21 6 2002 11 PRO GR ESS IN GEO GRA PH Y V o l. 21, N o. 6 N ov., 2002 : 100726301 (2002) 0620538208,, (, 100101) :,,,, : ; ; ; : F3231213: A 1,, 10, 17 ; 30, 55 (w ater resou rces stress) [1 ], [24 ] [5 ] 2000 3 17 22, 21,,, : 2002207; : 2002208 : (KZCX2SW 2317203KZCX1210203) :, (19642 ),,,, E2m ail: jiasf@ igsnrr1ac1cn
6 : 539,,, :,,,, ( ),, :,, ;,,,????, ( indicato rs of w ater2related stress) [6 ] 2 (w ater resou rces stress),, 2 :, :, 211 1992 Falkenm ark W idstrand (W ater Stress Index) [7 ] : 1 700 m 3 gcap itagannum (W ater R esou rces Stress), 1 000 m 3 gcap itagannum (Ch ron ic W ater Scarcity),,,, 2 000 m 3 g [8 ],,,
540 21,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2 300 m 3, 1 700 m 3 gcap itagannum ), ( 400 m 3 ), 212 (w ater u se in ten sity) () [9 ] [6 ] [10 ] : 10% (low w ater stress) ; 10%20% (moderate w ater stress) ; 20%40% (m edium - h igh w ater stress) ; 40% (h igh w ater stress),,, :,,,,,
6 : 541, 213,, (), 3 311 g,,,,,,, [11 ],,, 312,, ;,,,, 313,,,,, :, ( ),,
542 21,,, : ( ) ( ) GD P g g,,,,,,,,,,,,, - -, :,,, 100%,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ) :, ;, ;, ; ;
6 : 543 () : ( ) GD P, ( 1),, 1 Tab11Indicator system for water resources secur ity appra isemen t ( ) GD P GD P g g GD P
544 21 : : [ 1 ]W o rld W ater Council. W o rld W ater V ision 2025[M ]. Earth scan Publications L td., 2000. [ 2 ]John W aterbury, John Ko lars, M asah iro M urakam i, A aron W o lf, A sit K. B isw as. Co re and Periphery: A Com 2 p rehensive A pp roach to M iddle Eastern W ater[m ]. O xfo rd U niversity P ress, 1997. 180. [ 3 ]M artin Sherm an. T he po litics of w ater in them iddle East: A n Israeli Perspective on the H ydro2po liticala spects of the Conflict[M ]. Sṫ M artin s P ress, Inc., 1999. 192. [ 4 ]Ph ilip P. M ick lin. W ater and the N ew States of Central A sia[m ]. Royal Institute of International A ffairs, 1997. 60. [ 5 ]B row n L R, H ilw eil B. Ch ina sw ater Sho rtage Could Shake W o rld Food Security[J ]. W orld W atch, 1998 (7, 8) : 10218. [ 6 ]. [J ]., 2000, 19 (1). [ 7 ],. [J ]., 2002, 21 (4). [ 8 ]h ttp: ggwww. unesco. o rggw atergww apgww drgindex. sh tm l# indicato rṡ [ 9 ]M alin Falkenm ark, CarlW idstrand. Population and W ater Resources: A D elicate Balance[A ]. In: Population Bul2 letin. Population Reference Bureau, W ashington, D. C., 1992. 19. [ 10 ]. :? [D ], 2000209219. [ 11 ]h ttp: ggwww. fao. o rg gto sgtem sgresourcesgsocioecogw ater use intensity. pdf. [ 12 ]Robert Engelm an, Pam ela L eroy. Sustaining W ater: Population and the Future of Renew able W ater Supp lies [M ]. Population A ction International, W ashington, D. C., 1993. 18222. [ 13 ],. : [J ]., 2002, 17 (3) : 2622269. Reg ional W ater Resources Stress and W ater Resources Secur ity Appra isem en t Ind icators J IA Shao 2feng, ZHAN G J un2yan, ZHAN G Sh i2feng ( Institute of Geograph ical Sciences and N atural R esources R esearch, CA S, Beijing100101 Ch ina) Abstract: D iscu ssed are defin ition of w ater resou rces secu rity, w ater resou rces stress indi2
6 : 545 cato rs and indicato r system fo r regional w ater resou rces secu rity app raisem en ṫ W ater re2 sou rces secu rity m ean s that every person has the righ t to get safe w ater supp ly w ith ac2 cep tab le p rice. In fact, there are 3 layers o r aspects of w ater resou rces secu rity. T he first is the social aspect of w ater resou rces secu rity w h ich m ean s hou seho ld w ater dem and, es2 pecially that of poo r fam ily as a basic hum an righ t, shou ld be satisfied. T he second is the econom ic aspect of w ater resou rces secu rity w h ich m ean s w ater supp ly shou ld m eet ratio2 nal dem and of econom ic developm en ṫ T he th ird is the eco logical aspect of w ater resou rce secu rity w h ich m ean s the m in im um w ater dem and of eco logical system shou ld be m et to p ro tect eco logical in tegrity. Per cap ita w ater resou rces and w ater u se in ten sity are u sed u2 n iversally to m easu re w ater resou rces stresṡ T hese tw o indicato rs are simp le and conve2 n ien t to show general situation of w ater resou rces and w ater u se, bu t they can t reveal all aspects of w ater resou rces secu rity. W ater resou rces secu rity is a very in tegrated concep t and can t be m easu red by one o r tw o simp le indicato rs. To app raise regional w ater re2 sou rces secu rity, a system of indicato rs shou ld be developed. Fo llow ing 5 indicato rs are suggested to app raise general situation of w ater resou rces secu rity: satisfied level of to tal w ater dem and, ratio of hum an w ater con summ ation to to tal w ater quan tity con sum ab le by hum an being, p robab ility of draugh t, ratio of hou seho ld w ater satisfaction w hen draugh t, and GD P lo ss w hen draugh ṫ 5 indicato rs are u sed to m easu re w ater resou rces secu rity lev2 el on the aspect of social secu rity: ratio of w ater really supp lied to standard w ater dem and in city and tow n, ratio of w ater really supp lied to standard w ater dem and in village, ratio of hou seho ld w ater supp ly to safe quality w ith to tal hou seho ld w ater supp ly, ratio of hou seho ld expenditu re fo r w ater to to tal expendab le incom e, and ratio of safe w ater supp ly to poo r peop le. Fo llow ing indicato rs are selected to app raise w ater resou rces secu rity in the aspect of econom y: average tim e of no w ater supp ly to en terp rises, ratio of w ater quan tity really irrigated to rational quan tity of irrigation w ater, ratio of land area irrigated to po llu ted w ater to to tal irrigated land area, and percen tage of w ater u se expenditu re in to tal p roduction co sṫ A s to the eco logical aspect of w ater resou rces secu rity, w e select fo llow ing indicato rs: satisfied level of eco logical w ater requ irem en t, w ater u se in ten sity, ratio of river length po llu ted to to tal river length, ratio of accum u lative quan tity of ground w ater over2w ithdraw al to average annual ground w ater recharge, ratio of real area of lakes to expected lake area, and percen tage of aviation canal sho rting. Key words: W ater resou rces secu rity; W ater resou rces stress; W ater resou rces stress indi2 cato rs; W ater resou rces secu rity indicato r system