INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS

2 ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS Editorial Board J. E. BLAMONT, Laboratoire d'aeronomie, Verrieres, France R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England L. GOLDBERG, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., USA C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, Holland G. H. LUDWIG, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Mid., USA R. LOST, Max-Planck-Instititutfur Physik und Astrophysik, Munchen, Germany H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., USA L. I. SEDOV, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR Secretary of the Editorial Board w. DE GRAAFF, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland

3 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL IN SPACE PHYSICS HELD IN ALPBACH, AUSTRIA, JULY 1S-AUGUST 10,1963 AND ORGANIZED BY THE EUROPEAN PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR SPACE RESEARCH (COPERS) Edited by J. ORTNER European Space Research Organisation. Paris and H. MAS ELAND Sterrewacht ' Sonnenborgh' Utrecht D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND

4 IS8N- 13: / e-isbn - 13: '96' Softoover r eprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1965 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any fonn. by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without permission from the publisher

5 FOREWORD The textbook presented in the following is composed of the proceedings of the Summer School in Space Physics held during the summer months of This Summer School was organized by the Preparatory Commission (COPERS) of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO). It was the first time that such a summer course was held in Europe on a subject of space physics. Thanks to an invitation from the Austrian Government these lectures were given in the College House of Alpbach, Tyrol. Eight outstanding European scientists each presented five two-hour lectures on topics covering the region between the Sun and the Earth. The courses contained the physics of the Sun, the Interplanetary Medium and Trapped Radiation, the Ionosphere and High Latitude Phenomena. Furthermore, a course on space instrumentation was given. Sixty students were selected to attend the courses. They represented the eleven Member States of COPERS/ESRO in the following way: Austria (3), Belgium (6), Denmark (4), France (10), Germany (9), Italy (4), The Netherlands (3), Spain (2), Sweden (6), Switzerland (4), and the United Kingdom (9). This volume provides an introduction to solar terrestrial relationships which form a part of the great field of space physics. It is intended as a textbook for students and a reference volume for general education for post-graduate students and space engineers who are investigating the interrelations of the various subjects in this field. This book consists of two parts. The first part contains the lectures on the various topics of solar terrestrial relations. The order in which the lectures are reproduced was chosen in such a way that it starts with the physics ofthe Sun, and later covers the phenomena occurring in the interplanetary medium and finally ends with the effects produced in the ionosphere. * This part concludes with a few lectures in space instrumentation. The second part of this textbook contains the seminars given during the summer course which were given by experts in the various topics who visited the Summer School only for a short period, and also by some of the participants in the course. This part of the book should thus be regarded as papers on more specialized topics in the fields covered by the lectures in the first part of the book. ** The seminars deal not only with theoretical aspects of this field; many of them describe experiments carried out by satellites, rockets and balloons, the instrumentation used and recent results obtained. The lectures given by Prof. N. Herlofson on Trapped Radiation are not published in this volume. They are covered by the review article of C. G. Filthammar 'Some aspects of particles and fields in the magnetosphere' in the proceedings of the COSP AR Panel Symposium on High Latitude Particles and their effects on the Polar Ionosphere (Logos Press, London 1965) A few seminars given at the summer course have been published elsewhere, namely: A. W. Lines: 'Some technical possibilities for astronomical satellites' Space Sci. Rev. 1 (1963) ; J. A. Ratcliffe: 'The ionospheric F-region and space research; a critical review' Space Research 4 (ed. P. Miiller), North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam 1964, pp. 3-7.

6 VI INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR TBRRESTRIAL RELATIONS As already indicated above, this textbook covers the first part of the field of space physics. The second part would include stellar astronomy, the physics of the planets and the moon and galactic cosmic radiation which might be the subject of future summer courses organized by ESRO. The editors would like to thank all who helped to make this Summer School a success and who assisted in preparing this textbook. These thanks are especially due to all the students participating who wrote up the first draft of the lecture notes. Paris, September 1964 J. ORTNER AND H. MAS ELAND

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LECTURES Opening Lect.ure on the Plans of the European Space Research Organization 1 by R. LUST, COPERS and Max-Planck-Institutfur Physik und Astrophysik, Munchen PART I/SOLAR PHYSICS 1. The Solar Photosphere The Quiet Chromosphere and Corona The Solar Center of Activity Optical Solar Flares Radio and X-Ray Emission Associated with Solar Flares Particle Emission Associated with Solar Flares. Model of Flare Events The Hydrogen Convective Zone of the Sun 105 by E. SCHATZMAN, Institut d' Astrophysique, Paris 8. Wave Propagation in the Photosphere, Chromosphere and Corona 112 by E. SCHATZMAN, Institut d'astrophysique, Paris 9. Coronal Heating and Solar Wind 122 by E. SCHATZMAN, Institut d' Astrophysique, Paris 10. The Solar Magnetic Field and the Solar Activity 133 by E. SCHATZMAN, Institut d'astrophysique, Paris PART II/INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM 11. Interplanetary Medium 149 by H. ELSASSER, Landessternwarte, Koningsstuhl-Heidelberg 12. Introduction to Plasma Physics 167 by R. LUST, COPERS and Max-Planck-Institutfur Physik und Astrophysik, MUnchen 13. Interplanetary Plasma 181 by R. LUST, COPERS and Max-Planck-Institutfur Physik und Astrophysik, MUnchen

8 VIII INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELAnONS PART III/IONOSPHERE AND HIGH LATITUDE PHENOMENA 14. Radio Aurora 213 by B. HULTQVIST, Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Kiruna 15. Disturbance Effects in the Lowest Ionosphere 228 by B. HULTQVIST, Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Kiruna 16. Irregularities in the Ionospheric Electron Density Distribution Causing Radio Wave Scintillation 247 by B. HULTQVlST, Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Kiruna 17. Theories of Aurora and of Magnetic Storms 257 by B. HULTQVIST, Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Kiruna 18. Magnetic Disturbances and Visual Aurorae 270 by A. OMHOLT, Institute of Physics, University of Oslo 19. Auroral Effects on the Ionospheric E-Layer 284 by A. OMHOLT, Institute of Physics, University of Oslo 20. Interpretation of Visual Aurora 293 by A. OMHOLT, Institute of Physics, University of Oslo PART IV / SPACE INSTRUMENTATION 21. The Space Environment 309 by A. P. WILLMORE, University College, London 22. Rocket and Satellite Systems 317 by A. P. WILLMORE, University College, London 23. Some Experimental Techniques of Space Research- Ionospheric Measurements 324 by A. P. WILLMORE, University College, London 24. Some Experimental Techniques of Space Research - Measurements of Solar Electromagnetic Radiation 335 by A. P. WILLMORE, University College, London PART V /RETROSPECT 25. The Alpbach Discussions in Retrospect 347 by N. HERLOFSON, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SEMINARS PART VI/SOLAR PHYSICS 26. A Rocket Experiment for Measuring Soft X-Rays From the Sun 355 by H. MASELAND, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', Utrecht 27. High Resolution Solar Spectroscopy at the Jungfraujoch Scientific Station 357 by N. GREVESSE, Institut d'astrophysique, Cointe-Sc1essin/Liege

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX PART VII/ INTERPLANETARY MEDIUM 28. Scientific Results of the Mariner II Voyage to Venus 363 by Leverett DAVIS, Jr. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 29. On the Penetration of Interplanetary Plasma into the Magnetosphere 369 by H. AU'VEN, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 30. Geomagnetically Trapped Protons 370 by A. M. LENCHEK, Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 31. Cometary and Auroral Studies at Liege 387 by L. REMY-BATI1AU, Institut d'astrophysique, Cointe-Sc1essin/Liege 32. Rocket Experiments, Laboratory Work and Equipment at the Astrophysical Institute of the University of Liege 393 by F. REMY, Institute d'astrophysique, Cointe-Sc1essin/Liege PART VIII/SOLAR COSMIC RAYS 33. Some Examples of Energy and Nature Measurements of Solar Particles 401 by L. KOCH, Centre d' Etudes Nuc1eaires, Sac1ay 34. Some Comments About Diffusion of Solar Particles in Interplanetary Space 411 by G. WIBBERENZ, Institutfur Reine und Angewandte Kernphysik, Kiel 35. On the Relationship Between Zone X-Ray Bursts and Polar Magnetic Substorms 415 by G. KREMsER, Max-Planck-Institut fur Aeronomie, Lindau/Harz PART IX/IONOSPHERE AND PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE 36. Positive Ion Reactions and Productions in the Ionosphere 425 by M. NICOLET, Centre National de Recherches de I' Espace, Brussels 37. The Atmospheres of Mars and Venus 435 by S. I. RAsooL, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Mid. 38. An Introduction to Langmuir Probes for Space Research 455 by R. L. F. BoYD, Department of Physics, University College, London 39. The Ionospheric Measurements from Ariel I 466 by A. WILLMORE, University College, London 40. Simultaneous Measurement of Plasma Density by Three Different Methods 472 by J. BOcHAu, K. G. JACOBS, P. KAISER and K. RAWER,Ionosphliren Institut, Breisach 41. Rocket Measurements of Electron Density and Collision Frequency in the Lower D-Region 479 by O. E. PETERSEN, Technical University of Denmark, J(f)benhavn 42. Electron Energy Spectrum Measurements During Auroral Absorption 488 by J. ORTNER, European Space Research Organisation, Paris Index of Subjects 491 Index of Names 501