Earthquake Epicenters
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1 TEACHER RESOURCES Inquiry Lab Earthquake Epicenters DATASHEET Teacher Notes This lab has students use three seismograms to locate the epicenter of an earthquake (covers standard 6.1.g). TIME REQUIRED One 45-minute class period Susan Nora Papson, M.S. Isaac Newton Graham Middle School Mountain View, California LAB RATINGS Teacher Prep 1 Student Setup 1 Concept Level 2 Cleanup 1 Easy Hard MATERIALS The materials listed on the student page are enough for two students. SAFETY CAUTION Remind students to review all safety cautions and icons before beginning this activity. PREPARATION NOTES Be sure that students understand how to calculate the distance from each city to the epicenter of the earthquake in step 6. These distances must be correct to accurately determine the epicenter of the earthquake on the map. Emphasize to students that the circles on the map must intersect or come very close to intersecting in order to determine the epicenter of the earthquake. If the circles do not come close to intersecting, tell students that they must check their calculations. Holt California Earth Science 106 Earthquakes
2 Inquiry Lab Earthquake Epicenters The energy from an earthquake travels as seismic waves in all directions through Earth. P waves travel more quickly than S waves do. That s why P waves are always detected first. The average speed of P waves in Earth s crust is 6.1 km/s. The average speed of S waves in Earth s crust is 4.1 km/s. The difference in arrival time at a seismometer station between P waves and S waves is called lag time. In this lab, you will use the lag time to determine the epicenter of an earthquake. OBJECTIVES Demonstrate the method scientists use to determine an earthquake s epicenter. MATERIALS calculator (optional) compass ruler, metric SAFETY INFORMATION PROCEDURE 1. The illustration below shows seismometer records made at three seismometer stations following an earthquake. The seismometer traces begin at the left, where the arrival of P waves at each seismometer station is shown at time zero. The second set of waves on each record represents the arrival of S waves. Seismograms Austin Bismarck Portland Time scale (seconds) Holt California Earth Science 110 Earthquakes
3 Earthquake Epicenters continued 2. Use the data table below to record your data. EPICENTER DATA TABLE City Austin, TX Bismarck, ND Portland, OR Lag time (s) Distance to epicenter (km) 3. Use the seismograms to find the lag time between the P waves and the S waves for each city. Record these data in your table. 4. The average speed of P waves is 6.1 km/s, and the average speed of S waves is 4.1 km/s. Use the following equation to calculate how long each wave type takes to travel 100 km: 100 km average speed of the wave time Show your work below. 5. To find the lag time for earthquake waves at 100 km, subtract the time P waves take to travel 100 km from the time S waves take to travel 100 km. Record the lag time. Show your work below. 6. Use the following formula to find the distance from each city to the epicenter: distance measured lag time (s) 100 km lag time for 100 km (s) Show your work below. In your data table, record the distance from each city to the epicenter. Holt California Earth Science 111 Earthquakes
4 Earthquake Epicenters continued Portland Bismarck San Francisco Salt Lake City Chicago Washington, D.C. New York City San Diego Atlanta Austin Scale in kilometers Use the map above to show the epicenter. 8. Use the scale in the map to adjust your compass so that the radius of a circle with Austin at the center is equal to the distance between Austin and the epicenter of the earthquake. 9. Put the point of your compass at Austin on your copy of the map, and draw a circle. 10. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for Bismarck and Portland. The epicenter of the earthquake is located near the point where the three circles meet. ANALYZE THE RESULTS 11. Analyzing Data How are distance and lag time related to the epicenter of an earthquake? DRAW CONCLUSIONS 12. Drawing Conclusions Which city is located closest to the epicenter? Holt California Earth Science 112 Earthquakes
5 Earthquake Epicenters continued BIG IDEA QUESTION 13. Drawing Conclusions Why is determining the epicenter of an earthquake important? Holt California Earth Science 113 Earthquakes
6 TEACHER RESOURCES Quick Lab: Earthquakes and Buildings DATASHEET A 5. Sample answer: My model was damaged. I rebuilt my model so that it was not as tall, and I used more toothpicks for reinforcement. The second model was not damaged. 5. Sample answer: My model was damaged. I rebuilt my model so that it was not as tall, and I used more toothpicks for reinforcement. The second model was not damaged. DATASHEET C 5. Sample answer: My model was damaged. I rebuilt my model so that it was not as tall and used twice as many toothpicks as reinforcement. The second model was not damaged. Sample answer: Two common ways to retrofit buildings are to securely fasten a building to its foundation and to use steel to reinforce brick structures. Quick Lab: Modeling a Tsunami DATASHEET A 7. The movement of the lid models the vertical displacement of water that makes a tsunami. 8. The wave increased in height. 7. The movement of the lid models the vertical displacement of water that generates a tsunami. 8. The wave increased in height. DATASHEET C 7. The movement of the lid models the vertical displacement of water. Vertical displacement is needed to generate a tsunami. 8. The wave increased in height. Chapter Lab DATASHEET A 4. P waves: 100 km 6.1 km/s 16.4 s; S waves: 100 km 4.1 km/s 24.4 s 5. S waves P waves 24.4 s 16.4 s 8 s 6. City Lag time (s) Distance (km) Austin, TX 150 1,875 Bismark, ND 170 2,125 Portland, OR 120 1, distance 12. San Diego, California, is the city that is located closest to the epicenter. 13. Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is important because the greatest damage tends to occur near the earthquake s epicenter. Scientists and emergency relief organizations can use this information to quickly assist people who are most affected by the earthquake. 4. P waves: 100 km 6.1 km/s 16.4 s; S waves: 100 km 4.1 km/s 24.4 s 5. S waves P waves 24.4 s 16.4 s 8 s 6. City Lag time (s) Distance (km) Austin, TX 150 1,875 Bismark, ND 170 2,125 Portland, OR 120 1, The longer the lag time is between the P wave arrival and the S wave arrival, the farther the seismometer is from the epicenter. 12. San Diego, California, is the city that is located closest to the epicenter. 13. Sample answer: Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is important because the greatest damage tends to occur near an earthquake s epicenter. Scientists and emergency relief organizations can use this information to quickly assist people who are most affected by the earthquake. Holt California Earth Science 131 Earthquakes
7 TEACHER RESOURCES DATASHEET C 4. P waves: 100 km 6.1 km/s 16.4 s; S waves: 100 km 4.1 km/s 24.4 s 5. S waves P waves 24.4 s 16.4 s 8 s 6. City Lag time (s) Distance (km) Austin, TX 150 1,875 Bismark, ND 170 2,125 Portland, OR 120 1, The longer the lag time between the P wave arrival and the S wave arrival, the farther the seismometer is from the epicenter. 12. San Diego, California, is the city that is located closest to the epicenter. 13. Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is important because the greatest damage tends to occur near the earthquake s epicenter. Scientists and emergency relief organizations can use this information to quickly assist people who are most affected by the earthquake. It is important to know if an epicenter occurs on the ocean floor so that coastal towns and cities can be alerted to a possible tsunami. Science Skills Activity DATASHEET Student graphs should resemble the following: Average number annually Worldwide Earthquake Frequency Magnitude Sample answer: As earthquake magnitude decreases, earthquake frequency increases. 2. Sample answer: The average annual number of earthquakes that have a magnitude of 5.0 or greater is much smaller than the average number of earthquakes that have a magnitude less than Sample answer: The bars for light, minor, and very minor earthquakes would be so much taller than the bars for the stronger earthquakes that the bars for the stronger earthquakes would not be seen at all. Holt California Earth Science 132 Earthquakes
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