Ch. 12 -Services
Background the Ch. 12 Shopping Mall Sydney, Australia Services: an activity that provides a human want or need in exchange for money Settlement: permanent collection of buildings where people live, work, and obtain services. They range from a tiny town of 100 to a metropolitan area of 20 million. Tertiary Job Sector Majority of workers in MDCs Minority of workers in LDCs
What is GDP? Answer: Value of total output of goods What is GDP per Capita? Answer: Average amount of total output per person Map above shows % of GDP from Services (Tertiary Work)
Early American New England settlement location of where people live, work, and obtain services
Types of Services Three Types of Services: -Consumer Services(provide services to those who can afford them) Example:retail, wholesale, private education, health, leisure, etc. -Business Services(facilitate businesses in exchange for $$$) Examples: financial, professional, transportation, etc. -Public Services(societal needs in exchange for tax money) Examples: government, public education, etc.
Employment Change in U.S. (1970-2010)
Distribution of Services in Regular Patterns Specialized Patterns for Consumer/Business Services Selecting location(s) for Consumer/Business Services single most important decision Central Place Theory Market-Area Analysis Hierarchy of Services and Settlements HEXAGON The most important shape in Central Place Theory!!!
Why Hexagons??? Disadvantage of Circles and Squares? Advantage of Hexagons?
Central Place/Central Place Theory Dallas, Texas Central Place market center for exchange of goods and services by people attracted from surrounding area Central Places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services This competition creates a REGULAR pattern (according to Central Place Theory) Theory first proposed by German geographer Walter Christaller
Central Place Theory Hinterland area surrounding a central place from which customers are attracted to (aka Market Area) The closer one is to the periphery of a central place, the greater the chance one will choose to obtain services from another central place Geographers use range and threshold of a service to determine market area Subway s in Houston, Texas
Range & Threshold Range: -Maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service (2/3-3/4 rule of thumb) - Walgreens (Small Range) -Busch Stadium (Large Range) -Time takes precedent over distance -Companies (like McDonalds) use range to figure out where to put the next restaurant Threshold: -Minimum number of people needed to support a service -Median Threshold of Schnucksis approx. 35,000 people -Different methods of calculating threshold: Age, Income, etc.
QUESTIONS: 1.) What is the approx. range of Elder- Beerman Department Store? 2.) What type of threshold criteria (data) is Elder-Beerman interested in? 3.) Why does overlapping occur for the market areas?
How to Choose Optimal Location Determine if you live in a linear (elongated) ORa nonlinear (complex) community The best location is one that minimizes the distance to the service for largest number of people Identify the mathematical method needed to determine optimal location Atlantic City, New Jersey (elongated) Ottawa, Canada (complex)
Nonlinear (Complex) Community Gravity Model used to determine optimal location for linear (elongated) community.too CONFUSING, ASK YOUR PHYSICS TEACHER Steps in a Nonlinear (Complex) Community: 1.) Identify where every potential customer lives 2.) Measure distance from site to every potential customer 3.) Divide each potential customer by distance to site 4.) Add up all the numbers 5.) Repeat steps for different potential location.highest score = optimal location Schnucks (141/Big Bend) Location based on market area, range, threshold, and nonlinear formula
Hierarchy of Services & Settlements Small Settlements services that have small thresholds, short ranges, and small market areas Larger Settlements services that have larger thresholds, ranges, and market areas However, large settlements also provide services with small thresholds, ranges, and market areas (but not vis versa) Central Place Theory shows the hierarchy of settlements
Des Moines Chicago K.C. STL Indy Tulsa Memphis
Rank-Size Distribution Rank Size Rule: occurs in many MDCs; producing a regular pattern; country s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. United States Bulgaria 1. New York City (8 million) 1. Sofia (1.1 million) 2. Los Angeles (4 million) 2. Plovdiv (350,000) 3. Chicago (3 million) 3. Varna (310,000) 4. Houston (2 million) 4. Burgass(190,000) Primate City Rule: occurs in MDCsand LDCs; producing an irregular pattern; largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-largest settlement
WHY DO GEOGRAPHERS CARE????? Pg. 411
Hierarchy of Business Services World Cities(dominant, major, secondary) center of the flow of information, capital, and business services Command & Control Centers(regional, subregional) headquarters of large corporations, developed banking, and concentration of business services Specialized Producer-Service Centers(functional, government) specialized producer centers Dependent Centers(retirement, manufacturing, industrial, mining) dependent Geographers distinguish four levels of cities that play a major role in the provision of producer and business services in the global economy
Economic Base of Settlements
Central Business District (CBD) Central Business District (aka downtown ) is the best known & most visually distinctive area of most cities Usually the original site of a settlement Services with Large Thresholds, Ranges, and Market Areas Highest Land Cost ($10,000 for size of your closed textbook in Tokyo) Vertical construction Underground construction
Ch. 12 Assignment Create a graphic organizer that compares and contrasts the United States CBDsto European CBDs.DUE TUESDAY!!!!