Big Bang, Black Holes, No Math

Transcription

1 ASTR/PHYS 109 Dr. David Toback Lectures 21 and 22 1

2 Was Due Today L22 Reading: (BBBHNM Unit 3) Pre-Lecture Reading Questions (PLRQ) Unit 3: Let us know if you think you were misgraded Unit 3 Revision (if desired): Due Friday before class End-of-Chapter Quizzes: Chapter 10 Papers Paper 1: Let us know if you still think you were misgraded Will allow revisions of the text. Due Friday 11:59PM. Submit Revisions of the text to TurnItIn. Will be graded by TA, updated scores put into Peerceptiv Paper 2: Text: Due tonight, March 7 th at 11:59PM. Due in both TurnItIn and Peerceptiv Reviews: Due Monday after Spring Break, March 19 at 11:59PM Back-evaluations: Due Wednesday after Spring Break, March 21 at 11:59PM 2

3 The Expanding Universe Galaxies don t just move THROUGH space Space is expanding, carrying the galaxies along with it! 11

4 Galaxies Moving in Space Space is like a river carrying boats along Line is like the speed of the river Stuff above the line Galaxies that are moving away from us in space Stuff below the line Galaxies moving towards us 12

5 Velocity? How does this explain why things are moving FASTER the further away they are? 13

6 Expanding Space Analogy: A loaf of raisin bread where the dough is rising and expanding, taking the raisins with it 14

7 More on Expanding Space-Time and Raisin Bread Distance 15

8 Expanding Space- Time and Redshifts of photons 16

9 Photons in Expanding Space-Time Since space is so empty, light from 10 billion years ago can reach us just fine What happens to photons as they travel in the Universe? The wavelength gets stretched as space expands The wavelength gets longer 17

10 What do photons look like in Expanding Space-Time? A distant galaxy emits a short wavelength photon towards our galaxy billions of years ago The Grid shows space 18

11 Space-Time Expands The expansion of space-time stretches the photon to longer wavelengths as it travels The Grid is bigger now 19

12 Space-Time Expands More The farther the photon has traveled, the more it is stretched Still bigger 20

13 How We Observe It When the photon arrives at our galaxy we see it with a larger wavelength The bigger the distance the more redshifted it has become! Even bigger as time goes by 21

14 Red Shifts in an Expanding Universe 22

15 Galaxies Moving in Space again Red-shift due to expanding space Stuff above the line Additional red-shift due to galaxies moving away from us through space Stuff below the line Slightly less redshift for galaxies moving towards us through space 23

16 Expanding Space-Time Explains all the data (and more in next Chapter) Note: Implies that the Universe looks the same to everyone in the Universe everywhere Said better: Everyone would observe all the distant galaxies moving away from them the same we do here on Earth Call this the Cosmological Principle 24

17 No Center of the Universe? Nowhere on the surface can be called the center No center or Edge of the Universe Or can consider Everywhere to be the center of expansion Yes As we ve always known, Aggieland IS the center of the Universe There may well be no Before the Big Bang No! I m the center of expansion! Everyone moves away from me! General Relativity says space and time come into existence together, but General Relativity may Topic be wrong 2: Expanding Space-Time I m the center of expansion! Everyone moves away from me! 25

18 How big IS the Universe? We can t really know how big the Universe is, since all we can see is back a certain distance in TIME Could be infinite We talk about the Visible Universe 26

19 Next Move to more evidence we live in an expanding space-time by looking at photons and hydrogen in the Universe 27

20 Lecture on Chapter 11 now complete 28

21 Paper 3: The Assignment Abbreviated Description: What is the evidence for the Big Bang? Explain it to someone who isn t taking the class (no jargon) Make sure you read ALL the instructions in Peerceptiv Topic 3: Photons and Hydrogen in the Universe 4

22 Overview? Finished: The Exploding Universe Expanding Space-Time This Time: More evidence for a hot early Universe? Photons and Hydrogen in the Universe today Topic 3: Photons and Hydrogen in the Universe 5

23 Before we begin The Cosmic Background Radiation provides, perhaps, the most compelling piece of evidence for the story of the Big Bang Unfortunately, it s the hardest to explain to the non-scientist Radiation = Photons Topic 3: Photons and Hydrogen in the Universe 6

24 Two Different Pieces of Evidence When we look at the atoms and photons in the Universe we see that 1. ~90% of the atoms are hydrogen, ~10% are helium and there is very little of everything else The Earth is very different than the rest of the Universe in many ways 2. Lots of photons with a Temperature of 2.7 Kelvin coming from all directions Cosmic Background Radiation Topic 3: Photons and Hydrogen in the Universe 7

25 For Next Time L22 Reading: (BBBHNM Unit 3) Unit 4: Probably assigned Friday Pre-Lecture Reading Questions (PLRQ) Unit 3: Let us know if you think you were misgraded Unit 3 Revision (if desired): Due Friday before class Unit 4: Probably assigned Friday End-of-Chapter Quizzes: If we finished Chapter 12, then Chapter 12, parts a&b (if not, Chapter 11) Papers Paper 1: Let us know if you still think you were misgraded Will allow revisions of the text. Due Friday 11:59PM. Submit Revisions of the text to TurnItIn. Will be graded by TA, updated scores put into Peerceptiv Paper 2: Text: Due tonight, March 7 th at 11:59PM. Due in both TurnItIn and Peerceptiv Reviews: Due Monday after Spring Break, March 19 at 11:59PM Back-evaluations: Due Wednesday, March 21 at 11:59PM Paper 3: Will probably assign due dates Friday Topic 3: Photons and Hydrogen in the Universe 59