Climate is What You Expect,! Weather is What you Experience! Climate is Your Concern,! Weather is Your Target!
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1 Climate is What You Expect,! Weather is What you Experience! Climate is Your Concern,! Weather is Your Target!! Chidong Zhang! RSMAS, University of Miami! Lower Atmospheric Observing Facilities Workshop! June 2012, Boulder CO USA!
2 Outline of This Talk:!! Field experiments targeting tropical convection in the half century (an incomplete inventory)! Field observations in the era of modern satellites and global reanalyses! Challenges in the study on tropical climate that need field observations! The most recent field experiment: DYNAMO! Recommendations!
3 Past Field Experiments (since 1956) Targeting Tropical Convection! - multiple platform/institutes/agencies/nations or sounding observations! - TC field experiments not included! TEPPS! (1997)! NAME! (2004)! CaPE! (1991)! BOMEX! (1969)! ICE-T! (2011)! RICO! ( )! ATEX! (1969)! ASTEX! (1992)! (N)AMMA! (2006)! SMONEX! (1979)! INDOEX! (1999)! SCSMEX! (1998)! BOBMEX! (1999)! TAMEX! (1987)! TiMREX! (2008)! WMONEX! ( )! Marshall! Island! (1956)! LIE! EPIC! (1967)!(2001)! TERERO! SALLJEX! GATE! WAMEX! MISMO! 7SEAS! AMEX! EMEX! (2012)! (2003)! (1974)! (1979)! (2006)! ( )! ( )!(1987)! VOCALS! LBA! TROPEX-72! DYNAMO! JASMINE! TWP-ICE! (2008)! (1999)! (1972)! ( )! (1999)! (2006)! Sampling different climate regimes! Motivated by different problems and hypotheses! Following a pilot study with a full scale campaign! Driven by curiosity, improvement of understanding, problem solving (satellite retrievals, model parameterization and evaluation)! Links to other Earth System components (ocean, land, aerosol/chemistry)! Advancement in observing technology! KWAJEX! (1999)! TOGA COARE! ( )!
4 Field Experiments in the Era of Modern Satellites!
5 Temperature and Water Vapor Profiles:!!Field Observations (SALEX) vs. Satellite (AIRS)!
6 Field Experiments in the Era of Modern Reanalyses!! Diabatic Heating (Q1): Field Observations vs. Reanalyses!
7 Diabatic Heating Profiles in the Eastern Pacific ITCZ ( W)!!
8 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! 1. Tropical Systematic Biases in Climate Models! 2. Development of Cloud Resolving/Permitting Climate Models! 3. Climate Feedback Mechanisms! 4. Knowledge of the Atmosphere!
9 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! 1. Tropical Systematic Biases in Climate Models! Mean Precipitation Biases (mm/day) in CMIP5 Models against CMAP ( )! Courtesy of T. Toniazzo!
10 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! 1. Tropical Systematic Biases in Climate Models! Courtesy/of/Hirota/and/Takayabu// [mm/day]
11 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! 1. Tropical Systematic Biases in Climate Models! Courtesy of T. Toniazzo!
12 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! Courtesy of C. Vera!
13 Courtesy of C. Jones! Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations!
14 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! Kelvin! Lin et al (2006)! Rossby! MJO!
15 Challenges in the Study on Tropical Climate! that Need Field Observations! 1. Tropical Systematic Biases in Climate Models! 2. Development of Cloud Resolving/Permitting Climate Models! Need observations of! - Cloud microphysics! - Entrainment/detrainment rates! - Updraft/downdraft velocities! - Diabatic heating rate! - Convective environment! - Convective stochasticity! - Cloud population statistics! - Many others!
16 An Example of Modern Mega Field Experiments! Targeting Tropical Convection! Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation! (October 2011 March 2012)! 57 Institutes from 13 Countries! 21 Institutes from the US!
17 Weather! TC (hurricanes)! Extreme rainfall! Flood! Blocking! Extreme temperature! Cold surges! Storm track! Westerly wind burst! Tornados! Equatorial waves! Fires! Climate! Monsoons! ITCZ! ENSO, NAO, AO, AnO! Indian Ocean Dipole! Indonesian Throughflow! Wyrtki Jet! Seychelle-Chagos Thermocline Ridge Antarctic circumpolar circulation! MJO! Other Earth System Components:! Ozone, Tropospheric CO, Aerosol, Ocean chlorophyll! Length of the day! Electromagnetic field!
18 DYNAMO Field Campaign (October 2011 March 2012)! Falcon! S-PolKa! AMIE-Manus! SMART-R! DYNAMO'Observing' Observing Pla3orms'and' Network!! Poten8al'Ports'of'! Call' R/V R. Revelle! NE/ SMART-R! R/V S. Kanya! ISS! AMF2! P-3! SE/ R/V Mirai! R/V B. Jaya-III! 18/
19 Six$month*DYNAMO/CINDY/AMIE*Sounding*Totals* NESA* SESA* 469/dropsondes/ [NESA/SESA'='Northern/Southern'Enhanced'Sounding'Array]' Total/number/of/soundings:/18,992*/+/4,401**/=/23,393/ / *Includes:/ Priority/Sounding/Site/(PSS)/sondes:/17,544/ NonOPSS/sondes:/1448// **Pibals/ / Total/highOresoluQon/soundings:/11,918/(incl./469/dropsondes/)/
20 )JK(GL$$GBB2345$ M23<314$62/ B4 G.A.B2B=B5>$8.40B20 R/V R. Revelle Observations! M3:2B:/A *6) 8129/:.$G3;.<$H/>.2,##$%&'$()*+!DNB<!"##$%&'$()*+!""#$%&'%()*+,-(./% /012345$67$87$0129/:. -3;.<$=/>.27$?/223.2$=/>.27$ :B4A.4A!""#$%&'$!-5&*34 -./012345$B:./43:$A12?1=.4:.$ 9=1; 677%#)*%8977%:;<%!20=34 -./012345$!C"D-$?34$E.=B:3A>7$ 0129/:.$-3;.<$=/>.27$2.0B=E /:.$F/E.0$/4<$34A.24/=$ F/E.0
21 Addu Atoll SMART-R! S-PolKa! KAZR! AMF2! French Falcon!
22 Multi-wavelength Radar Array for Observations of Cloud Population Statistics! Gan Super-Radar Site:! W-band: 3.3 mm! Ka-band: 8.6 mm! K-band: 11 mm! X-band: 3 cm! C-band: 5 cm! S-band: 10 cm! Courtesy/of/R./Houze/
23 Courtesy of R. Johnson!
24 Courtesy of C. Long! Example of KAZR+SMART-R+S-PolKa! Nov 24! Vertical Doppler Velocity Horizontal Doppler Velocity Convective/Stratiform
25 Recommendations:!! 1. To aid the development of parameterization for cumulus and microphysics, we need enhanced observing capability of! - cloud microphysics (airborne, cloud penetrating)! - cloud environment (automated balloon-sonde launchers, DIAL+RAMAN lidar)! - cloud population statistics and stochasticity (multi-wavelength radars)! 2. To aid air-sea integrated observing capability, we need permanent hosts of atmospheric observing platform onbord UNOLS global-class ships (e.g., radars, automated balloon-sonde launchers)! 3.!To effectively share resources and expertise, we need to establish long-term partnership between NCAR and national laboratories (DOE, NASA, NOAA, etc.)! 4.! Strategic planning!
26 Potential Locations of DYNAMO-Type Field Experiments in the Next 20 Years! Air-Land-Sea Interaction! Moisture Transport! Hurricane Genesis! African Convection! Air-Land-Sea Interaction! Diurnal Cycle! MJO! Double ITCZ! Westerly and Zonal SST Biases!
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