-izm-kn- IÄ pw {]N-c-W-kzm-X{ yw A\p-h-Zn- n-cp- p. ]pcm-x-\-ssh-zy-k-{¼- Zmbw ae-_m-dnâ \ne-\n-ev p- p. X p-im-kv{x- nepw sshzy-im-kv{x- nepw {]mhowyw t\sn-bn-«p-å-hà cmp-ip-spw-_- -fn-ep- v. Rm³ {][m\ ]«-W- -fn-seãmw Xma-kn- p. Fsâ Xma-k- m-e-s m pw Hcm- `y- -c-e-l-fbpw ae-_m-dnâ D m-bn-«n-ã. c p cmpm- - mà X½nÂ simã v timbvam-h-im-i- n- mbn aõ-cn- p. aõcw bp²-am-bn-ã. Nmenbw F Øe p Ad-_n-I-fpsS timf-\n-bp- m-bn-cp- p. CÉmwaXw {]N-cn- n- m-\mbn Ad-_o-I-fnÂ ]ecpw ae-_m-dnâ k -cn- n-cp- p. ae-_m-dnsâ ]e-`m-k- -fnepw CÉmw axw axm-\p-bm-bn-iä hà²n- p-h- p.'' 17

{InkvXm_vZw 618 apxâ 907 hsc jm v hà - mà ssn\-bnâ `cww \S- n. Cu `c-w-im-e v hntz-io-b-cmb apéo-ao- Ä ssn\- bnâ hf-sc-tbsd IpSn-tb-dn- mà p. ssn\-bnâ apéow {]m_eyw hà²n L«- n-emwv ""Pnknb''\ntj-[-sa kacw \S- -Xv. Cu kac- nâ {][m-\-t\-xr-xz-ta-sd-d-sp- n-cp Jeo-^m-Jm-enZv_v\p A_vZpÂam-enIv A -cn tijw ssn\-bn-te- p-ff hntz-io-b-cpss Xf-fn- -b-ddw Ipd-ªp. ssn\-bnâ \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp bp²-\n-]p-wcmb apéow ]S-bm-fn-Isf kqþ-km v N{I-hÀ n Xsâ klm-b- n- mbn hnfn- p. {InkvXm_vZw 758þÂ Cu ssk\y- n-epäs -Sp Ipsd t]sc kz w taât\m-«- nâ cmpy- nsâ `{Z-X-bv mbn Xma-kn- n- p..nnesc temi-]-cy-s-\- n- mbn hn«p. Szm v hà - nsâ A[:]X-\- t m-sp-iqsn ssn\-bnâ\n v hntz-i -fn-te v hym]m-cn-iä bm{x-bmbn. kq v cmp-hwi (960-þ1280) nsâ Ime v apéow k m-cn-iä tic-f- nâ h p. hym]m-c- nepw `c-w-im-cy- -fnepw ssn\-bnse apéo-an- Ä v henb ] v hln-t - -Xmbn h p. awtkmä hà - mcp-ssbpw (1358þ1644) an p-hà - m-cp-ssbpw Ime v hntz-i-k- m-cn- IÄ ssn\ kµàin- p-i-bp- m-bn-«p- v. {]kn² {^ v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb {_qwlmä ]Ýn-a-Xo-chpw ssn\bpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s - -ddn C s\ ]d-bp- p. ""1862 a p-cm-p-hw-i- ns -Xn-cmbn bp²w snbvxv `c-wm-[n-imcw ssi -em- nb bm q_v s_kv tic-f-hp-ambn hym]m-c-_ôw hn]p-eo-i-cn- p-hm³ {ian hyàn-bm-wv. ""A m-en-jm-kn-sb At±-l- nsâ `c-w-øm-]-\hpw tic-f-hp-ambn hym]mc DS-¼Sn \S- -Xmbn ImWp- p. Cu _Ôw {]kn² k m-cn-bmb hjq_v Be-an-bpsS Ime- p-xs P -sa-sp- n-«p- v. Be-an-bmWv ssn\bpssbpw ]Ýn-a-Xo-c-{]-tZ-i- -fp-ssbpw skulrzw ZrV-X-c-am- n-b-xv.'' 18

Bean Hcp ssn\okv A¼m-kn-U-dm-bn-«mWv tic-f- nâ h - sx p tcj-iä ]d-bp- p. ssn-\-bp-ambn tic-f- n p s]ucmwni Imew apxâ p _Ô-ap-s pw CS- m-e p B _Ôw kvxw`-\m-h- Øsb ]pw-cp-i-bmwv snbvx-sx- n-epw Be-an-bpsS BK-a-\-t m-sp- IqSn ho pw _Ôw ZrV-X-c-am-sb pw {Kln- mw. tic-fhpw ssn\bpw X½nepÅ km-kv m-cn-i-th-gvn-bpss Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-ap-ff Hcp irwj-e-bm-bn-cp p Be-an. Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-\mb Be-an-bpsS al- mb tkh\w \mw F pw IrX-Ú-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn kvacn- pw. 19

m-cpss Hm^-dm-dpw, CuPn-]vXvIm-cpsS km^-dpw, spdp-k-e- m-cpss jnwkvenbpw, {Ko p-im-cpss tamyn-enbpw simsp- -Ãq-cm-bn-cp- p-sh p tiä p-t¼mä \mw AÛp-X-s -Spw. Xangv kmln-xy- nâ simsp- -Ãqcn v addp ]e t]cp-i-fp-ap- v, B Ime-L-«- nâ tic-f- nse Dev]- - Ä t]àky³ DÄ -SÂ hgn Atd-_y-bpsS Z n-w-`m-k- -fnte pw Ahn-sS-\n v Ic-h-gn-bmbn ba-\pw, lopmkpw IS v kndn-b-bnte pw CuPn-]vXn-te pw Ib-ddn Ab- n-cp- p. \½psS C s Acn ""Ddqkv'' F t]cn-emwv A m-e v {Ko p-imà Adn-ªn-cp- -Xv. `mjm-im-kv{x-ú-\mb tumivsà timuvshâ Ddqkv Xs -bmwv Ime- {I-taW Cw o-jvim-c³ ""ssdkv'' Bbn amd-dn-b-sx p sxfn-bn- n-«p- v. t]mfn-t\-jy-bnsebpw, CuPn-]vXn-tebpw a\p-jy-cpss Pohn-X-co-Xnsb ]n p-s-cp- -hà tic-f- n-ep- m-bn-cp- p. tic-f- nse Irjn Bbp-[- Ä ]mb, ]m{xw XpS- n-b-hbv v CuPn-]vXy³ D]-I-c-W- -tfmsv kmay-ap- v. AXp-t]mse ae-_m-dnâ D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp h n CuPn- ]vxnse bm\-]m-{x-t msv kmay-ap-å-xm-wv. CXn-s\-kw-_-Ôn v IqSp- XÂ At\z-jWw \S- nb \c-hw-i-im-kv{x-úcpw bm\-]m-{x-k-th-j- I-cp-amb tlàwepw _o³ n-lmàunbpw ]e tcj-ifpw ]pd- p-sim- p-h- n-«p- v. ae-_m-dnâ ImWp Ihp- pw, sx pw Iq^-bn-epw, _K-Zm-Znepw kpe-`-am-bn-«p-s v ChÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. ]pcm-x-\-ti-c-f-hp-ambn hntz-i- Ä på _Ôs kw_- Ôn v sxudm nâ Nne tcj-iä D v. sxudm nâ ImWp tcj- IfpsS shfn- - nâ simsp- -Ãq-cnsâ hym]m-c-_ôw ]pcm-x-\-im-ewap-x-ev m-cw-`n- -Xm-sW v hniz-kn- mw. _\q-c-{km-tbâ hà - m-cpambn simsp- -ÃqÀ _Ô-s -«n-«p- v. Nµ-\w, B\-s m-¼v, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew XpS- nb hne-iq-snb km[-\- -fmwv _\q-c-{km-tbâ hà - mà I -h-s- -c- p-i-fmbn hm n-b-xv. Cu _Ôw blq-k-^-ddv F {]Xm-]-im-en-bmb `c-wm-[n-]sâ Imew-h-scbpw D m-bn-cp- p. C-{kmtbÂ hwi-p- m-cpss I -h-s-ti{µw sn -S-en v kao-]-ap-ff Akn-bq³ 21

F Øe- m-bn-cp- p. Gd-dhpw henb Hcp I Â\nÀ½m-W-ime Akn-bq\nÂ Øm]n- n-cp- -Xmbn {]kn² Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb F.-U-_vfnbp.-F-^v.»³Uv tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-«p- v. sn -S-en p kao-]-apå Cu hym]m-c-ti-{µs kw_-ôn v P\-dÂ I n v lmapw, lmanâ«\pw» nsâ A`n-{]m-b-t msp tbmpn- p- p- v. simsp- -ÃqÀ hntz-i-hn- ]-Wn-I-fp-ambn t\cn«v hyh-kmbw \S- n-bn-cp- Xv C{km-tbÂ m-cpss taât\m-«- n-em-wv. l{k v sau nsâ Xoc-{]-tZ-i- p-ff k^mdnepw simsp- -Ãq-cnse I -ep-iä sns - n-bn-cp- p. kpk-ô-{z-hy- Ä Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp- -fmwv k^mdnte v Ib-ddn Ab- n-cp- -Xv. l{k v sau nse Cu k^mà Aªqdp simã- mew AXnsâ {]ikvxn \ne-\nà n. Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb jwkp-ãm-jm-zcn k^mdpw ae- _m-dp-am-bp-ff _Ô-s - -ddn C ns\ ]d-bp- p.""ae-_m-dnse hne-tbdnb DXv]- - Ä k^m-dn-emwpv IqSp-XÂ hnd-d-gn- n-cp- -Xv. I -en-\m-hiy-ap-ff ac- fpw k^m-dn-te v ae-_m-dnâ\n p Ib-ddn Ab- n-cp- p. ae-_m-dnâ\n pw k^m-dnâ snãp km[-\- Ä temi- nsâ \m\m- `m-k- -fnâ hnx-cww snbvxn-cp- p. ae-_m-dnse Nµ-\- n\v Atd-_ybnÂ IqSp-XÂ hne e`n- n-cp- p. ae-_m-dnse Acn-bmWv ` -W- n- \mbn ba-\nepw k^m-dnepw CuPn-]vXnepw addpw D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- -Xv.'' tkm{i-«o-knsâ injy-\mb sk\-t^m-wnsâ Ime v {Ko nâ ae-_mdnse Acn, ` -W- n mbn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- -Xmbn sle-\n m {KÙti-J-c-W- nepw ImWp- p- v. Ad-_n-I-fpsS hym]m-c-_ôw D -tcm- cw A`n-hr-²n-s -Sp- -Xp-I v {Ko p-imcpw, tdmam- mcpw aõ-c-_p- ²n-tbm-Sp-IqSn apt m«v Xn n- -b-dn. kokà AK-Ìkv CuPn]vXv B{Ian- -t mä Pdp-ktew ]«Whpw tkmf-asâ Ncn-{X-{]-kn-²-amb tzhm-ebhpw \in- n- -s -«-t mgpw sn -SÂ hgn tdma- mà ae-_m-dnâ\n pw Acn kw`-cn- n-cp- p. ae-_mà Ic I p-]n-sn- p-hm³ ]pd-s «kokà timun-b-ênsâ c m-as hym]m-c-kwlw ]qlmà F Xpd-ap-Js - n-t À p. Cu ]qlmà ]gb simãw \K-c-am-sW v Ncn-{X-Im-c- m-cpss CS-bnÂ _e-amb kwi-b-ap- v. I -h-s- m-cy- nâ Ad-_n- 22

Isf ]n n-em- nb Hcp Imew tic-f- nâ D m-bn-cp- p-sh v tsmfanbpw, ¹o\nbpw tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-«p- v. tdma³ hym]m-cn-iä tic-f- nâ Ønc-Xm-a-k-am- n. simsp- -Ãq-cn- -Sp v AhÀ timf\n Øm]n v tzhm-ebw ]Wn-Xp. Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-\m-]m-{X-amb kokà AK-Ì-knsâ t]cn-emwv Cu tzhm-ebw simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ ØnXn snbvxn-cp- -Xv. bp²-ss\-]p-wyhpw hym]m-c-sshz-kv²yhpw k¼m-zn p tdma- mà ae-_m-dnâ X -fpss B[n-]Xyw ]peà p-hm³ CS-bv nss Nne {ia- Ä \S- p-i-bp- m-bn. F n«pw `c-w-im-cy- nâ AhÀ v ]d-b- kzm[o\w snep- p-hm³ km[n- n-cp- n-ã. tic-f- nâ IpSn-tb-dn- mà hntz-in-iä {][m\ ti{µ-ambn simsp- -Ãq-cn-s\- -s -bmwv Xnc-sª-Sp- -Xv. _p²-ap-\n-i-fpssbpw, PqX- m-cp-ssbpw, {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw, apén-an- -fp-ssbpw tzhm-e-b- Ä simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ \nà½n- p. _n.-kn.360þâ Atim-I-N-{I-hÀ nbpss cmp-io-bm-s-bm-f- Ä tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-«på _u²-kvxq]w simsp- -ÃqÀ Xs -bmwv Øm]n- -Xv. Cu inem-kvxq]w Øm]n- -txmsp-iq-snbmwv Ncn-{X-{]-kn-²-amb amam w Bcw`n -sx v PqX-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb txmam-kvun-ss]h {]kvxm-hn- n-cn- p- p. {_mò-wm-[n-]-xy- nsâ apt -d-d-t m-sp-iqsn _p²-axw simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ A[:]Xn- p. lcn-ý-{µs -cp-am-fpss Imes hnzzâk-z-ên\v tij-amwv _p²-axw \mamhtij-am-b-xv. _p²-a-xs ]cm-p-b-s -Sp- m³ AwKo-I-cn FÃm A_-²- fpw C v BNm-c- -fmbn ]cn-c- n- p-t]m-cp- p. simsp- -ÃqÀ _p²-a-x- nsâ ti{µ-ambn \qd-dm- p-i-tfmfw \ne-\n- p. simsp- -ÃqcnÂ IpSn-tb-dn- mà asd-dm-cp-hà w PqX- m-cm-wv. PqX- mcpss BK-a-\-Im-es kw_-ôn p Ncn-{X-Im-c- m-cpss- C-S-bnÂ kwib-ap-s - nepw simsp- -ÃqÀ Xs -bm-bn-cp p PqX- m-cpss ti{µ-sa Imcy- nâ AhÀ GIm-`n-{]m-b- m-cm-wv. 1686þÂ sim n kµàin tamkêv Un ss]h simsp- -ÃqÀ PqX- mà v ""jnwkven''sb Øncw timf-\n-bp- m-bn-cp- -Xmbn {]kvxm-hn- n-«p- v. ""jnwkven'' F t]cv 23

Imem-t -tcw Xan-gnÂ Nn -em-gn-bmbn cq]m- -c-s -«p. `mkv -c-c-hnhà½-bpss Ime v PqX- mà v simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ {]txy-im\piq-ey- Ä \ÂIn-bn-cp- p. Cu B\p-Iq-ey- sf kw_-ôn- p tcj-i-f-s- nb sn¼v XIn-Sp-IÄ Kth-j-I- mà v I p-in-«n-bn-«p- v. Cu kw`hw \S- Xv {InkvXm_vZw 420þÂ BsW v tambn³êpw, 490þÂ BsW v tpmk^v anunâ«-\pw, 750þÂ BsW v temhvk-\pw, 825þÂ BsW v sshd-dvlukpw,10þmw \qd-dm- n-em-sw p ]tbm-fn\pw kwibw {]I-Sn- n- n-«p- v. F mepw PqX- m-cpss {]Xm]w simsp- -ÃqcnÂ At\Imew \ne-hnâ D m-bn-cp- p-sh pw Ak- n-kv²-ambn hnfn- p-]-d-bp- p. simsp- -Ãq-cns\ c mw ]pwy-`q-an-bmbn PqX- mà KWn- n-cp- p-sh- Xv PqtX-Xn-lm-k- -fnâ ImWp- p. skâv txma-ênsâ BK-a\w simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ {InkvXp-a-X-{]-N-c- W- n\v Dt -P\w \ÂIn. {In: 52þÂ simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ h At±lw tzhm-ebw ]WnXp {]N-cWw Bcw-`n- p. skâv txma-ênsâ A\p-bm-bn- IÄ simsp- -Ãq-cnse `c-wm-[n-]- m-cp-ambn ZoÀL-Imew _Ôw ]peà n. XZ-\- cw ameniv C_-\p-Zo-\mdpw, jd-^v_n³am-en- pw, amen-iv-c-_-\p-^-_o_pw At±-l- nsâ ]Xv\n Jmcn-bbpw simsp- -ÃqcnÂ h p I -en-d- n. Ad-_n-I-fpsS timf-\n-ifpw simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ DbÀ p. hym]m-c-x-ev]-c-cmb Ad-_n-IÄ ax-{]-n-cww Bcw-`n- Xv ChcpsS BK-a-\-t m-sp-iq-sn-bm-wv. kntem-wnse BZw-ae ImWm³ t]mb Ad-_n-I-fmWv simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ Cd- n-b-sx pw sfxn-ly-ap- v. Ahsc A s s]cp-amä k_-lp-am\w kzoi-cn- p, A s\ FÃm ax-hn-izm-kn-i-sfbpw BtÇ-jn- p-ibpw t{]mõm-ln- n- p-ibpw snbvx Hcp al- mb ]mc-¼-cy-amwv simsp- -Ãq-cn\pÅ-Xv. lnµp-]p-cm-w- -fnâ {]mno\ simsp- -Ãq-cns\ -d-dn {]Xn-]m-Zn- n- «p-s p ImWp- p. apc n \K-c-sa v Xangv {KÙ- -fnâ simsp- -Ãqcn\v t]cp- v. acnnw F mâ Ipcp-ap-f-Im-b-Xp-sIm v B Ipcp-ap-f- 24

InÂ\n pw cq]-sa-sp t]cm-wn-sx pw A\p-am-\n-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. ""Ipcp-ap-fIv cmpmhv'' F v simsp- -Ãq-À `c-wm-[n-im-cnsb CuPn-]vXp- ImÀ hnfn- n-cp- -Xmbn {]kn² Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_-\p-JÂXq {]kvxm-hn- n-«p- v. Ad_n Ncn-{X-{K-Ù- -fnâ Ipcp-ap-fIp \msmb ae- _m-dn pw Xe-Øm-\-am-bn-cp simsp- -Ãq-cn\pw hne-iq-snb Dev]- - -fpss \mss À w hcp t]cp-i-fmwv D]-tbm-Kn- n-«p-å-xv. ""apkcnkv'' F v Ncn-{X-Im- mà simsp- -Ãq-cn v \ma-i-cww snbvx-xnepw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Nne Imc-W- -fp- v. ""aqàkv'' A[n-h-kn- n-cp- cmpysa pw "akq-cn-tz-hx'sb {]Xn-jvTn- n-cp cmpy-sa pw Ncn{Xw DÂtLm-jn- p-t¼mä AXnÂ\n p D m-b-xmwv ""apk-cnkv'' F p ]d-bmw. ]n osv atlm-z-b-]pcw F t]cn-emwv simsp- -Ãq-À Adn-bs -«-Xv. Xangv sn¼p-x-in-sp-i-fnâ ImWp atlm-z-b-]pcw Ime-{I-taW atim-x-]p-c-hpw-þ-a-tim-x-]-d-¼p-ambn XoÀ p. ""tnc³'' F À w-h-cp "timx' A[:IrX-cpsS t]cm-wv. tncsâ ]d¼v AXm-bXp timx-]-d- ¼mbn cq]m- -c-s -«n-«på Øew simsp- -Ãq-cnsâ hs- p-`m-k- m-wv. tnc-cm-pm- - m-cpss Xe-Øm-\-amb simsp- -Ãq-À simspw-im-fn-bq-cpw, simspw-sim-e-bq-cpw, simspw-tz-hn-hmgpwtimspw Hmtcm Ime-L-«- nâ simsp- -Ãq-cn v hown-«på t]cp-i-fm-wv. aqjn-i-hw-i-im-hyhpw DÂtLm-jn- p Cuim-\-in-h-[Àt½m-²m-c-Isâ Ime v ({In:499) simsp- -Ãq-À simsn-enw-k-]pcw Bbn-cp- p-sh- nâ AJ-WvUn-X-IoÀ n- {]-Xm-]-\mb hf-`³ H m-asâ Ime v (657) simspw-tz-hnhmgpwtimspambn-cp- -Xmbn ImWp p. sim¼³s]-cp-amä F -dn-b-s - Sp ""ssiem-k-a-sss- -tnc''\mb cmpm-hnsâ Ime v (810) Xncp-h- - ]p-c-sa pw simsp- -Ãq-cn v t]cp- m-b-xmbn tnc-am³s]-cp-am-fn p ap¼v \msp-hm-wn-cp ]mwvuy-s -cp-am-fpss (954) sfxn-ly-{k-ù- -fnep-s v Xan-gvsN-t -Sp-IÄ hyà-am- p- p. kntem-wnâ\n p h _p²-k-\ym-kn-iä simsp- -Ãq-cn v ""lcn-l-c-kp-xm-]pcw'' F t]cn- «n-«p-s v km\n-an-ln-csâ Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn-ep- v. 25

tnc-cm-pm- - m-cpss Xe-Øm-\-sa \nebv p hf-sc- mew `c- W-]-c-amb {]Xm]w simsp- -Ãq-À \ne-\nà n-t]m- n-«p- v. simsp- - Ãq-cnse hnzzâk-z-êp-i-sf- -ddn tiä m- -hà Npcp- -am-wv. kwkvir- X-km-ln-Xy- nâ AKm-[-]m-WvUnXyw t\snb cmpm- - mà simsp- -Ãqcn-ep- m-bn-cp- p. Ah-cpsS ]WvUn-X-k-ZÊv `mjm kmlnxy Ncn-{X- nte v al- mb t\«- Ä D m- n-bn-«p- v. s]cp-amähmgvn-bv p-tijhpw Cu {]ikvxn simsp- -Ãq-À \ne-\nà n. tnc cmp-[m\n ØnXn snbvxn-cp- -Xmbn hniz-kn- -s -Sp tnc-am³ ]d¼pw tic-f- nse BZys apéow-]-f-fnbpw C pw simsp- -Ãq-cnÂ ImWmw. Hmtcm Ime-L-«- nepw amdn amdn h n-«på `c-w-iq-s- -fpss IognÂ simsp- -Ãq-À AXnsâ biêv \ne-\nà m³ {ian- p. cmpy-`m-c-sam-gnª s]cp-am-fpss Ime-t m-sp-iqsn simsp- -Ãq-À bn- p. {]mno-\-ti-c-f- nsâ Xe-Øm\ \K-cn-bm-bn-cp simsp- -ÃqÀ ]Xn-aq- mw-\q-d-dm- nsâ Ah-km-\-t m-sp-iqsn AbÂtZ-i- -fpss ]ptcm-k-xn v hgn-amdn-s m-sp- p. \jvs-s «B {]Xm]w simsp- -Ãq-cn v C\nbpw hos - Sp- m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-sÃ- mà -dn-bmw. 26

ticfw PqtX-Xn-lm-k- -fnâ t]mà p-ko-êp-im-cpss ]Sp-Iq-d-d³ B{I-a-W-t m-sp-iqsn tic-f- nse hym]m-c-cw-k v \n v Øm\w \jvs-s «hntz-in-i-fmwv aebmf blq-z- mà. ]pcm-x\ blq-z- mà v tic-f- -c-bp-ambn hymh-kmbni thgvn-tb- mä {]m[m-\y-ap-ff kmkv m-cn-i-_ôw IqSn-bp- mbn-cp- p. C pw PqX-ap- -Èn-IÄ Dcp-hn-Sp IoÀ -\- Ä {]kvxpx kmkv m-cn-i-_-ôs {]IoÀ n- p- -h-bm-wv. PqX-k-ap-Zm-b- n\v tic-f- -c-bnse cmp-hm-gvn-bp-ambn At`-Zy-amb _ÔwØm]n- m³ Ign-ª-Xp-Xs {]kn-²-cmb PqX-hym-]m-cn-I-fpsS Ime- m-wv. Bscbpw kzmkxw sn p ]mc-¼-cy-apå tic-f- -cbv v BZy-ambn e`n sshtz-ini IpSn-tb-dn- mà p-imà blq-z-cm-wv. bqtdm- nsâ Ncn{Xw Xs amddn Fgp-Xn-bn-«pÅ PqX-k-ap-Zm-bs Hcp-Im-e v i{xp- Ä `qap-j-s -hnss I mepw th«-bm-sn-bn-cp- p. B i]n- - s «Ime-L-«- n-emwv spdp-kew ]«-W- nâ\n v PqX- mà tic-f- n-se- n-b-xv. A`-bmÀ n-i-fmb PqX- mà p FÃm kui-cy- fpw A s tic-f-`-c-wm-[n-imcn \ÂIn. Cu IpSn-tb-dn- mà p kw_- Ôn v Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ XÀ -ap- v. SpWo-jy, kvs]bn³, Atd_y F o \m«p-im-cmb Ncn-{X-Im-c- m-cpss `n m-`n-{]mb tcj-iä amd-dn-sh- mâ Ah-ti-jn- p PqX-N-cn-{X-Im-c- m-cmb s_kvddbn-pn, tamkkv Unss]-h, dm_n _ -an³, Cukv F{_lmw XpS- n-b-h-cpss hnh-c-w- -fm-wv. Ch-cnÂ tamkkv Unss]-h-sbm-gn p _m n-sb-ãmhcpw G.-Un.58þ\p ap¼p-xs PqX- mà tic-f- nâ hs - n-b-xmbn ]d-bp- p. {InkvXm-_vZm-cw-`-Imew PqX-k-ap-Zm-b- nsâ XIÀ bpss Ime-am-Wv. A p-ap-xâ ]Xn-\- mw-\q-d-dm- p-h-scbpw tic-f-hp-ambn A Àcm-jv{So-b-_Ôw ]peà n-t m-cm³ hntz-i-pq-x- mà v Ign-ªp. 27

B Ime v PqtX-Xn-lm-k- -fpss hne-tb-dnb A²ym-b- -fnâ ticfw Hcp NÀ m-hn-j-b-am-bn. blq-z-km-lnxyw hfà Xv lo{_p-hn-eq-ss-bmwv. temi-`m-j-ifnâ D -X-Øm\w lo{_p-hn-\p- m-bn-cp- p. _n.-kn.-ggmw \qd-dm- nâ tic-f- -c-bn-te v bm{x-bmb -satbmà m-bnse I -ev m-cp-ss-iqss lo{_q-`mjm {]Nm-c-I³ IqSn D m-bn-cp- p-sh- mwv sd_v\p-\nênw F lo{_q-a-lm-ihn ]d-bp- -Xv, ]pcm-x-\-ti-c-f- nse hym]m-c-`m-jbpss Øm\w lo{_p-hn-\p- m-bn-cp- pthm F p-t]mepw kwi-bn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. ]gb ""Xan-gv-þ-a-e-bmf'' nâ D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp ]e hm p-ifpw ln{_p-hn-t\msv _Ô-s -«-Xm-bn-cp- p. Xan-gnse "X m-bn, ln{_p-hnse "Xp nbpw' "Ac-iÀ' AÀip-ambn cq]m- -c-s -«p. kmwkv m-cni awvu-e- nâ am{xw Imeq n \nev m³ blq-zà ]cn- {i-an- n-ã. hym]m-cm-`n-hr-²n-bm-bn-cp p Ah-cpsS {][m\ e yw. {Ko nte v tic-f- -c-bnâ\n v Ib-ddn Ab- p Nc- p-iä PqX-{]-am-Wnbm-bn-cp ""kq^en dºo³'' F I n- msâ taât\m-«- n-emwv Xpd-ap-J v Cd- n-bn-cp- -Xv. Cu ""kq^en dºn''sâ I Âbm{X PqtX- Xn-lm-k- nse k m-c-i-y-i-fnâ s]«-xm-wv. I -tem-«- m-c-\mb dºnâ Pdp-kew hn«v ""jowkven''bnte v bm{x-bm-ip- p. jnwkven ]pcm-x-\-ti-c-f-x-e-øm-\-amb simsp- -Ãq-cm-Wv. dºnsâ k m-c-hn-hcww PqX-k-ap-Zm-b- nse tjivkv]n-b-dmb PqU-sl-ehn Xsâ temi- {]-kn-²-amb ""^m³xo\''bnâ FSp- p-²-cn- n-cn- p Xn -s\-bm-wv. ""k m-cn-i-fpss a\w Ih-cp jnwkven]«-w-ta, \nsâ bi- Ênsâ s]m³i-xn-cp-iä C{km-tbÂ k -Xn-Isf \Ã hgn-i-fn-te v \bn- p- p. \nsâ {`mxrkvt\lw \jvs-s «at\m-hocyw C{kmtbÂ mà v \ÂIp- p. jnwkvenbpss Benw-K\w tkmf-asâ c m-ihnw t]mse C{km-tbÂ k -Xn-IÄ -\p-`-h-s -Sp- p.'' ¹o\n, tsmf-an, s]cn-¹nkv XpS- nb Ncn-{X-Im-c- m-cpss hnh-c-w-s - mä {]m[m-\y- 28

aàln- p tcj-iä PqX-a-lm-I-hn-I-fnÂ\n v Adm-an- nepw ln{_phnepw tic-f-s -Êw-_-Ôn v h n-«p- v. sfxn-ly- -fpss tal-am-e- IÄ p-ånâ InS- p {]mno\ ticfw PqX-a-lm-I-hn-I-fmb sdº-\p- \n-ênw, A{_lmw C_v\p Cukvd, PqU-sl-ehn F n-h-cpss Nn{Xo-I-c- W- n\v hnj-bo-`-hn- p. k¼âk-ar-²-ambncp ]pcm-x\ ticfw A n-s\-bmwv hnzq-c-]qàæ-tz-i- -fnâ {]ikvxn ]c- n-b-sx pw, hntz-in-i-fpss kulrzw k¼m-zn- -sx pw `qx-ime PqX-N-cn{Xw hyà-am- p- p. A s PqX--]-WvUn-X³amÀ I ticfw F n-s\- bn-cp- p-sh v a\-ên-em- m³ Ah-cpsS CXn-lmkw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp- p. tkmf-a³ sle-hn-sb PqX-k- mcn ""jnwkve ate v'' (Shcingla Melech) F lo{_q-ir-xn-bnâ tic-f- nsâ Hcp Nn{Xw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p- v. jnwkve ate v F mâ ""simsp- -ÃqÀ cmpmhv'' F m-wà w. ""cmpm-hn-t\msv bp²w sn p- Xv ]m]amsw pw cmpmhn- mbn bp²w sn p- Xv tam -am-sw pw tic-fo-bà hniz-kn- p- p.'' cmpm-hn\p kw`-hn- p B] v cmpy- n pw {]P-IÄ pw kw`-hn- p B]- m-sw pw tic-fo-bà hniz-kn- p- p. [À½-\n-jvTbnÂ tic-f- nse cmpm- - mà Ft mgpw ap -Wn-bn-em-Wv. bp²- -Shp-Imsc h[n- p- -XnÂ cmpm- - mà hnap-j-cm-wv. tam - nepw ]p\àö- - nepw hniz-kn- p cmpm- - mà v [À½-bp-²- nâ am{xsa {i²-bp-åp. {]mirx BNm-c- Ä ]expw cmpm-hnsâ hwi- nâ \ne-hn-ep- v. ]«m-`n-tjiw t]mse-bpå cmp-iob NS- p-i-fnâ hne-iq-snb ImgvN-h-kvXp- Ä {]ZÀin- n- p-i, A\- -cm-h-im-in-iä `kva-te-]\w snbvxp \mep-np-ddpw \S- p-i, hmfpw \mfn-ti-chpw I n-te n {]Xn- Ú-sN- pi Ch-sbÃmw ]t - p-]s \ne-hn-epå BNm-c- -fm-wv. 29

`q{]-ir-xn-sim v P\- Ä IrjvW-hÀ -ap-å-h-cm-bn- oà n-cn- p- p. G{]nÂ apxâ HIvtSm-_À hsc ZpÊ-l-amb NqSm-Wv. Ipcp-apfIpw Idp-h-e- -«bpw, C nbpw Cu Imem-hØ sim v kpe-`-ambn e`n- p- p. FÃm Dev]- - -fnepw cmpm-hn\v Hc-[n-Im-c-ap- v. Ipcp-ap-fIv hntz-i- -fn-te v Ib-ddn Ab- p- -XnÂ cmpmhv Xs DS-¼-Sn-bnÂ H n-sp- p. Ipcp-ap-f-Insâ Ib-d-dp-a-Xn-Np w {InkvXm_vZw 322Â \qdn\v ]Xn-t\gv F \nc- n-em-bn-cp- p. I -h-s- mà ssn\m- m-cpw, Ad-_n- I-fpw, C{km-tbÂ m-cp-am-bn-cp- p. Cu I -hsw apgp-h\pw I -S- m³ tdma³ hym]m-cn-iä simsp- -ÃqÀ cmpm-hn\v kzà - n-co-shpw kzà - p-cnipw k½m-\n- p-i-bp- m-bn. kxy-k-ô-\mb cmpmhv ]gb hym]mc DS-¼-Snsb am\n v ]pxnb hym]m-cn-isf amd-dn-\nà n. AhÀ p ac- -Sn-IÄ simsp- m-sa-t -d-dp. hf-`-cm-pm- - m-cpss Imes ]pxp- nb hym]mc DS-¼Sn simsp- -ÃqÀ cmpmhv sn¼p-x-in- Sn-emWv No\- mà p ssiam-dn-b-xv. ""bmwkvsmwkv]n'' F ssn\okv hym]m-cn-bmwv Ipcp-ap-fIv hym]m-c- p- I Ah-km-\-ambn I -S- n-b- Xv.'' s^e-hn-bpss Cu hnh-c-w- n-eqss ]pcm-x-\-ti-c-f- nse cmpm- - m-cpss kxy-k-ôx-bmwv hyà-am-ip- -Xv. A{_lnw C_v\p Cu{k ae-_mài-c-bnse BNm-c-{I-a- -sfbpw ]n p-sà m-h-im-i- -sf-bp-amwv Xsâ k m-c- p-dn- nâ FSp p Im«nbn-«p-Å-Xv. Adm-an- nepw kv]m\n-jnepw hfsc {KÙ- Ä Fgp-Xn-bn- «på Cu{ksb PqX-N-cn-{X-]-WvUn-X- m-cnâ D -X-\mbn KWn- -s -Sp- p. At±lw ""PqX- msc kzoi-cn cmpyhpw cmpmhpw'' F {KÙ- nâ tic-f-s -]-ddn ]d-bp- p. ""cmp-]-zhn Ae- -cn- m³ Ah-Imin Ft mgpw hb-êvaq Bfm-Wv. AbmÄ A{]m-]vX-\m-bmepw, ]ma-c-\mbmepw, AwK-hn-lo-\-\m-bmepw Inco-Sm-h-Imin Xs. Xosc Ah-Im-in- I-fn-Ãm-Xm-Ip-t¼mÄ Hcmsf Zs -Sp- p- p. Cu k{¼-zmbw ae-_mà cmpm- - m-cp-ss-bn-s-bnâ D m-bn-«pt m F v kwi-b-am-wv. 30

kv{xoiä pw ]pcp-j- mà pw hkv{x-[m-c-w- nâ {`a-an-ã. ]IpXn ad- p-i-gn-ªmâ Ah-cpsS apgph³ hkv{x-am-bn. D X IpePmX- m-cmb hà - mà kv{xoisf kz w hk-xn-i-fnâ\n v ]pd- m- m-dn-ã. km[m-cw P\- Ä t\sc adn- pw. _lp-`àxrxzw Hcp BNm-c-am-bn-«mWv ChÀ kzoi-cn- n-«p-f-f-xv. satbmà m-bn-sebpw HmUv hm\n-sebpw P\- -sf-t mse _lp-`àxrxzw t{]mõm-ln- n- -s -Sp- - h-cmwv ae-_màimà. CXp-sIm v ]n³xp-sà m-h-im-i-xà w CÃmsX sskzc-ambn ChÀ Ign-bp- p. hntz-i- p-\n v IpSn-tb-dn- mà -h-cpss kwkà w _lp-`àxrxz nâ\n v Chsc ]n n-cn- n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p- v. DbÀ -h-sc v Xncn- -s -«-hà pv Xmgv -h-cp-ambn sxm«p-iq-sm, Cu k{¼-zmbw ChnsS ] p-ap-xse \S- p- m-bn-cp ASn-a- - -hsw sim v kw`-hn- -Xm-Imw. ASn-a-I-sf-t mse Hcp hà -an-hn-ss-bp- v. Ah-sc-sXm-«mÂ DbÀ -h-cmb \qâ[-cn- -hà kv\m\w sn -Ww, A s\ snbvxn-sã- nâ _ln-jv -cn- -s -Spw. \nb-aw-\-s- p {Kma- -e-h³ Xmgv PmXn- mà v in màl-amb DbÀ -hs\ hnâ p- p. AsÃ- nâ _ln-jv -cn- -s -«-h³ tbmkn-bm-bn- -gn-bp- p. Xmgv PmXn- m-cpss ` Ww DbÀ -h³ Ign- m-dn-ã. PmXn-IÄ s]mxpsh aq p-x-c- nâ s]«-h-cm-wv. `c-wm-[n-im-cn-i-fmb hà w Ft mgpw DbÀ -h-cmbn Ign-bp- p. c m-a-xmbn ]«m-f- m-cmb \mbà hà -hpw. aq m-a-xmbn Xoc-t{]-tZ-i- -fnepw Irjn-Ø-e- -fnepw aetbm-c- -fnepw A[n-h-kn- p- -h-cpw. c m-as PmXn v \m«nâ {]Xm- ]hpw Øm\-am-\- -fp-ap- v. Aen-Jn-X- -fmb Nne \nb-a- -fpss ASn-Øm-\- n-emwv in -IÄ \ÂIp- -Xv. Hcp XmW-Pm-Xn- m-c³ DbÀ PmXn-bnÂ Hcp kv{xobpambn ssewkn-i-hym-]m-c- n-en-s-s -«mâ Ccp-h-cp-sS-bpw, CwKn-X-a-dnbmsX kv{xosb {`jvsvi-ev]n v ]pdw-x-f-fpw. XmW-PmXn kv{xoi-fp-ambn \qâ[m-cn-i-fmb DbÀ -hà CS-s]-«mÂ Ahsc hy`n-nm-c- p-d-d- n\v 31

in n- p- n-ã. {_mò-w-cp-ss-bn-s-bnse aq -k-tlm-z-c\p am{xta `mcysb FSp- m³ Ah-Im-i-ap-Åp. addp ktlm-z-c- mà \mbàkv{xo-ifp-ambn _Ô-s -S-Ww. BNm-c-kw-_-\v[-amb Ipd-d- Ä p ]pdw XÅp- -hà Ipcntim sxm ntbm kzoi-cn p A\y-a-X-kvX-cm-Ipw. Hcp Xkv - c-s\tbm sime-bm-fn-tbtbm in n- -W-sa- nâ {Kma- -e-hsâ A\pa-Xn-bp- m-bmâ axn. ]nsn- -s «]pånsb ISÂ -Å- mà v Gev]n- p-sim-sp- p ]Xn-hp- m-bn-cp- p. Cu hnín- w-im-cww kztz-in-ifmb ISÂ -Å- mà hfà p. Cu \nb-a- n\v amddw hcp- n-bxv tpmàum-\êv ]mxn-cnam-cpss D]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn- m-wv. h[-in- bv v hn[n ]pf-fn-bpss t{]xw axm-nm-c-{]-imcw kwkv -cn- n-cp- p. tic-f- nse Ifn-a hy-h-km-bhpw XpWn-s\bv pw ]cn-jv -cn- Xv {InkvXm_vZw A mw \qd-dm- n-em-sw v sxfn-bn- p tcj-ifmwv ticfw kµàin tamkkv Un ss]h D²-cn- p- -Xv. Cu hyhkmbw \bnâ\-zo-xo-c v IpSn-tb-dn- mà -h-cmb ]pcm-x\ C{kmtbÂ mà tic-f- -c-bnâ ]IÀ n-b-xm-sw pw Unss]h Du n- -dbp- p. C{km-tbÂ ]«-W-\nÀ½m-W- nâ D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp sndp-xcw CjvSn-I-Ifpw HmSpw tic-f- nâ\n v Unss]h Is - n.""ifn-a- nâ ] n-ebpw Nmc-hpw-tNÀ v D m- p CjvSn-I- C{km-tbÂ ]«- W nep-å-xp-t]mse Chn-sS-bpap- v. Cu CjvSn-I-\nÀ½mWw ]pcm-x\ PqX- m-cpss ssis m-gn-ep-i-fnâ {]m[m-\y-ap-f-f-xm-wv. Hcp ssi - nbpss hoxn-bpå HmSp-Ifpw AhÀ \nà½n- n-cp- p. AhÀ IpSn-tb-dn- mà -txm-sp-iqsn tic-f- -c-bnâ Cu hyh-kmbw hfà p. XpWn-s\- bv nâ PqX- mà tiähn ti«-h-cm-bn-cp- p. hà - -In-«pÅ XpWn- Ifpw he-ifpw C{km-tbÂ PqX- mà s\bvxn-cp- p. simsp- -Ãq-cnse Hcp cmpm-hn\v PqX-t\-Xm-hmb tpmk^v dºm³ \ÂInb k½m-\- - fnâ XpWnbpw tamk-knsâ Ifn-a {]-Xn-a-bp-ap- m-bn-cp- p. ""]mà -chn-hà½'' F B cmpmhv XpWn-hy-h-km-bs t{]mõm-ln- n- m³ tpmk^v dºm\v A\p-aXn \ÂIn. tamk-kvun-ss]h ]d-bp 32

tpmk^v dºmsâ Imew Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tum:_q v\-hn-sâ A`n-{]m-b- nâ {In:490þem-Wv. A s {]mirx Xan-gnÂ tpmk^v dºm³ blq-z-{]mà -\m-]p-kvxiw ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp- n-bn«ps pw _p v\à ]d-bp- p. AanÀsÌ-Um-anÂ kq n- n-«p-ff PqX-]-«-b- nâ tpmk^v dºmsâbpw `mkv c chn-hà½-bp-ssbpwh p-iä D v. B Ime v \S hym]mc DS-¼-Sn-IÄ t]mepw sn¼p-x-in-sp-i-fnâ ]IÀ n-bn-cp- p. ssn\m- m-cmb hym]m-cn-iä XpWn-s\bv v ]pxnb ]cn-jv mcw \S- m- p- -Xp-h-scbpw Bcw-K- nâ sshtz-ini PqX- m-cmwv tic-f- nâ {]hà n- n-cp- -Xv. I qcpw, [À½-S- pw, ]men-b pw XpWns\-bv p-hy-h-km-b- nâ Ad-_n-IÄ kzm[o\w snep- nb Ime pw ""PqX-ep- n-iä'' (Pq-X- m-cpss {]txy-i-xcw XpWn) {]Nm-c- n-ep- mbncp- p. tamk-kvun-ss]h tic-f- n p ImWp asd-dmcp {]txy-ix A\m-Uw-_-c-Xbpw ipnn-xz-hp-am-wv. -Un ss]hbpss `mj-bnâ ]IÀ mw. ""AÀ²-\-á-cmb tic-fo-bà kqtcy-z-b- n-\p-ap¼v kv\m\w Ignªp Irjn- -Wn- n-d- p- p. {]Ir-Xn-bnse NqSpw XWp pw kaambn ChÀ `mkn-s -Sp- p- p. Imb-iàn-bnÂ aäm-sc- mfpw ChÀ ani- p-\nâ p- p. Bßo-b-t_m-[hpw cmp-`-ànbpw Ch-cpsS ani e - W- -fm-wv. anx-hy-b-io-ehpw ]c-kv]-c-hn-izm-khpw Ch-cpsS \njv -f- -Po-hn-Xs bmwv shfn-hm- p- -Xv. BÀ pw BtcmSpw ]Itbm hntzz-jtam CÃ. Iq«mb Pohn-X-am-Wn-h-cp-tS-Xv. PqX IpSn-tb-dn- mà p- ImÀ pw, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ pw, Ad-_n-IÄ pw, ChÀ kl-i-cww \ÂIp- p. thkw CS-]-gIn Ign-bp-hm\pw ChÀ v Ign-bp- p. hntz-in-ifmb FÃm anjy-\dn {]hà -IÀ pw im -io-e-cmb Chsc henb _lp-am-\-amwv'' sd_v\p-\ênw F alm-ihn Xsâ at\m-l-c-amb Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS-bmWv tic-fs Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-«p-å-xv. \ q-c-an«v A\- -amb Ad-_n- -S-enÂ InS- p ]m - -ep-i-fnâ hntz-i-kw-kv m-c- nsâ {]Xn-\n- [n-ifpw ktµ-i-hm-l-i-cp-ap-s v sd_v\p-\ênw hniz-kn- p- p. 33

""F -a-dd Xnc-am-e-Isf apdn- pv sim p Pdp-k-e-ansâ k m-\- Ä \nsâ Ic- Ä kv]àin- m³ Cu Xoc-{]-tZ-i v h p. [\-tz-h-xbpw `mky-h-xn-bp-amb jnwkven\m-ss, \o Ahsc amtdm- S-W v ]pw-cp- p. \nsâ \nizm-k- -fn-eqss \nsâ kvt\l- n-sâbpw HuZm-cy- n-sâbpw kpk-ôhpw KpWhpw A v hnzq-c-x-bnâ \nâ p C{km-tbÂ m-c-dn-ªp. hntz-in-i-fpss `n m-]m-{x- Ä A -b-]m-{x- -fm n amd-dm³ \n\ v am{x-amwv Ign-ª-Xv. \nsâ Acp-a-k- m-\- -sf-t mse \o Ahsc hfà n. Ah-cpsS Ifn- m-«- Ä \nsâ eoe-iäs m- n v AhÀ Nen- n- p. A ns\ kt m-j- nsâþ B-Ëm-Z- nsâþ B _Ôw C pw \ne-\nâ p- p. HmSntbmSn hcp Hmtcm sim -e-iä pw adp-\m-snsâ ktµiw jnwkvensb Adn-bn- m-\p- v. jnwkvensb A\p-{K-ln- -s «c mw ]nxr-`q-an-bmbn C{km-tbÂ k -Xn-IÄ Icp-Xp- p.'' sd_v\p- \Ênansâ ""blqz HmtXm''hnepw ""jnwkven A_o-\-bnepw'' tic-f- nsâ al- mb {]i-kvxn-tbbpw k¼â kar-²n-tb-bp-amwv FSp p ]d-ªn-«p-å-xv. lo{_q-`m-j-bnâ ]pxnb Imhy-{]-Øm\w Xpd hnjymx hyàn-iq-sn-bmwv sd_v\p-\nêmw. ae-bm-f- -c-bnse PqX- m-cpss IoÀ -\- -fnâ Ah-cpsS cmp-`àn-tbbpw cmpy-kvt\-l-s bpw {]Jym-]n- p Cuc-Sn-IÄ ImWmw. PqX IoÀ -\- -Ä a²y-im-e-l-«- nse \mtsm-sn- m-«p-i-fnâ {]m[m-\yap-f-f-xm-wv. B IoÀ -\- -fn-eqss kôn, ka-cw, DS-¼-Sn, ax-n-s- p- IÄ, hnhm-l-n-s- p-iä, cmp-`àn XpS- nb ]expw Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j- IÀ v I p-]n-sn- mw. Hcp PqX-cm-P-kvXp-Xn-bnse GXm\pw hcn-iä C n-s\-bmwv:-þ ""HS- -d- mb C{km-tbÂ a Ä v 34

\½sS cmpm-hnsâ \mfnâ F s\ aoxn hcp- p-s-tbms\ Ipd-hp-Iq-SmsX s]cna hx-s Ww HXp-a-bmb Ipe- n\v Xncp-hp-f-f-am-sIWw XWn-]m-bn-«n-cn- Ww C{km-tbÂa- sf \Ã-sb-dp-im-embn Ip«sâ Rmbs\'' CXnÂ PqX- m-cpss cmp-`àn \ng-en p ImWmw. tic-f- nse PqX-bp-²-I-Ysb ]pc-kv -cn- på Hcp Imhy- n-en- s\ ImWmw. ""BXn-sam-X-emb Adnª Adn-hm-f³ Aip-sh-tcmip Xsâ \mfnse Imcywþ Bcm-sâ-\m«n ]S v s]d- n«p Hdqsd Hma\pw aqà²m-ltb k nlpw'' Cu Ihn-X-bpsS \nà½m-w-imew t]mà p-koêv B{I-a-W- n-\pti-j-am-wv. t]mà p-koêpimcpss c mw B{I-a-W-L-«- nâ PqX-kn- \-tkmkv (Pq-X-tZ-hm-e-bw) CSn- p-s]m-fn- p-ibpw Is -gp p {KÙ-ti- Jcw I n- p-i-f-bp-ibpw snbvxp. tic-f- -c-bp-ambn blq-z- mà på _Ô-s bpw hym]m-c-d-s-¼-sn-i-sf-bpw-]-ddn hf-sc-tbsd Ihn-X-IÄ t]mà p-koêpime v {]Nm-c- n-ep- m-bn-cp- p. GXm\pw Nne IrXn-I-fn pw Ah-ti-jn- n-«p- v. dm_n-t]m-sf {InkvXob ]cnjv À m-hnsâ ax-]-cn-hà -\-Im-e pw PqX- m-cpss \mtsm-sn-]m-«p- IÄ v \Ã {]Nm-c-ap- m-bn-cp- p. PqX- m-cpss Km\-\nÀ½m-W-co-Xn-Xs -bmwv {InkvXo-b-`-àn-Km-\- Ä \nà½n- -hà AwKo-I-cn- n-«p-f-f-xv. {InkvXob ax {]Nm-c-I- mà ax-km-ln-xys ]cn-t]m-jn- n- p-hm³ ]cn-{i-an Ime-L-«- -fnâ AhÀ v Ffp- -amà w Im«n-bXv PqX-\m-S³ ]m«p-i-fm-wv. PqX- mà axm-nm-c- Ä v D]-tbm-Kn- p hm - piät]mepw {InkvXob ]p ³]m-\-bnÂ ImWmw. PqX- m-cpss {]mà -\-bpss cmkw Xs -bmwv {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw kzoi-cn- n-«p-f-f-xv. KZy-hpw-þ-]-Zyhpw CS-I-eÀ Hcp-Xcw N¼p- fpw PqX-aX kmln-xy- 35

nâ ImWm-hp- -Xm-Wv. C cw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS \nà½m-xm- Ä Bcm-sW v Xncn- -dn-bm³ Ign-bp- n-ã. Nne kaq-l-km-\- Ä Nne kn\-tkm-kp-i-fpss t]cn-emwv Adn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. CS- m-e- p- mb {InkvXob""]m\''IfnÂ PqX-\m-S³]m-«p-I-fpsS \nà½m-w-coxn \ng-en- p- Im-Wmw. PqX- m-cpss hne-s «CXn-lm-k- -fnâ tic-f- n v Hcp Øm\-ap- v. ]pcm-x-\-ti-cfw Ah-cpsS ho -W-tIm-Wn-eqsS t\m pt¼mä Hcp t a-cm-jv{s-am-bn-cp-s v ImWmw. PqtX-Xn-lm-k- -fnâ \ndw-]-ià v \nâ p B \Ã ticfw ho pw Dbn-sc-Sp- ptam? 36

\yqtlm^v I ticfw ]pcm-x\ tic-f-s -Êw-_-Ôn v Ah-km-\n- m Bi-b- p-g w C pw Ncn-{X-Im-c- m-cp-ss-bn-s-bnâ X n-\nev]p v. kzx{ Ncn-{X- \nà½m-w- n- m-h-iy-amb imkv{xo-b-ho- Ww hf-cm- -Xp-sIm- p-ff Ipg- -am-wn-sx-ãmw. k m-cn-iä tic-f-s - -ddn Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-ff Ipdn- p-iä txsn- n-sn- m\pw Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I- mà A{X-sbm pw ]cn-{i-an- n- «n-sã v \½psS Ncn-{X-{K-Ù- Ä hyà-am- p- p. sh\o-jy- m-cpw, ssn\m- m-cpw, Ad-_n-I-fpw, SpWo-jycpw addpw addpw hne-tb-dnb ]e hnh-c-w- -fmwv tic-f-s - -ddn \ÂIn-bn-«p-f-f-Xv. ^ml-bm-sâbpw lpbm- vkm-sâbpw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-²-amb `mc-x-bm-{x-sb-t mse al- mb ]e bm{x-ifpw hntz-in-iä tic-f- nâ \S- n-bn-«p- v. PqX-]- cn-jv À m-hmb tpmk^v dºm\pw, ss{ikvxh ax-{]-nm-c-i-\mb sk³ txma-kpw, CÉmw ktµ-i-hm-l-i-\mb ameniv _v\pzo-\mdpw hntz-in-i-fmb k m-cn-isf tic-f- n-te- m-iàjn BZy-Ime amà - ZÀin-I-fm-Wv. amàt m-t]m-tfm, C_v\p-_-Xq-, AÂ_-dq-Wn, s{^bà HtUm-dn- v, A_pÂd-Êm- v, AÂ-C-{Zn-kn, \nt m-f-kv, \yqtlm^v A_p-Âs^sZ XpS- nb k m-cn-i-fpss Ipdn- p-i-fn-eqss tic-f-s - d-dn- A-dn-bp- Xv Ncn-{X-]-T-\- n\v {]tnm-z\w \ÂIpw. Cu k m-cn-ifnâ GXm\pw Nne-scm-gn v hym]m-c-k-¼à w Øm]n- m³ tic-f- nse- n-b-xm-wv. t]mà p-koêv {]Xm]w tic-f- nâ A[:]Xn p sim n-cp Ime v ticfw kµàin Hcp U p-im-csâ hnh-c-w- nte p Hs - n-t\m- mw. t]mà p-ko-êp-im-sc- mä hkvxp-\n-jvtamb kxy- n v hne-bn-cp- m³ U p-imà {ian- n-«p- v. tic-f- nse It¼m-f- Ä I -S- -W-sa p U p-imà v B{K-l-ap- m-bn-cp-s - nepw simebpw simffbpw \S- p-hm³ t]mà p-ko-êp-im-sc-t mse Ip{]-kn²n k¼m-zn- m³ AhÀ kml-k-s -«n-cp- n-ã. 37

G.-Un.1663 sk]vx-¼-dnâ tic-f- -c-bnse U p-]-wvun-i-im-e- IÄ ]cn-tim-[n- p-hm\pw hym]m-c-_ôw ]pxp- p-hm\pw sim n-bn-se- nb U p-]-wvun-x-\m-bn-cp p \yqtlm-^v. sim o-cm-py-n-cn-{x- nâ cmjv{so-b-{]m-[m-\y-ap-ff U p-þ-sim n DS-¼Sn \S- Xv 1663 amà v 22- þmw\pþ-bm-wp. cmp-ip-spw-_- nâs «c p Xmh-gn-IÄ Ie-ln p ]ncn- ª-t mä U p-imà Hcp-`m-K- p-iq-sn. tic-f- nâ BZys U p-i- Â h Xv 1595emWv. Ac-\q-d-dm- n-e-[niw {ian- n«pw t]mà p-ko-êp- {]-Xm-]s XIÀ m³ U p-imà pv Ign-ªn-Ã. amà p-am-k- nse DS- ¼-Sn-tbm-Sp-IqSn sim n-cm-pys hym]m-c- -cm-dp-iä ]pxp- p-ibpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kwc- -W-Np-a-Xe Gev p-i-bpw, cmpys A{I-a- W- -fnâ\n p c n- p-sim-åm-sa v hmkvz w \ÂIp-Ibpw snbvx U p-imà Xma-kn-bmsX FÃm ti{µ- -fnepw kzm[o-\w-sn-ep- n. sim n-cm-pm- - mà v ""I¼ªn FP-am-\ m''cmbn U p-imà hmgp- Im-e p \yqtlm^v Hcp ]cy-s\w \S- n. \yqtlm^nsâ Ipdn- p-ifn-eqss ]pd- p-h- n-«på hnh-c-w- -fnâ tic-f-n-cn-{x-im-c- mà v hyà-amb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap- v. F mepw kzoim-cy- -fm-b-h-bp-ap- v. Hcp alm-]p-cp-jsâ A]-Zm-\- -fmepw Znhym-Ûp-X- -fmepw ticfo-bà BIÀjn- -s -«-Xn-s\- -d-dn \yqtlm^v ]d-bp- p. ""sszh-xp-eyamb iàn-bp-ff ]c-ip-cma alàjn-bpss kw`m-h-\-bmwv tic-f-sa v hniz-kn- p- -h-cmwv tic-fo-bà. ]c-ip-cm-a³ Znhym-bp-[-amb agp ISÂ -c- n-eqss Npg-d-dn-sb-dn-ª-t mä agp sn v hogp- - Øew hscbpw a Xn-«mbn cq]m- -c-s -«p. A ns\ tic-f- -c-bp- m-bn. Cu IY p Ah-ew_w \ÂIp sfxn-ly-i-y-iä tic-fo-b-cpss I n-ep- v. Imew Ipsd- -gn-ª-t mä cmpm- - mà tic-f- -c-bnâ Xe-s]m- n. sndnb LS-I- -fmbn `cn- n-cp cmpy- -sfãmw henb timbva-ifpss Iogn-em-bn. Cu timbvam-h-imiw tnc-am³ s]cp-am-fpss Ime v 38