Cyber Enabled Earth Exploration (CE )

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1 Cyber Enabled Earth Exploration 3 (CE ) Field Notebook Module 2: Introduction to Earthquakes

Investigation 1: Earthquake Hazards Table of Contents Folder

.. 4 Folder 3: San Francisco, California.

2 Investigation 1: Earthquake Hazards Table of Contents Folder 1: Describing Earthquakes... 3 Folder 2: Shaanxi, China... 4 Folder 3: San Francisco, California... 6 Folder 4: East Indian Ocean... 8 Investigation Summary Folder 5: Going Further Going Further 1: Tsunami Preparedness Going Further 2: Mapping Damage CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 2

3 Folder 1: Describing Earthquakes Instructions Step 1. Click on the radio buttons next to Inv 2: Earthquake Hazards and Introduction. 2. Double click on Introduction to open the balloon. Read the information. Then click on the X in the upper right hand corner of the balloon to close it. 3. Expand Folder 1: Describing Earthquakes by clicking on the triangle on the right. Open and read the Earthquake Anatomy placemark balloon. Record any information you can in the Observations section. 4. Open and read the Earthquake Size placemark balloon. Hint: See your notes on Mount Rainier in the Introduction to Volcanoes module if you can't remember what a seismograph is. Record any information you can in the Observations section. You can refer to these answers later. Complete Observations What is a hypocenter? What is an epicenter? What is magnitude? What is the Moment Magnitude Scale? What is intensity? What is the Mercalli Intensity Scale? What is the difference between earthquake intensity and magnitude? CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 3

4 Notes and Questions Folder 2: Shaanxi, China Earthquakes happen suddenly. Where should people build new homes, schools, and businesses to be safe in earthquake- prone areas? Geologists can help city planners decide. Instructions Step 1. Expand Folder 2: Shaanxi, China and click on the radio button. Open the Shaanxi Earthquake placemark balloon. Read the information and watch the video on landslides. 2. Record any information you can. Then close the balloon. 3. Open the Damage folder. Look at the geographic extent of the reported earthquake damage. Use your ruler tool to measure the distance from Weinan to Huayin in km. Record these observations. 4. Fly to your town in Google Earth. Using your ruler tool, click on your town and drag the ruler out to 900 km. Move your cursor in a circle around your town to see all of the area that is about 900 km away. Any town in this area could be damaged if a similar earthquake happened in your town. Note the biggest towns in your circle in your observations. 5. Use your observations to answer the Investigation question. Be sure to use complete sentences. Complete Observations Year of earthquake: Estimated magnitude: Estimated death toll: Type of damage occurred in Huaxian, Weinan, and Huayin: CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 4

5 Approximate location of epicenter: How far is Weinan from Huayin (km): Largest towns within 900 km of my town: What is a landslide? What is our source of information about the Shaanxi earthquake? Notes and Questions Interpretation If you were living in Shaanxi and were caught in an earthquake, would you want to be on a hillside? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 5

6 Folder 3: San Francisco, California Geologists compare earthquake intensity in different areas to find out which areas shake the most and why. Instructions Step 1. Expand Folder 3: San Francisco, California and click on the radio button. Open the San Francisco Earthquake placemark balloon. Read the information and explore the GigaPan of the city right after the earthquake. Record any information you can. Then close the balloon. 2. Double- click on the Fault Rupture folder and measure the length of the rupture (from San Juan Bautista to Cape Mendocino). Record this observation. 3. Double- click on the Geology folder to see the distribution of the bedrock, soft ( unconsolidated ) sediments, and artificial fill. Tilt your view to see how the geologic units relate to the landscape. Record these observations. 4. Use your observations to answer the Investigation question. Be sure to use complete sentences. Complete Observations Year of earthquake: Earthquake magnitude: Estimated death toll: Causes of deaths and damage: Where did displaced people live after the 1906 earthquake? Was the earthquake intensity higher or lower farther away from san Francisco? What is a fault rupture? Approximate length of rupture (km): CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 6

7 Approximate side to side shift along the rupture as shown by the fence in the photo (m): Which types of soils shook the most? Which areas shook the least? Which geologic unit is found mostly on the hills? Which geologic unit is found mostly along the shore? Notes and Questions Interpretation Is it safer to build a home in the South Basin area or on the hills of San Francisco? (You can look at the Geology folder to decide.) Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 7

8 Folder 4: East Indian Ocean Earthquakes in the sea floor present special hazards for coastal communities. In some cases, people can be warned of these hazards ahead of time. Instructions Step 1. Expand Folder 4: East Indian Ocean and click on the radio button. Open the East Indian Ocean Earthquake placemark balloon. Read the information and view the tsunami animation. Record any information you can. Then close the balloon. 2. Double- click on the Earthquake and Tsunami Records folder to see what areas were affected by the earthquake and tsunami. Locate the farthest place from the epicenter that the earthquake was felt. Locate the farthest place from the epicenter that the tsunami was observed. Measure the distance from the epicenter to these points and record your findings. 3. Use your observations to answer the Investigation question. Be sure to use complete sentences. 4. Open and read the Summary placemark balloon. Then answer the questions in the Investigation Summary. Be sure to use complete sentences. Complete Observations Year of earthquake: Earthquake magnitude: Estimated death toll: Causes of deaths and damage: What is a tsunami? Distance from epicenter earthquake was felt: Distance from epicenter tsunami was observed: CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 8

9 Notes and Questions Interpretation Imagine that you could dive down to the epicenter of the East Indian Ocean earthquake. Would you expect to see a sideways shift in the sea floor like in San Francisco? Or would you expect to see a vertical shift with one side of the rupture much higher than the other side? Claim: Evidence: Reasoning: CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 9

10 Investigation Summary What causes earthquakes? What types of effects can occur? What factors affect earthquake magnitude and does it vary from place to place? How far from the epicenter can an earthquake be felt by people? What factors affect earthquake intensity at any given place? How can we compare the intensity of earthquakes observed by different people in different places at different times? CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 10

11 Folder 5: Going Further Going Further 1: Tsunami Preparedness Instructions Step Complete 1. Open Folder 5: Going Further. Open and read the Going Further 1: Tsunami Preparedness placemark balloon. Watch the video on tsunami preparedness. 2. Fly to Maputo, Mozambique by typing it into the search box at the top left of your screen and clicking the Search button. 3. Then answer the following questions. Be sure to use complete sentences. Describe your tsunami preparedness plan. What difficulties might you encounter if you were living in a small coastal village in India when the tsunami warning was issued? What additional problems might you encounter if you were living on the island of Mauritius? CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 11

12 Going Further 2: Mapping Damage Instructions Step 1. Open the Going Further 2: Mapping damage folder and click on the radio button. Turn off all folders except Port- au- Prince, Haiti. Open and read this placemark balloon. Record any information you can. Then close the balloon. 2. Look closely at the blue and white objects in the parks next to the palace. These are tents. Click on the Historical Imagery Timeline feature from the toolbar at the top of your screen (the clock icon). Move the pointer on the time line back to before the earthquake happened. Compare what you see before and after the earthquake in the Observations section. Close the Historical Imagery Timeline box. 3. Open the MMI Values folder to see the network of seismograph stations in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Be sure to double- click on the folder to zoom out to a useful view. The numbers on the dots are the MMI values. Look at the legend at the bottom of the screen to see how the shades of pink and red correspond to intensity. Do not close the MMI Values folder. 4. Open the USGS ShakeMap folder to see how the MMI values are combined into a ShakeMap for easier viewing. Look at the legend at the top of the screen to see how the colors correspond to intensity. Turn off the MMI Values folder but leave the USGS ShakeMap folder on. 5. Open the Population Density folder. Again, be sure to double- click on the folder to zoom out to a useful view. Record any observations you can. 6. Use your observations to answer the Investigation question. Be sure to use complete sentences. Complete Observations Year of earthquake: Estimated death toll: Changes seen before and after earthquake: Are people still living in tent cities today? What is a ShakeMap? CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 12

13 Where do most people in Haiti live? Where do most people in the Dominican Republic live? What intensity did each city experience during the earthquake? Notes and Questions Interpretation Imagine that you are helping with emergency response after the Haiti earthquake. Which would be more helpful, a map showing the MMI values at various seismograph stations or a ShakeMap? Explain. What would have happened if the epicenter had been located in Santo Domingo? What other information would help you predict? CE3 Field Notebook - Module 2 Page 13

Module 2, Investigation 1: Earthquake Hazards

Module 2, Investigation 1: Earthquake Hazards Introduction Welcome! In the last module, you assumed the role of a volcanologist and learned how volcanoes are described and monitored. You will now assume