The Universe and Light

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1 The Big Bang The big bang theory states that at one time, the entire universe was confined to a dense, hot, supermassive ball. Then, about 13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred, hurling this material in all directions.

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3 The Big Bang Supporting Evidence The red shift of galaxies supports the big bang and the expanding universe theories. Scientists discovered a type of energy called cosmic background radiation. Scientists think that this radiation was produced during the big bang.

4 The Big Bang The Big Crunch? The future of the universe follows two possible paths: 1. The universe will expand forever. 2. The outward expansion will stop and gravitational contraction will follow. The view currently favored by most scientists is an expanding universe with no ending point. It should be noted, however, that the methods used to determine the ultimate fate of the universe have substantial uncertainties.

5 The Expanding Universe Hubble s Law To help visualize the nature of the universe, imagine a loaf of raisin bread dough that has been set out to rise for a few hours. As the dough doubles in size, so does the distance between all the raisins. Those objects located father apart move away from each other more rapidly.

6 Raisin Bread Dough Analogy

7 The Expanding Universe Red Shifts Red shift, or a Doppler shift toward the red end of the spectrum, occurs because the light waves are stretched, which shows that Earth and the source are moving away from each other. Hubble s Law Hubble s law is a law that states that the galaxies are retreating from the Milky Way at a speed that is proportional to their distance. The red shifts of distant galaxies indicate that the universe is expanding.

8 Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. The electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according to wavelength.

9 Electromagnetic Spectrum

10 Electromagnetic Radiation Nature of Light In some instances light behaves like waves, and in others, like particles. In the wave sense, light can be thought of as swells in the ocean. This motion is characterized by a property known as wavelength, which is the distance from one wave crest to the next. Photons A photon is a small packet of light energy.

11 Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the study of the properties of light that depend on wavelength. Continuous Spectrum A continuous spectrum is an uninterrupted band of light emitted by an incandescent solid, liquid, or gas under pressure.

12 Spectroscopy Absorption Spectrum An absorption spectrum is a continuous spectrum produced when white light passes through a cool gas under low pressure. The gas absorbs selected wavelengths of light, and the spectrum looks like it has dark lines superimposed.

13 Spectroscopy Emission Spectrum An emission spectrum is a series of bright lines of particular wavelengths produced by a hot gas under low pressure. When the spectrum of a star is studied, the spectral lines act as fingerprints. These lines identify the elements present and thus the star s chemical composition.

14 Formation of Spectra

15 The Doppler Effect The Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves caused by the relative motions of the source and the observer. In astronomy, the Doppler effect is used to determine whether a star or other body in space is moving away from or toward Earth.

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17 The Expanding Universe Hubble s Law To help visualize the nature of the universe, imagine a loaf of raisin bread dough that has been set out to rise for a few hours. As the dough doubles in size, so does the distance between all the raisins. Those objects located father apart move away from each other more rapidly.

18 Raisin Bread Dough Analogy

19 The Expanding Universe Red Shifts Red shift, or a Doppler shift toward the red end of the spectrum, occurs because the light waves are stretched, which shows that Earth and the source are moving away from each other. Hubble s Law Hubble s law is a law that states that the galaxies are retreating from the Milky Way at a speed that is proportional to their distance. The red shifts of distant galaxies indicate that the universe is expanding.

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