Isæ- -ep-ifpw \nk-a-\- fpw

A²ymbw þ 6 Isæ- -ep-ifpw \nk-a-\- fpw 1. Imev]-\nIkz`m-h- Ä v kmàæ-im-en-ixzw Dsæ- nepw Hcp kmln-xy-{]-øm-\-am-bn- \n-e-\n- Xv Ipd- p-imew am{xw Bbn-cp- p. 2. bmym-øn-xn-i-amb FÃm \nb-a- -sfbpw, A[n-Imc hyh-ø-isfbpw ASn- -aà -ep-i-sfbpw Imev]-\n-IX tnmzyw snbvxp. FÃm- cw \nb-a- -sfbpw \ntj-[n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p Imev]-\n- I-X-bpsS emh-wy-\n-b-aw. 3. {^ vhn¹hw, imkv{x-]p-tcm-k-xn, dqtêm, thmä«-bà XpS- nb Nn -I-cpsS Blzm\w, hyàn v e`n kzx-{ ym-h-t_m-[w, P\m- [n-]xynn F nh ]mým-xy-km-ln-xy- nâ Imev]-\n-I-Xbv v {]tnm-z-\-am-bn. 4. hkvxp-\n-jvthpw \nb-{ n-xhpw sshnm-cn-i-hp-amb \ntbm- m- ÊnIvcoXn-Isf Imev]-\n-IX {]Xn-tcm-[n- p. 5. {]Ir-Xn-tbmSpw kzm`m-hn-i-x-tbmspw B`n-ap-Jyw-]p-eÀ nb Imev]- \n-i-x, AIr-{Xn-ahpw efn-xhpw kwko-xm-ß-i-hp-amb `mj-bv pw, ]mwvun-xy-{]-i-s-\-t - mä Ihn-{]-Xn-`-bv pw, A\p-IcWt - mä `mh-\bv pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. 6. kzmx-{ ys Gähpwhenb BZÀi-ambn Iæ Imev]-\n-IX ]cp- ³ Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ y- -fnâ \n pw Hgnªpamdn kz]v\- tem-i v hnl-cn- p-ibpw `mh-\m-kzà - Ä krjvsn- p-ibpw snbvxp. kvt\lw, kaxzw, kmtlm-zcyw, {]IrXn XpS- n-b-h-

210 bm-bn-cp p Ah-cpsS kzà w. 7. Imev]-\n-I-Xbv v {]Xn-hy-àn-`n- -Xbpw {]Xn-tZ-i-`n- -Xbpw Dæv. 8. Imev]-\n-I-Xbv v XpS- - nâ {]I-S-am-b iàn Ah-km-\-am-bt m-tg pw PoÀ -am-bn. 9. bqtdm- nâ Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS A]-Nbw 1832þapXÂ Bcw-`n- p. Imev]-\n-I-Xsb Bh-iy- n-e-[niw D]-Po-hn Ihn-IÄ Xs - bmwv A]-N-b- n\pw hgn-sbm-cp- n-b-xv. 10. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS apjy-l-s-i-amb {]Xn-`bpw `mh-\bpw CÃm-Xncp A\p-IÀ m- Ä krjvsn Imhy-tem-I- Ä Ahn-iz-k- \o-bhpw hnnn-{x-hp-w B-bn-cp- p. AXv anyy-bp-ssbpw kz]v\- n-sâbpw temi-am-bn-cp- p. 11. `mh-ko-x- n\v am{xw {]m[m\yw simsp- A-hÀ v A -t mä e`n- p A\p-`q-Xn-IfÃmsX Kuc-h-ta-dnb Pohn-X-k- oà -X- Isf Bhn-jvI-cn- m³ km[n- n-ã. 12. Al-, Alw-`m-h- nâ apgp-iâ, Xt m-sp-x-s -bpå A\p-I- ¼, Xm³ aäp-å-h-cnâ \n v hyxy-kvx-\m-sw- på Al- m-cw, kaq-l-t m-spå {]Xn-tj-[w, Hfn-t m-«w, \á-bm-ymà y- sf Hgn-hm- n-s m-æpå kz]v\-tem-i- nsâ krjvsn, AXn-`m-hp-I- Xzw, bpàn-cm-ln-xyw, DtZz-K-ap-f-hm- Â, ac-w-s - p-dn- på ambv m-\m-im Nn F nh Imev]-\n-I-Xsb A]-N-b- nte v \bn- p. 13. Imev]-\n-I-Xsb ip²o-i-cn- p-hm³ dnb-en-khpw dnb-en-k- nsâ D]-{]-Øm-\-amb \m z-d-en-khpw h p. Chsb ip²o-i-cn- phm³ h knw_-enkw ZpÀ{K-lX apj-ap-{z-bm- n-b-t mä Aev]mbp-Êmbn F pam{x-aã Imev]-\n-I-Xsb IqSp-XÂ A]-N-b- ntebv v \bn- p-i-bpw snb-vxp. 14. XpSÀ v Cta-Pn-kw, ZmZm-bn-kw, ^yq -d-en-kw, kàdn-b-en-kw,

211 Cw{]-j-\nkw XpS- nb {]Øm-\- Ä \ne-hnâ h p. Chsb s]mxpsh B[p-\n-IX F v ]d-bp p. 15. ae-bm-f- nâ ]s m³]xmw \qäm-ænsâ Ah-km\whsc \ntbm- m-kniv Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp- p. 16. {_n«ojv simtfm-wn-bâ hnzym`ymkk{¼-zm-bhpw Cw ojv kmln-xy-hp-amwv ae-bm-f- nâ Imev]-\n-Im-`n-cpNn hfà n-b- Xv. 17. Cw ojv`mj-bnepw kmln-xy- nepw ]mwvun-xy-ap-æm-bn-cp tic-f-hའhen-b-tim-bn- -¼p-cm\mbn-cp- p \ntbm- m-ên-ê- nsâ ià-\mb {]Xn-\n-[n. 18. Bß\njvT-amb A\p-`-h- sft]mepw A\p-`qXnZcn-{Z-amtb \ntbm- m-ên- p-iä Ah-X-cn- n- n-cp- p-åq. 19. Cw ojvhnzym-`ymkw e`n- n-«n-ãm simsp- -ÃqÀ hn-iä kwkvirxtaât m-bva-s -Xnsc \ms³]z- Ä D]-tbm-Kn v Ihn-XbpsS {]Xn-]m-Z-\- nepw {]Xn-]m-Zy- nepw amä- Ä krjvsn- p. 20. ae-bm-fimev]\n-i-x-bpss BZym- p-c- Ä simsp- -ÃqÀ -hn- -Ifn Isæ mw. 21. ]{X-{]-hÀ -\- n-tâbpw KZy-km-ln-Xy- n-tâbpw hfà km{¼-zm-bni Imhy-ku- -cys hnaài-i-\m-ß-i-ambn kao-]n- m³ t{]cn- n- p LS-I-am-bn. 22. bmym-øn-xn-i-cmb tic-f-hà½] - nsâ ZznXo-bm- -c-{]mk \nà_-ôs FXnÀ F.Bdpw Iq«cpw Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-kujvt-ht - mä `mh-ku- -cy- n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. 23. bmym-øn-xn-i-xz- n-sâbpw DÂ]-Xn-jvWp-Xz- n-sâbpw kwl- «-\-am-bn-cp ZznXo-bm- -c-{]m-k-hmzw Imhy- nsâ bymà aq-ey- sf At\z-jn- m-\på ià-amb t{]c-w-bmbn.

212 24. \ntbm- m-êniv Imhy-in- Ww BÀÖn- -h-sc- nepw ae-bm-f-imev]-\ni{]øm-\s Gsd apt m«psimæp-t]m-bxv Bim³, hå-t mä, DÅqÀ F n-h-cm-wv. 25. thzm- -]-cn-n-bw, _wkmä Pohn-X- nâ \n v e`n \thm- m- \m-i-b- Ä, Cw ojvhnzym-`ymkw F n-h-bmwv Bims\ \ho\`mhp-i-xz- n-te v ASp- n- -Xv. 26. amwk-f-irw-km-c- nâ \n pw ae-bmfihn-x-bnse {]Wbw Imev]- \n-i-x-bpss BZÀi-hn-ip-²n-bn-te v Db-cp- Xv Bim³ Ihn-X- I-fn-eqsSbm-Wv. 27. hyàn-kzm-x-{ yw, kmaq-ly-kzm-x-{ yw, BZÀim-ß-I-{]-Wbw F o Imev]-\nI`mh- Ä Bim³ ià-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn- p. 28. C y-bpss ]qàæ-kw-kvir-xnsb Ipdn- på A`n-am-\hpw AXns\ Isæ- m\pw ]p\xkrjvs-n m-\p-apå XnSp- hpw KmÔn-b³ BZÀi- fpw C y³kzmx-{ y-k-a-chpw BWv hå-t mfnâ {]I-S-amb Imev]-\n-I-`m-h- Ä. 29. DÅq-cnsâ Imhy-hy-àn-Xz- nâ taâss t\sn-bn-cp- Xv \ntbm- m-ênivkz`m-h- Ä Bbn-cp- p-sh- nepw amdp A`n-cp-Nns m v Fgp- nsâ k{¼-zmbw t`z-s -Sp- m³ At±lw {ian- n-cp p; hnpbn n-sã- n-epw. 30. Imev]-\n-I-amÀ - n-eqss Ihn-{Xbw _lp-zqcw k -cns nepw ae-bm-f-i-hnx \ntbm- m-ênivioe- -fnâ \n v ]qà -ambpw kzmx{ yw t\sn-bn-ã. 31. kmaq-lnicmjv{sobkw`-h- -tfm-spå {]Xn-I-c-Ww, hyh-øm- ]nximhy-\n-b-a- sf thæt mä Xnc-kv -cn- m³ ImWn XtâSw, HuNn-Xy-]qÀ -amb `mj XpS- n-b-h-bn-eqss Ihn-{Xbw ae-bmfimhyk -ev]s ka-{k-]-cn-hà -\- n\v hnt[-b-am- n. 32. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS A]qÀÆ-ku- -cy- fpw DZm- -m\p-`qxnifpw

213 Ah-X-cn- n-s - nepw \ntbm- m-ên-knk- nsâ hnt[-b-xz-amwv Pn. i c- p-dp- nsâ Ihn-X-I-fn {]I-S-am-b-Xv. 33. ae-bm-f- nâ Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS bymà iàn-zuà_-ey- Ä {]I-S-am-bXv CS- -Ån- hn-i-fnemwv. þ Bß-\n-jvT-X, kaq-l-t m- SpÅ FXnÀ v, hyàn-{]m-[m-\yw, kzio-b-tem-i-kr-jvsn- på Xzc, Cl-tem-I-ssh-cp-²yw, Abm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-Xzw, Aeu-In-I-X, D]-t_m- [-]-c-x, GIm-InbpsS timim-ß-i-x, kzm\q-`q-xn-{]n-bw, kwko- Xm-ß-I-amb Imhy-`mj þ F n- s\ Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS FÃm kz`m-h- fpw CS- -Ån- -hn-i-fn-eq-ss-bmwv ae-bm-fn-iä BZyambn A\p-`-hn- -dn-ª-xv. 34. CS- -Ån- -hn-iä kwko-xm-ß-i-ambn Ah-X-cn- n ss\an-jni hnim-c- sf A s sndp- - mà Bth-i-t mss hmbn- p- Ibpw AXnsâ A\p-IÀ m- -fmbn amdp-ibpw snbvxp. 35. {]W-bZ-pxJ -fp-ssbpw tih-e-tcm-j- -fp-ssbpw Htc a«n (Pattern)epÅ i_vz- Ä A\p-IÀ m- -fmb ]e-i-hn-ifpw BhÀ n- p-ibpw ae-bmfimev]-\n-i-i-hnx AXn-`m-hp-IXzw \ndª tihehnim-c-{]-i-s-\-am-hp-ibpw AXy w ZpÀ_-e-am-hp- Ibpw snbvxp. 36. Imev]-\n-I-ZuÀ_-ey- sf FXnÀ p-sim-æmwv AIm-ev]-\n-I {]hwxiä ae-bm-f- nâ iàamhp -Xv. 37. AXn-`m-hp-IXzw \nd-ªxpw hà -i-_fhpamb Imhy-`m-jbv v ]Icw AIm-ev]-\n-IÀ ]cp-j-amb `mj Xs D]-tbm-Kn- p. 38. A\p-I-c-Whpw BhÀ -\hpw simæv snsn pw asp pw Df-hm- nb ZpÀ_-e-amb sshim-cn-im-\p-`-h- sf Hgn-hm n At\Iw hnúm-\-im-j-i-fn-te-bv v At\z-j-W-_p-²n-tbmsS IS- p-i-bdn \qx-\- -fmb {]ta-b- Ä AIm-ev]-\n-I-I-hn-IÄ kzoi-cn- p. 39. kw`h- sf hkvxp-\n-jvt-ambn ImWm\pw kmaq-ly-t_m[w

214 P\n n- m\pw AIm-ev]-\n-IÀ {i²n- p. 40. Imev]-\n-IÀ BIm-i-t mfw DbÀ n-\nà nb BZÀim-ß-I- {]-W-bs a ntebv v Cd- n-s m-æp-h-cn-ibpw {]W-bs ]qà -km-^-ey- nâ F n- m-xn-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp AIm-ev]- \n-ià. 41. Imev]-\n-IX DuXnhoÀ n v DbÀ n-\nà nb hyànxzw \jvss «kv{xok -ev]- n\v ]Icw kv{xobpss bymà -hy-àn- Xzs AIm-ev]-\n-IÀ Nn{Xo-I-cn- p. 42. km -ev]n-i-kzà - nse BZÀi-\m-b-I mcpw Ipeo-\- mcpw ]cnl-kn- -s -Sp-Ibpw IÀj-I-s m-gn-em-fn, sxcp-hpsxæn XpS- nbhà {][m-\-i-ym-]m-{x- -fm-hp-ibpw snbvx-t mä AIm-ev]-\n- IÀ ]pxnb temi-hy-hø hn`m-h\w snbvxp. a n-sâbpw hnbà n-sâbpw Agp- n-sâbpw \mä-apå IYm-]m-{X- Ä cwk ph -txmss Imev]-\n-IX Ah-X-cn- n BZÀi-ku- -cyt_m[w A«n-a-dn- -s -«p. 43. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS a\pjyti{ n-x (Mancentric) \ne-]m-sp-i-sfbpw AZr-jvS-amb Alw-t_m-[-s bpw FXnÀ v Xm³ DÄs -Sp Ncm-N-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bv v t\cn-sp timj-w- nâ AIm-ev]-\n-IÀ hymip-e-s -Sp-Ibpw {]Ir-Xn-bn-te- på a\p-jysâ IS- p-i-bäs Bi- -tbmss ho n- p-ibpw snbvxp. 44. Iem-Im-c-t\bpw Iem-kr-jvSn-tbbpw A{]-[m-\-am n hmb-\- mc\pw hnj-b- n\pw AIm-ev]-\n-IÀ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. 45. Hcp a\p-jy\v \Ãhyàn-bmbn Pohn- m³ Ign-bm kml-ncyw F s\ krjvsn -s -Sp- p F v AIm-ev]-\n-IÀ amdn-\n v t\m n- m-wp- p. 46. Pohn-X-{]-iv\- -fnâ shdn-]n-sn v HmSn-sbm-fn- p Imev]-\nI coxn v hncp-²-ambn AIm-ev]\nIÀ {]iv\- n\v ]cn-lmcw Isæ-

215 p-ibpw Pohn-Xs {]km-zmßi-ambn kao]n- p-ibpw snbvxp. 47. Hcp hnaài-isâ hkvxp-\n-jvt-x-tbm-ss-bmwv F³. -hn. ae-bm-f- Im-ev]-\nIZuÀ_-ey- sf {]Xn-tcm-[n- -Xv. 48. Ihn-X-bnse ip²`mhm-ß-i-xsb AÃ, Imev]-\n-I-XbpsS ZpÀºehpw AÀ -iq-\yhpw tcmkm-xp-c-hp-amb AXn-`m-hpI-Xz-s bmwv F³. hn. FXnÀ -Xv. 49. khn-kvx-c-amb {]Xn-]m-Z\w simæv Ihn-X-bpsS AXn-ssh-Im-cn- IXzw sisp- n- -f-bp-i, AXn-tem-e-amb k mco`mh- sf t]mepw hnnm-c-ta-zp-c-am- p-i, kwko-x- nâ Hen- p-t]m-ip Imhy-`m-jsb KZym-ß-I-]-Z-c-N-\-sImæv ZrV-ap-Å-Xm- p-i, Imev]-\nI{]W-b- nsâ A -Êm-c-iq-\yX ]cn-lm-k-]qàæw s]mfn pim«pi, ambn-i-kz-]v\- Ä v ]Icw kmaq-ln-i-po-hn-x- nse sshcp-²y- sf {][m\hnjb fm pi þ Ch-sbÃmw F³.-hn.-bpsS t_m[-]qàæ- -fmb {ia- -fm-bn-cp- p. 50. IYm-]m-{X- -fpss t]cv sxc-sª-sp- -Xn t]mepw F³.-hn.- bnâ Imev]-\nIhncp-²X ImWmw. tic-fobpohn-x- nâ kzm`mhn-i-am-bpå t]cp-i-fã Imev]-\n-I-I-hn-X-bnse IYm-]m-{X- -fpts-xv. CXn\v hncp-²-ambn kàæ-km-[m-c-w-am-bxpw km{¼-zm-bn-iku- -cy-t_m-[- n\v \nc- m- Xpamb t]cp-iä kzoi-cn- p. 51. Imev]-\n-I-X-bnse ]pcp-jiym-]m-{x- Ä {]I-Sn- n Akw-Xr]vXn kv{xo IYm-]m-{X- n-eqss F³.hn. Ah-X-cn- n- p. 52. Imev]-\n-IX DbÀ n- m-«nb Bßobkvt\lw, k\ym-kw, Bß-]o-U-\-]-c-amb C{ n-b-kw-b-a\w F n-hsb ]cn-l-kn- p- Ibpw a\p-jy-a-\-êns\ imkv{xo-b-ambn A]-{K-Yn- p-ibpw snbvxp. 53. hncp-²-`m-h-k- -e\w (Juxta position) neqss Imev]-\n-IX BZÀi-

216 hâ -cn v DbÀ n \nà nb ku -cy-k- -ev]-s bpw F³.hn. t_m[-]qàæw XInSw adn- p. 54. bymà -tem-i- nsâ ]mcp-jy- nâ\n pw km -ev]n-i-tem-it v ]em-b\w snbvx Imev]-\n-I-co-Xn v hncp-²-ambn km ev]n-i-tem-i v \n pw bymà -tem-i- nsâ ]mcp-jy- ntebv v Xncn phcp Ihn-X-I-fmWv F³.-hn.-bp-tS-Xv. 55. sshim-cn-i-amb \ne-]msv kzbw Gsä-Sp v hnimcwsimåp Imev]-\n-I-co-Xn v hncp-²-ambn hkvxp-x-iä \nc n kzbw amdn\nâ p-hm\pw BZÀi-h -c-w- n-te v DbÀ v s]m msx A]qÀÆ-bm-YmÀ y-t mss {Kmao-W-Po-hn-X- nsâ ]mcpjyw hyà-am- p-hm\pw F³.-hn. {ian- p. 56. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS akr-w-x-bv v FXn-sc-bpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv F³.-hn.-bpsS `mj. hntz-i`mjm]-z- Ä, A]qÀÆ-ambn am{xw D]-tbm-Kn- m-dp-åxpw ]cp-jm- -c-l-sn-x-hp-amb kwkvir-x-]-z- Ä, \ms³ ae-bm-f-]-z- Ä F nh At±-lw -[m-cmfw D]-tbm- Kn- p. 57. hkvxp-t_m[w P\n- n- p _nw_- -fpss D]-tbm-Khpw F³.- hn.-i-hn-x-i-fnâ ImWmw. 58. Imev]-\n-I-Xsb ià-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[n Ihn-bmWv CS-tÈcn tkmhn- ³\m-bÀ. 59. Wn-I-hn-Im-c- Ä {]ISn n `mh-ko-x- Ä v ]Icw hnimehpw hnnn-{xhpw Ne-\m-ß-I-hp-amb a\p-jy-i-y-iä hà n- p- -Xn\v BJym-\m-ß-I-I-hn-X-IÄ v CS-tÈcn {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. 60. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS cn-\m-amà±-h-s bpw Ab-YmÀ m- -co- s bpw Dt]- n CS-tÈcn iàhpw ]cp-jhpamb `mj D]- tbm-kn- p-ibpw bmymà ym-[n-jvtn-x-amb hkvxpxm{]xn-]m-z\w kzoi-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp.

217 61. {Kmao-W-PohnX-s -bmwv CS-tÈcn Imhy-c-N-\bv v B[m-c-am- n-b-sx- nepw {Kma- nsâ imeo-\-ku- -cy-s bpw \ I-fpsS kar-²n-isfbpw ioem-nm-c-hn-ip-²n-i-sf-bp-aã {]Xn-]m-Zn- -Xv. 62. ]cn-]-iz-amb ka-nn- -X-tbmsS Pohn-X-Zp-cn-X- -sfbpw Zo\-X-Isfbpw sshcq-]y- -sfbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn- p. 63. Pohn-X-Zp-cn-X- Ä v ap¼nâ ]X-dn-t m-i-msx Imcy-hn-h-c-apÅ ImgvN- m-csâ a«nâ, Nne-t mä AXnsâ `mksa a«nâ, Nnet mä XoÀ pw \nêw-k-\mbn Pohn-X-k-Xy nsâ {IqcX ]qà ambpw shfn-hm- nb CS-tÈcn {Kma-Po-hn-X- nsâ Bßm-hns\ Isæ- n. 64. CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS ss\kà n-ihpw \nàhym-p-hp-amb a\p-jy-kvt\lw {]IS\mß-I-am-bn-cp- n-ã. 65. Imev]-\nIX DbÀ n-s -«nb BZÀi-kv{Xo-Xz- n\v IS-I-hn-cp- ²-ambn ] Pohn-X- nsâ NqSpw Nqcp-apÅ, kaq-l-po-hn-x- nsâ FÃm ]cn- p-ifpw Gäp-hm- p ]pcp-j-t\m-ssm w \nev p-, Hcp ]t, ]pcp-j-t\- mä Hu Xyw ]peà p kvt\l- n-tâbpw XymK- n-tâbpw {]Xo-I- fmb kv{xoiym-]m-{x- sf CS-tÈcn Ah-X-cn- n- p. 66. Pohn-X- nsâ ]mcp-jy- nâ ssz\y-x-bn-te-b-v à [oc-x-bn-tebv m-wv, ZuÀ_-ey- n-te-bv à iàn-bn-te- mwv CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS kv{xoi-ym-]m-{x- Ä hmb-\- msc simæp-t]m-ip- -Xv. H w a\pjy-kvt\-l-{]-tnm-zn-x-amb \ne-]mspw kzoi-cn- p- p. 67. C m-e v \mw DbÀ n- m-«p ]mcn-øn-xni{]iv\w CStÈcn hfsc t\c-s -Xs Iæn-cp- p. a\p-jy-i-àn-bpss hnpb nep-æm-ip ]mcn-øn-xni hyxn-bm\s Bi- -tbm-ssbmwv At±lw ImWp- -Xv. 68. Imev]-\n-Isâ sshb-àn-izpxj- nsâ Øm\ v ]màiz-hâ -

218 cn- -s «Iogm-f-k-aq-l- nsâ ZpxJw Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. 69. CXn-hr- -_m-ly-amb IYm-]m-{X- -fpss CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw kw`mj-wm-ß-i-xbpw Ihn-X-bpsS sshim-cn-i-xsb CÃm-Xm- p- p. 70. ^yqu-en-ìvk-{¼-zm-b-s bpw apx-em-fn- -hy-h-ø-sbbpw ISp hntzz-j-t mss FXnÀ p- p. PohnXw ka-kvx-po-hn- IÄ pw Xpey-ambn Ah-Im-i-s -«-Xn-\m Nne-Xns\ Nqj-WwsNbvXv aäp-nn-exv hni-kn- p kmaq-ly-hy-hø DÄs m-åp- n-ã. NqjWw sn p A[n-Im-cs simbvsx-sp- Ww F mwv CS-tÈ-cnbpsS Blzm-\w. 71. CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS ^enxw tih-e-^-en-xaã. Pohn-Xm-h-t_m-[- nâ \n pw Duän-sb-Sp ZpxJ-k-Xy-am-Wv. Imev]-\nI I]-S-Ku-c-h- n\v FXn-sc-bpÅ ku -cy-tn-jvs-bmwv AXv. 72. P\-]- - p-\n v Cuiz-cs\ t\m n- m-wp-ibpw Cuiz-c-hn-izmk- nâ F n-t -cp a\p-jym-ßm-hnsâ \nê-lm-bm-hø shfns -Sp- p-i-bpw, Cuiz-csâ B{in-X-Xz- nâ \n v apànt\sn Icp- pä Pohn-Xs ]p\x-{]-xn-jvtn- m³ {ian- p-ibpw sn p p CS-tÈ-cn. 73. {]Xy-b-im-kv{X- nâ Dd p\nâ p p F v ta\n-\-sn- p- -Xn AÀ -an-ã. I]-S-tem-I- nâ ]cm-pbw k½-xn v ]mem-b\w sn p- Xpw icn-bã F {]mtbm-knipohn-x-\n-e-]msmwv CStÈ-cn-bp-tS-Xv. 74. Imev]-\n-Isâ sshim-cn-i-bp-àntbm B[p-\n-Isâ \mk-cn-i-hy- Ytbm CÃmsX Ihn t_m[-]qàæw Dd w \Sn- p-ibpw IÀ½s aäp-å-h-cpss hnnn- -\- n\v hn«p-sim-sp- p-ibpw sn p- p. 75. GXv XXz-Nn- bpw a\p-jy\v t{zml-i-c-am-ip- psh nâ ]pdw-x- Å-W-sa pw XXz-im-kv{X- -fpss bm{ nihyh-lm-c- Ä v A p-d- mwv bymà lyqa-\nkw F pw CStÈcn hniz-kn-

219 p. ]pxnb temi- n\v ]pxnb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X- -fmwv Bhiyw. 76. hc-¼p-i-fn-ãm, PmXn-tbm, ax-tam, kap-zm-b-tam, hà -tam, A[n- Im-ctam CÃm ]p ³ am\-hn-i-xm-t_m-[-amwv CS-tÈcn {]km- Zm-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xv. 77. {]W-bs Ah-X-cn- n- p-t¼mgpw Imev]-\n-I-{]-W-b- nsâ aky- W-Xbv v A p-d-apå Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ y- n-\mwv {]m[m-\yw. Imev]-\n-IX DbÀ n-s -«nb {]Wbw BZÀi-h -cn-t æ H -sã pw kv{xo]p-cp-j mà X½n-epÅ Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb BIÀjWw am{x-amwv {]Wbw F pw hniz-kn- p- p. 78. sshb-àn-i-amb A\p-`q-Xn-I-sf-t mepw kmaq-ln-i-amb AÀ hym-]vxn-tbmss Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. an p-isf D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xpw CXn-\p-thæn Xs. an p-iä D]-tbm-Kn- p-t¼mä {]mà-\- kw-k-kvir-xn-bnâ, hà -am-\-im-es hymjym-\n- m\pw `mhnsb hmàs -Sp- m\pw aäpw klm-b-i-amb Nne Awi- fpw Dæv. 79. A`u-a-X-e- nâ \n n-cp ]pcm-w-i-ym-]m-{x- fpw an nse IYm-]m-{X- fpw CStÈcn- hn-x-bnâ km[m-c-w-a-\p-jycpss cq]hpw `mhhpw Gäp-hm- p- p-æv. 80. Ipä- fpw Ipd-hp-Ifpw Dsæ- nepw PohnX-s -bmwv, Bß-l- Xy-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ Hfn-t m-«-s -bã al-xz-hâ -cn- p- -Xv. a\pjysâ CÑm-i-àn-bp-sSbpw ip`-{]-xo- -bp-ssbpw ap nâ acww t]mepw ]cm-p-b-s Spw F {]km-zm-ßi ho Ww CS-tÈ-cnbn ImWmw. 81. kzm`m-hn-i-amb hfà -bnâ \n v Hcp a\pjym-ßm-hns\ ASÀ nsb-sp v ]dn- p-\-«mâ kw`-hn- p bmymà yw Ihn hnh-cn p Xcp- p.

220 82. a\p-jysâ Bß-hn-izmkw hfà p-ibpw A`u-a-i-àn-IÄ v ap- nâ a\p-jy³ hnp-bw hcn- p-ibpw sn p IY- ]-d-bp p. 83. `mh-kw-th-z- n\v DX-Ip Xc- nâ `mjsb ]cp-h-s -Sp- nsb-sp- p Ihn-IÀ½hpw `mjbpss km²y-x-isf kml-kn-iambn \ho-\-ta-j-e-i-fn-te v \bn- p Ihn-[À½hpw CS-tÈ-cn- hnxbnâ Zriy-am-Wv. 84. Imev]-\n-I-kz-`m-h- Ä v FXn-sc-bpÅ k^-e-amb {]Xn-tcm-[- am-bn-cp p CStÈ-cn-bpsS Imhy-`m-j. C{ n-bkpjw \ÂIn ab- n- n-s- p GI-Xm-\hpw A -Êm-c-iq-\yhpw kvss{xw-hpamb kwko-xm-ßi-`m-jbv p ]Icw Nn bpss `mcw \ÂIn kaq-ls DWÀ p ]cp- ³ {]ta-b- n-s\m ]cp- ³ Imhy-`mj krjvsn-s -Sp- p. 85. ]WvUn-X-`m-jbpw kmam-\y-hy-h-lm-c-`m-jbpw Iq«n- -eà n-b, ebw Xosc-Ip-dª ssien H«pw P\-{]nb (Popular)ambn-Ã. cq]- nepw `mh- nepw {Kmao-W- -\n-abpw ImÀjn-I-kw-kvIr-Xnbpw Im p-kq- n CS-tÈ-cn- -hnx P\-Iob (Folk) amhp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. 86. efn-x-hm-b-\bv v XS-Ê-ap-æm n hmb-\- m-cs\ Kuc-h-]qÀÆw Nn n- n- m³ hmiy-l-s-\-bnse sshnn-{xy- Ä A{]-bpà]Z- -fpss {]tbm-kw, {]mtz-in-ix F nh kaà -ambn D]-tbm- Kn- p. 87. Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ ys hkvxp-\n-jvt-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p- Xpw ImÀjnIhr n-tbmsv _Ô-s -«Xpw ip`m]vxnhnizmkw \nd-ª- Xp-amb Imhy-_nw-_- Ä D]-tbm-Kn- p. 88. AXn-`m-hp-I-Xzw, BZÀi-h cww F n-hsb Hgn-hm n. imkv{xo-b-bp-ànbpw bmymàyy-t_m-[hpw XnIª Pohn-Xho- Ww, kv{xo, Iogm-fÀ, ]cn-ønxn XpS- n-b-h-sb- p-dn på

221 {]Xyb-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \ne-]m-sv, hnj-b nsâ Kuc-h- n-s\m `mj, hkvxp-t_m[w P\n- n- p _nw_{]tbmkw XpS nb AIm-ev]-\nI{]h-W-X-I-fmWv ae-bm-f- nâ B[p-\n-I-Xbv pw ]n osv D -cm-[p-\n-i-xbv pw iàamb ASn- d ]Wn-X-Xv.

222 {KÙ-kqNn A Companion to German Literature - EDA Sagara & Peter Skrine Black well Publishers Ltd., 1999 A History of Britain - E.H. CARTER& RAF MEARS Surjeeth Publication, KamalaNagar - Delhi 7, 1978 A History of Literary Criticism - Harrry Blamires Macmillan India Ltd, 2001 A short History of English Literature - Sir Ifor Evans The English Language Book Society and Penguin Books, 1966 An Outline History of English Literature - WH Hudson Atlantic Publishers and distributors, Delhi, 1999 Bedford Glossory of Ciritical and litterary terms - Ross Murfin, Supryia M. Ray, Palgrave Mac Millian - Houndmills, Basingstoke London - 2003 Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory -J. A. Cuddon- Penguin reference. French Revolution: ideology and influence in litaraure - T.R Sharma (ed) - Salabh Prakasan - 1991 Freud and the Post Freudians - JAC Brown Penguin Books, 1983 On Jen Jaques Rousseau - James Swenson Stanford university Press, Stanford, california - 2000

223 Romanticism -- Lilian R. Furst Methuen and co,1982 Romanticism Points of View - Robert F. Gleckner and Gerald E Enscoe (ed) - Prentice - Hall, NJ. - 1962 Romantic Rebellion - Eric Newton Long Man's - 1962 The poetic Image - C Day Lewis Jonathan cape, London, 1961 World Civilisations - Their history and culture (vol. C., 7th edition) Edward MacNall Burns, PhilipLeeRalph, Robert E Lerner and Standish Meacham,Goyal saab publishers, New Delhi, 1991 Writing And Victorianism - JB Bullen (ed) Longman, 1997 A chpw B[p\nIXbpw þ C.hn. cmairjvw³ Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 2001 A cku cyw þ Fw. IrjvW³ \¼qXncn Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 2003 A\p-`q-Xn-bpsS \nd-t`-z Ä þ Fw.-sI.-km\p Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1987 AarXhnZy þ Fw. eoemhxn P\Xm kàhohkv sim n, 1988 AkzØXbpsS \ndt`z Ä þ ]n.hn. thembp[³]nå ]qà ]_vfn-t j³kv, timgnt msv, 1989

224 Adnhpw A\p-`q-Xnbpw þ ]n.-.hn..-th-em-bp-[³ ]nå Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1987 Bßmhnsâ apdnhpiä þ Fw. txmakv amxyp A Ww kmwkvimcni thzn, 1998 B[p\nIX aebmfihnxbnâ þ F³. APbIpamÀ XmcXay ]T\kwLw, N \mtècn, 2001 B[p\nI aebmfkmlnxyw þ ]n.si. ]ctaizc³ \mbà Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1968 B[p\nI bpk nse hn¹h Ä þ F³.hnPb³ (FUn.) ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1991 Bsfmgnª Ac v þ hn. cmpirjw³ {Ko³ _pivkv, 2004. Cw ojv Imev]\nIX þ Fw. Z nwmaqà n ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1991 CS Ån hnx þ si. F. Akokv (FUn.) ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1988 CStÈcn hnx þ tum. IhSnbmÀ cman{ ³ (FUn.) ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2004 CStÈcn hnxiä k¼qà kamlmcw þ CStÈcn amxr`qan, 2007 CS-tÈcn hnx þ inev]-hn-nmcw þ si.-]n.taml-\³ {]^. ]n. i -c³ \¼ymÀ ^utæ-j³, XrÈqÀ, 2006

225 CStÈcn \h`mhpixz nsâ Ihn þ s{]m^. ]n. aocm p«n kulrzw _pivkv, 2000 CStÈcnbpsS ImhytemIw þ si.]n. ic { ³ F³._n.Fkv., 1988 CStÈcnbpsS {]_Ô Ä þ CStÈcn amxr`qan, 2006 CXm Hcp Ihn þ CStÈcn jjvsn]qà yp]lmc ½nän CStÈcn ]»nt j³kv, sim n, 1996 F³.hn.IhnXbpsS A ÀaWvUew þ F³.hn. kvamci {SÌv ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1995 F³.hn.bpw aebmf kmlnxyhpw þ F³. hn. jjvsy_vz]qà n BtLmjI½nän, FdWmIpfw, F³._n.Fkv., 1988 F³.hn.-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ þ F³.-hn. Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv., 1986 F³.hn.bpsS ImhytemIw þ si.hn.cmairjvw³ (FUn.) F³.hn. IrjvWhmcnbÀ kvamci{sìv, tim«â, 2005 Ie-lhpw hnizm-khpw þ si.-]n. A ³ Un.kn.-_n. þ 1986 ItemÕhw þ F³.hn. IrjvWhmcyÀ ]qà ]»nt j³kv, timgnt msv, 1989 Ihn-X-bnse kam- -c-tc-j-iä þ H.-F³.-hn.-Ip-dp v, Un.-kn.-_n., 1992

226 Ihn-Xbpw a\ximkv{xhpw þ Fw.-F³.hn-P-b³ amxr-`qan, 1987 IhnX shfn nte v þ Fkv. cmptijc³ F³._n.Fkv., 1985 IhnXmcXn þ tum.fw. eoemhxn amxr`qan, 1997 IhnbpsS IemX{ w þ tziawkew cmairjvw³ ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1989 IhnkZÊ v þ si.fkv. \mcmbw]nå F³._n.Fkv., 1985 Imev]\nIX þ _n. lrzbipamcn Cw{]nâ v _pivkv, 1999 Imhy\nÀ²mcWw þ Un. _ an³ {]`mxv _piv lukv, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, 2002 Imhy`mjbnse {]iv\ Ä þ tziawkew cmairjvw³ (FUn.) ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1993 Imhykzcq]w þ Fkv. Kp]vX³\mbÀ Fkv.]n-.kn-.Fkv., 1998 ImhyhypÂ] n þ Fw.]n. i p n\mbà Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1974 tic-f- nsâ kmwkvim-cn-i-n-cn{xw þ ]n.-si.-tkm-]m-e-ir-jvw³ ticf `mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, 1994 tikcnbpss kmlnxyhnaài\ Ä þ tikcn _meirjvw]nå - Fkv]n-kn-Fkv., 1984

227 ssicfnbpss IY þ F³. IrjvW]nÅ Un.kn._n., 2005 N -¼pg F kà -hn-kvabw þ N{ nim i -c-\m-cm-b-w³ Idâ v _pivkv, 1997 N ¼pgIrjvW-]nÅ \ {X fpsskvt\l`mp\w þfw.si.km\p Fkv.]n-.kn.-Fkv., 2002 N ¼pg hnxiä thmfyw þ 1 þ N ¼pg Un.kn._n., 2004 N ¼pg hnxbnse Imev]-\n-IX þ C.-sI.-]p-cp-tjm- -a³ tic-f `mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v, 1993 N ¼pg kvacwni þ N ¼pg kvamci {K\vYime CS Ån,1987 NnX-bnse shfn w þ Fw.-F³.-hn-P-b³ I-dâ v _pivkv, 1990 Pn.-bpsS Imhy-Po-hnXw þ Fw.-eo-em-hXn F-kv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv., tim«-bw, 1986 Pn.bpsS `mhkox Ä þtum. Un. _ an³ ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1988 Pn.-i- -c- p-dp- nsâ kmln-xy-{]-] w þ -txm- -bv  \mcm-b-w³ F-kv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv., tim«-bw, 1987 R -fpss Iptª-«³ þ F³.-hn.-cm-a-hm-cnbÀ sse^v _pivkv, XriqÀ, 2000

228 XIÀ awnbpw \ne-bv m \mzhpw þ cmpp \mcm-b-w-kzman Idâ v _pivkv, 1998 sxcsªsp {]_Ô Ä þ Xmbm«v i c³ ticf kmlnxy A mzan, 1990 tx\pw hb¼pw þ {]k cmp³ Un.kn._n., 1995 \hiw þ si.]n. i c³ ]qà ]_vfn-t j³kv, timgnt msv, 1988. \hbpkinev]n cmpcmphའþ ] \ cman{ ³ \mbà Idâ v _pivkv, -2003 ]cn-nbw þ ]ß\ cman{ ³ \mbà F³._n.-Fkv., 1994 ]mhw am\hlrzbw þ kpk-x-ip-amcn ]qà ]_vfn-t j³kv, timgnt msv, 1981 ]mýmxykmlnxy XXzimkv{Xw þ si.fw.xci³ Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1983 ]mýmxykmlnxyzài\w þ s{]m^. Fw. ANypX³ Fkv. ]n. kn.fkv., 1983 ]n.-si.-_m-e-ir-jvwsâ tej-\- Ä þ ]n.-si.-_m-e-ir-jvw³ Un.-kn.-_n., 2004 {]Xyimkv{X]mcmbW Ä þ Fkv.Fkv.{ioIpamÀ _pivthw, XrÈqÀ, 2001

229 {]t m` nsâ PzmeIÄ þ F³. cmp³ Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1999 {]mkhmzw þ Fkv. si. hk ³ (FUn) ticf kmlnxy A mzan, 1986 t^mivtemàkwkvimcw þ tum. ]n. tkma³ ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2004 {^ v kmlnxyncn{xw þ awkem«v tkmhn ³ ticf kmlnxy A mzan, XriqÀ, 1998 `mjmt]mjnwn CStÈcn kt¼mknbw þ ]pkvixw 8, e w 1 Pq þ Pqsse, 1984 axmß-i-_nw-_- fpw ]Zm-h-en-Ifpw þpn. i -c- p-dp- v, H.-F³.-hn., Ipdp v F n-h-bpss Ihn-X-I-fn þ Hcp-]-T-\w þ Fw.-Pn._m_pPn, ]n.f v.-un. {]_Ôw, amlm-ßm-km-ôn- bq-wn-th-gvknän, 2002. (A{]Im-in-Xw) a\\ Ä \nka\ Ä þ F³.hn. Un.kn._n., 1987 ae-bm-f-i-hn-xm-km-ln-xy-n-cn{xw þ Fw.-eo-e-mhXn tic-f-km-lnxy A m-zan, XriqÀ, 1979 aebmf JWvUImhy Ä Hcp ]T\w þ {]^. Fw.]n. ]Wn À ticf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 1990 aebmfkmlnxyncn{xw þ ]n.si. ]ctaizc³ \mbà kmlnxy A mz-an, \yquâln, 1969 aebmfkmlnxyhnaài\w þ kpipamà Agot msv Un.kn._n., 1985

230 almcy mcpambn apjmapjw þ tum. BÀkp inj ]»nt j³kv, timgnt msv, 1987 apætècn IrXnIÄ þ `mkw 2 þ tpmk^v apætècn Idâ v _pivkv, 1981 amxr`qan BgvN Xn v, ]pkvxiw 84 e w 18, 2004 Pqsse 2þ8 caw\pw aebmfihnxbpw þ kpipamà Agot msv Un.kn._n., 2005 hà cmpn þ Fw. eoemhxn Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv., 1989 håt mä ]ZyIrXnIÄ þhåt mä Fkv.]n.-kn.-Fkv., 1975 håt mfnsâ Imhyinev]w þ F³.hn. Un.kn._n., 1984 hmb\bpss hgniä þ Fw.BÀ. cmlh hmcnbà Idâ v _pivkv, XrÈqÀ, 1998 hnaài{]_ô Ä þ Un. _ an³ Idâ v_pivkv, 1993 hnthn\w þ Fw. ANypX³ ]qà ]_vfn-t j³kv, timgnt msv, 1983 hniz-km-ln-xy-zài\w þ s\ãn- Â apcfo[-c³ Un.-kn.-_n., 1999 sshtem nån k¼qà IrXnIÄ, thmfyw 1, þ sshtem nån Idâ v _pivkv, XriqÀ, 2001

231 i c pdp v hnaàin s Sp p þ kpipamà Agot msv \hticf timþhm tdäohv ]»njnwkv lukv, timgnt msv, 1981 kao]\ Ä þ k nzm\ ³ Cf _pivkv, timgnt msv kao]\ Ä ka\zb Ä þ tum. si. cmlh³ ]nå Fkv.]n.kn.-Fkv., 1986 kmlnxykth-j-whpw hnaài-\hpwþk¼m-:-f³.-kmw,-un. _ -an³ Un-.kn._n., 1990 kmln-xy-nn- -IÄ þ N ¼pg awktfmzbw ]»n-tjgvkv, 1120 CS-hw. kmln-xy-]-t-\- Ä þ ]n.-si. ]c-ta-iz-c³ \mbà Un.-kn.-_n., 1992 knw_-enkw ae-bm-f-i-hn-x-bnâ þ si.-fw.-th-wp-tkm-]mâ Un.-kn.-_n., 2001 kzmx{ ykachpw aebmfkmlnxyhpw þ Fw. ANypX³ Idâ v _pivkv, 1994 kzm[o\xm ]T\ Ä þ Un. _ an³ Idâ v _pivkv, XrÈqÀ, 2000 sh -Wn-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ iosh-mån \mcm-b-w³ (F-Un.) Idâ v _pivkv, 1986 sh -Wn-{]-Øm\w þ AI-hqÀ \mcm-b-w³ Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv., 2000