(part I) Dr. Kim D. Coder. Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School, University of Georgia
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1 (part I) Dr. Kim D. Coder Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care Warnell School, University of Georgia
2 Disclaimer 1.No financial interests or conflicts of interest 2. NOT lightning system installation
3 TODAY introduce lightning information tree damage process use of tree lightning conduction systems Not installation guide Not international, national, or state tree lightning protection standards & practices
4 ground somewhere on Earth 9 million per day 6,200 per min 100 per sec
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8 Injuries & Damage ~500 seriously injured ~100 (20%) killed feed lot & pastured animals property ~$175 million utility losses trees in forest & yards severely damaged
9 Unlucky People tallest object, within tallest object area, boating, open field recreation, driving farm tractor in field, golfing, exploring granite outcrop, taking shelter under or near tall objects (males, 4:30pm, weekends & Weds.) --symptoms for humans-- cardiac arrest, dizziness, temporary paralysis, ruptured eardrums & hearing problems, temporary blindness, physical collapse, thrown by shock wave, crushing, & burns
10 severely damages & kills thousands of trees each year
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12 Annual T-Storm Days
13 Annual T-Storm Days
14 Annual T-Storm Days
15 Annual T-Storm Days
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18 Annual Strikes per square mile last 15 years
19 Annual Strikes per square mile
20 Storms & Lightning Generation
21 generate large updrafts pull moisture to high, cold altitudes
22 Charge Separation In Cloud Collisions between: falling graupel (wet ice particles 1/12 to 1/6 inch diameter) & rising small ice crystals (ice particles 1/400 inch diameter or smaller)
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25 Charge Size & Location
26 Types of Lightning internal cloud cloud-ground cloud-cloud cloud-air most (60%) is internal cloud
27 Lightning & Tree Damage cloud-ground exchanges 90% negative polarity 9% positive polarity 1% other here = negative polarity cloud-ground exchanges
28 Lightning Strike Development Process
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30 near invisible fingers of negative charge pushing downward from bottom of cloud
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33 Ground Streamers enhanced field along Earth s surface below storm pulled (or stream) upward toward cloud base flow up & off top of tall objects as standing charge wave passes
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35 enhanced charge field under storm clouds fire towers -- strong ground steamer
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39 Normal Electrical Field
40 Enhanced Electric Field
41 Connection! cloud leaders push downward from cloud base ground streamers flow upward off tall objects electrical connection ~100 to 400 feet above ground or tip of structure
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43 Charge Exchange Path opens & rapidly exchanges temporarily neutral massive charge exchange generates light
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45 visible stroke moves 1/3 speed of light spews light & heats air several charge exchanges within one strike to neutralize charge
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47 Several trees in row damaged from different strokes in one strike Some trees struck many times!
48 Lightning Path unpredictable can jump onto adjacent houses or through people strike changes local air & material resistance to electrical charge exchange each millisecond presents new potential pathway
49 lightning strike = number of strokes (average 3-4) each stroke = 10's of milliseconds strike duration ~1/2 second (human perceived flicker)
50
51 Average Strike 100 million volts 35,000 amps strike core 1/5 to 1/2 in. diameter ionized envelope 4-6 in. diameter bright light corona 1-5 ft. diameter
52 Average Strikes (1 micro-second = 0.000,001 second)
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54 Core Shockwave
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58 9% strikes positive lightning more powerful, impacts larger ground area, & last longer (fire!)
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65 Annual CG Strikes Per Square Mile
66 Years Between Strikes
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71 Horizontal Strike Distance
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75 Grounding charge exchange path opens energy races along soil surface dissipates across surface & into soil soil channeling large voltages
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77 Step Voltage
78 Step Voltage
79 Step Voltage
80 Step Voltage Soil Resistance
81 flash & sound generated thunder 770 mph at 70 o F count seconds times 1/5 mile
82
83 heat & shockwave along tree >40 atms for <1/5 in. acoustic wave (thunder) generated in 2 in.
84 heat generation & steam (S) strong shockwave (10S)
85
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