US Vision of Space Exploration: LRO as a 1 st step. Dr. Jim Garvin Chief Scientist ILC 2005, Toronto, Canada

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1 US Vision of Space Exploration: LRO as a 1 st step Dr. Jim Garvin Chief Scientist ILC 2005, Toronto, Canada Sept. 19, 2005

2 From a New Earth to a New Moon Earth MOON: S. Polar Region (Arecibo-Greenbank SAR Courtesy D. Campbell, B. Campbell et al (2005)

3 EXPLORATION Knowledge Requirements drive NASA s Strategy Apollo where we were! Lunar South Polar region where we are going LRO: A bridge from lunar science to human lunar exploration... ILC2005, Toronto Arecibo-Greenbank Radar (Campbell et al. 2005)

4 Exploration Objectives: LRO Focused Objectives RESOURCES Prepare for Human Exploration Human adaptation Environs Regolith & Environments Polar Regions GEOLOGY When Where Form Amount Biological adaptation to lunar environment (radiation, dust, delta-g,...) Understand the current state and evolution of volatiles and other resources in local context Develop an understanding of the Moon in support of human exploration (hazards, topography, navigation, environs) 11/1/2005 ILC2005 (Toronto)

5 LRO and RLEP... in the US Vision Classical Science Applied Science Research Robotic Precursors, human missions Measurement driven (ESMD,SMD) LRO Hypothesis driven (SMD) LRO & RLEP Human on-site Activities Flight Demos etc. Engineering Capability driven (ESMD,SOMD) LRO (and RLEP) support all 3 aspects of integrated Exploration Engin./ Tech. Demo s

6 LRO Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): Discovering a New Moon LRO Schematic Design Mass ~ 1000 kg LRO Payload Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) Measurement Investigation LOLA, provided by GSFC, will determine the global topography of the lunar surface at high resolution, measure landing site slopes and search for polar ices in shadowed regions. ~50m scale polar topography at <1m vertical, roughness Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) LROC, provided by Northwestern University and MSSS, will acquire targeted images of the lunar surface capable of resolving small-scale features that could be landing site hazards, as well as wide-angle images at multiple wavelengths of the lunar poles to document changing illumination conditions and potential resources s of 50cm/pixel images (125km 2 ), and entire Moon at 100m in UV, Visible Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) LEND, provided by the Russian Institute for Space Research, will map the flux of neutrons from the lunar surface to search for evidence of water ice and provide measurements of the space radiation environment which can be useful for future human exploration. Maps of H (water ice?) in upper 1m of Moon at 5km scales Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment Diviner, provided by UCLA, will map the temperature of the entire lunar surface at 300 meter horizontal scales to identify coldtraps and potential ice deposits. 300 m scale maps of temperature, surface ice, rocks Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) LAMP, provided by SWRI, will observe the entire lunar surface in the far ultraviolet. LAMP will search for surface ices and frosts in the polar regions and provide images of permanently shadowed regions illuminated only by starlight. Maps of frosts in permanently shadowed regions, etc. Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) CRaTER, provided by BU and MIT, will investigate the effect of galactic cosmic rays on tissue-equivalent plastics as a constraint on models of biological response to background space radiation. Tissue equivalent response to radiation Mini-RF Tech Demo (mrf-td) provided by JHU/APL, NAWC, etc. will investigate a light-weighted egg-crate antenna coupled with an S,X-band transmitter-receiver for ranging and demonstrate a low-power, mass SAR. Ranging, communications, SAR for roughness and potential resources (50-150m/pxl)

7 Examples of what LRO will do... Temperature mapping (find cold traps) Resource imaging Polar Topography/shadow mapping

8 LRO will identify/certify Future Human/Robotic Landing Sites... Maps of putative water ice via H Search for frosts, < 100K areas Anomalous CPR and lidar reflectivities Unambiguous identification of human-scale hazards with 50 cm/pixel resolution Rocks, pits, rilles Small craters (and slopes) Topography and slopes (1-5m scale for human safety) Geodetic for safe, automated navigation Surface Temperature maps For identifying cold traps (in 3D) Apollo 11 landing was nearly aborted while landing in a hazardous area. LRO (and Chandrayaan, Selene, etc) will influence 1 st human sites: LRO (and other Int l Orbiter) results will target 1 st RLEP lander LRO must pave the way for decisions affecting 1 st human landings... 11/1/2005 Apollo 15 set down on the rim of a small crater, damaging the engine bell and tilting at ~10 could have ended the mission!

9 CONTEXT Lunar Armada Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and Int l missions are anticipated to provide key data for future robotic and human landings... Smart 1 Selene LRO Chandrayaan-1 Chang e Lunar A

10 Lunar Polar Regions at 20-40m resolution today LRO and Chandrayaan-1 SAR sensors will extend new Earth-based SAR of the lunar poles...globally! Shoemaker Crater (c/o D. Campbell et al. Arecibo-Greenbank) ILC2005, Toronto

reference * Target 1st robotic landings * Pioneer new approaches * Fast-track,

11 LRO A 1st Step Back to Human lunar Exploration... Approach: * New/unique Measurements * Pathfinder for resources * Establish geodetic reference * Target 1st robotic landings * Pioneer new approaches * Fast-track, cost-constrained * Provide opportunistic science * Demo s (minirf, Shielding) * Traceability to Requirements * Synergistic with Int l orbiters

12 LRO as 1 st step maximizes options... US Vision for Space Exploration Feb LRO Discovers Resources RLEP M2 ( 09/ 10) 2009 Visit Site RLEP M2? NASA Driven by Human Exploration Framework (ESAS) 2005 Non-ISRU Pathway ISRU/Bio-Lab Precision Landings Common Lander? Subsequent Mission Planning for ESMD Precursor Missions Beacons ISRU Geotechnical Bio etc.

13 LRO LRO 2008 NASA RLEP Mission 2: S. Polar lander? RLEP M2 ~ 2010 RLEP ILC2005, Toronto

LRO Overview LRO will launch by 2008 to provide critically needed data to enable and to plan future Exploration objectives as a key part of the US Vision for Space Exploration LRO provides major

14 LRO Overview LRO will launch by 2008 to provide critically needed data to enable and to plan future Exploration objectives as a key part of the US Vision for Space Exploration LRO provides major exploration and scientific benefits by 2009: Apollo provided first order information from a small region of the Moon; much more of the Moon need to be explored LRO objectives addresses future landing sites, polar resources, safety, and applied lunar science goals LRO address both science and Exploration objectives LRO instrument suite complements international lunar missions Six instruments competitively selected with 1 demo experiment added Comparison to international missions demonstrate LRO uniqueness and value Synergistic with SELENE, Chandrayaan-1... ILC2005, Toronto

15 LRO 2008 Knowledge capture for human exploration Polar regions Thermal Terrain Hazards Resources Shielding LRO is a vital link to Human Exploration of the Moon or RLEP M2 Benefits: Precision Landing Hazard Avoidance Robotic mobility Resource Identification Outpost site certification Landing Guidance Common, reusable systems Enhanced M2? Benefits (extra): New capabilities ISRU demo? Scaleable systems In Situ Resource Identification on global basis? Leave-behind Comm relay infrastructure By 2016 ISRU capability Crew certification Human Landing site certified By 2020 Comm infrastructure Site Infrastructure emplacement (outpost) LRO / Human Lunar Lander ~2018 Lunar Surface Crew Ops ~2023 Long Duration Crew Ops (Outpost) Lunar Surface Habitat ILC2005, Toronto

16 Near Term LRO Mission Milestones Done! ILC2005, Toronto

17 Competitively Selected LRO Instruments Provide Broad Benefits INSTRUMENT Benefit Deliverables CRaTER (BU, MIT, AC) Diviner (UCLA, JPL) LAMP (SWRI) LEND (IKI Russia) LOLA (GSFC) LROC (NU, MSSS) Radiation environment Surface temperatures Detect frosts or atmosphere Test for ice in regolith down to 1 m Precision, safe navigation (3D) Landing hazards and some resources Tissue equivalent response to radiation 300 m scale maps of temperature, cold traps, and rocks Maps of frosts in permanently shadowed areas, etc. Maps of hydrogen upper 1 m of Moon at 5 km scales at Poles ~50 m scale topography at < 1 m vertical, roughness 1000 s of 50 cm/pixel images (125 km 2 ), and entire Moon at 100m in UV, Visible

18 Instrument Overview

19 Diviner is a build to print copy of the MRO Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) MCS Flight Model at JPL MCS integrated with MRO for August 2005 Launch

20 Diviner Measurement Overview Diviner will make precise radiometric temperature measurements of the Lunar surface Measurement Goals: Map Global Day/Night Surface Temperatures Characterize Thermal Environments for Habitability Determine Rock Abundances at Landing Sites Identify Potential Polar Ice Reservoirs Search for Near-Surface and Exposed Ice Deposits Measurement Approach: 9-channel radiometer (0.3 to 200 micron wavelength range) 250m spatial resolution

21 Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) Alan Stern (SwRI), PI Ron Black (SwRI) Dana Crider (Catholic U.) Paul Feldman (JHU) Randy Gladstone (SwRI) Kurt Retherford (SwRI) John Scherrer (SwRI) Dave Slater (SwRI) John Stone (SwRI)

22 LAMP Science/Measurement LAMP will provide landform mapping (from Lyα albedos) at sub-km resolution in and around the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) of the lunar surface. LAMP will be used to identify and localize exposed water frost in PSRs. LAMP will demonstrate the feasibility of using starlight and sky-glow for future surface mission applications. LAMP will detect (or better constrain) the abundances of several atmospheric species.

23 LAMP is almost identical to New Horizons Alice LAMP: 5.0 kg, 4.3 W 0.2º 6.0º slit Å bandpass <20 Å spectral resolution

24 LEND Instrument Concept Block Diagram E A Collimated Sensors B Sensors of Thermal Neutrons for Doppler Filter C Sensors of Thermal Neutrons D Sensor of Epithermal Neutrons E Sensor of High Energy Neutrons A D

25 LEND Measurement Goals

26 LOLA Measurements LOLA makes 3 measurements: (1) range to the surface, (2) spread of laser pulse, (3) reflectance of the surface LRO Measurement Datasets Radiation LOLA Measurements Lunar Shape, Topography Surface Slopes Surface Roughness Surface Reflectance Global Coord. System Gravity Model Precision Orbit, Trajectory Global topography X X X X X X Hydrogen mapping Temperature mapping Image shadow regions X X X X X X Water ice X X Lander scale mapping X X X Polar illumination X X X X

$4 mj at 28 Hz Dual redundant - cold spare Diffractive Optic Element Splits laser beam 5 ways Etched fused silica with$ AR coating at 1064 nm Fiber bundle 5-fiber bundle co-aligned to DOE Time-to-Digital Conversion TDC ASIC for fine

AR coating at 1064 nm Fiber bundle 5-fiber bundle co-aligned to DOE Time-to-Digital Conversion TDC ASIC for fine

27 LOLA Key Technologies Laser Transmitter DPSSL - Nd:YAG slab 2.4 mj at 28 Hz Dual redundant - cold spare Diffractive Optic Element Splits laser beam 5 ways Etched fused silica with AR coating at 1064 nm Fiber bundle 5-fiber bundle co-aligned to DOE Time-to-Digital Conversion TDC ASIC for fine resolution <200ps Coarse counter implemented in FPGA, 200 ns resolution C&DH in FPGA Signal algorithm runs on 8085 core Command & data state machine Both in Actel FPGA TDC MLA RMU

28 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Clementine Star Tracker Camera Team Mark Robinson, Northwestern Univ., PI Eric Eliason, University of Arizona Harald Hiesinger, Brown University Brad Jolliff, Washington University Mike Malin, MSSS Alfred McEwen, University Arizona Mike Ravine, MSSS Peter Thomas, Cornell University Elizabeth Turtle, University Arizona

29 LROC Measurement Objectives Landing site identification and certification, with unambiguous identification of meter-scale hazards Unambiguous mapping of permanent shadows and sunlit regions Meter-scale mapping of polar regions with continuous illumination Overlapping observations to enable derivation of meter-scale topography Global multispectral imaging to map ilmenite and other minerals Global morphology base map Characterize regolith properties Determine current impact hazard by re-imaging 1-2 m/pixel Apollo images

30 LROC Instrument Overview 2 Narrow Angle Components (NACs) for Landing Site Certification LROC Wide Angle Component to Monitor Polar Lighting and Map Resources Sequence and Compressor System Straightforward modifications from previous flight instruments WAC NAC1 NAC2 SCS

31 EXAMPLE (LRO) Surface Roughness/topography in Shadowed Areas LRO Measurement Objectives: Determine the morphology and surface roughness in shadowed areas with spatial resolution of <50 m and roughness scales of order 0.1m to 2m. LRO Primary Techniques: Low orbit multi-beam Lidar Altimeter < 50m sampling with echo-based SHD Other LRO methods: Mini-RF Tech Demo (S,X-band SAR) Ancillary LRO Approaches: LAMP Far UV imaging (~ 100m) Diviner mid-ir mapping (~300m) Architecture: Supports site characterization for shadowed landings Possible polar/equator decision point (and fine-scale topography for siting); Also addresses trafficability for mobile systems 11/1/2005

LRO Surface Roughness in Shadowed Areas Summary: Multi-beam Lidar and SAR can provide imaging of permanently shadowed areas for evaluation of landing hazards and trafficability (and terminal

32 LRO Surface Roughness in Shadowed Areas Summary: Multi-beam Lidar and SAR can provide imaging of permanently shadowed areas for evaluation of landing hazards and trafficability (and terminal navigation, guidance for EDL). Implications of not doing: Increased landing risk and/or complexity of landing system. Non-access to polar shadowed regions S. Pole Could inhibit polar landings 11/1/2005 Rim flank of Shackleton Crater (at S.Pole) Arecibo 125m/pixel SAR (D. Campbell, et al)

33 National Academy of Sciences NRC Decadal (2002) lists priorities for the MOON (all mission classes thru 2013) : NRC Priority Investigation Geodetic Topography (crustal evolution) Local Geologic Studies In 3D (geol. Evolution) Polar Volatile Inventory Geophysical Network (interior evolution) Global Mineralogical Mapping (crustal evolution) Targeted Studies to Calibrate Impact Flux (chronology) NRC approach Altimetry from orbit (with precision orbits) Imaging, topography (at m scales) Spectroscopy and mapping from orbit In situ landed stations with seismometers Orbital hyperspectral mapping Imaging and in situ geochronology LRO measurements Global geodetic topography at ~100m scales (< 1 m rms) Sub-meter scale imaging with derived local topography Neutron and IR spectroscopy in 3D context + UV (frosts) Crustal structure to optimize siting and landing safety 100m scale multispectral and 5km scale H mapping Sub-meter imaging of Apollo sites for flux validation and siting

LRO Spacecraft Configuration LRO Flight Segment Mass & Power Estimates Range of on-going design trades Subsystem Mass (kg) Orbit Average Power (W) Instrument

34 LRO Spacecraft Configuration LRO Flight Segment Mass & Power Estimates Range of on-going design trades Subsystem Mass (kg) Orbit Average Power (W) Instrument Payload Spacecraft Bus (Dry) Propellant Total: Launch Vehicle Capability (C3 = -2.0) ILC2005, Toronto

35 LRO Mission Overview Flight Plan Launch on a Delta II class rocket into a direct insertion trajectory to the moon. On-board propulsion system used to capture at the moon, insert into and maintain 50 +/- 20 km altitude circular polar reconnaissance orbit. 1 year base mission Orbiter is a 3-axis stabilized, nadir pointed spacecraft designed to operate continuously during the primary mission. LRO is designed to be capable of performing an extended mission of up to 4 additional years in a low maintenance orbit. Sun direction Cis-lunar transfer day transfer Launch C km 2 /s 2 Earth Moon at encounter 1-day Lunar Orbit Cis-Lunar Transfer Insertion and Circularization Impulsive Vs (m/s) and 50km mission orbits Nominal Cis-lunar Trajectory Solar Rotating Coordinates 6-hour orbit 12-hour orbit ILC2005, Toronto

36 Altitude vs Latitude ILC2005, Toronto

37 Altitude Predictions with Different Gravity Models Magenta GLGM2 Red LUN75A Blue LP100K ILC2005, Toronto

38 Comparison to International Systems Demonstrate Uniqueness and Value Reqt s for LRO (from NASA ORDT, and ESMD RLEP Reqt s 9/05; NRC Decadal, 2002) 2008 NASA LRO [50km orbit, 1 yr+] Competed Payload SELENE (JAXA orbiter ~ 2007) [100km orbit, 1 yr] SMART-1 (ESA lunar 2005 orbiter) [250km periapsis] Chandrayaan (ISRO 2007 launch) [100+ km orbit] Radiation Environment Global assessment including neutrons, GCR (imaging NS, Rad Sensor) Highly limited overlap in some narrow energy ranges Limited to some energy ranges Possible? Biological Adaptation Biological responses to radiation (Rad Sensor) Not addressed Not addressed Not addressed Shielding materials (test-beds) Shielding expt s with TEP (Rad Sensor) Not addressed Not addressed Not addressed Geodetic topography (global) 10 s m x,y, with < 1m vertical precision, attn to poles (Lidar) 1.6 km x, y at > 20 m vertical precision (RMS) [not meet LRO goals] Not addressed Not addressed H mapping to assess ice Landform scale at 100 ppm (~10 km scale at poles) (imaging NS) 160km scale via GRS (does not meet LRO goals) Limited to 100 s of km scale (H) [does not meet LRO goals] Addressed via contributed SAR, MMM for minerals T mapping cold traps (polar) Landform scale at 3-5K (40-300K): ~300m scale (IR mapper) Not addressed Not addressed Indirectly Putative ice deposits at poles ~25-400m scales in shadows (Imager, Lidar, NS, IR, UV) Not addressed in this mission (cf. GRS) Not addressed Via contributed S-band SAR and Mineral mapping from US Sub-meter imaging for landing site assessment Targeted, meter-scale feature detection, hazards (Imager, Lidar) Not addressed: best imaging is ~10m/pixel stereo, MS imaging (10+ VISNIR bands) Not addressed (best imaging is m/pixel) Not addressed, but imaging (MS) will be included (10 s m/pixel) Polar illumination High time-rate polar imaging (Imagers) Partially addressed, but frequency TBD? Partially (AIME) Indirectly (via minisar) OTHER Far UV imaging for frosts and lunar atmosphere (farside gravity from lidar) Particles and Fields, Farside gravity, elemental chemistry ILC2005 Particles and Fields, etc. Excellent global mineralogy for resources, science (US MMM)

39 LRO Status Report Summary LRO completely addresses the majority of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC, 2002) scientific priorities for the Moon (that can be addressed from orbit) LRO measurement sets will resolve key unknowns about the lunar crust (3D), sources and sinks of polar volatiles (i.e, the lunar water cycle ), and history of its earliest crust LRO will enable scientific discoveries about regions of the Moon (e.g. polar regions) not explored with Apollo (i.e., localization and inventory of water ice) LRO will put the MOON in a more complete context with respect to Earth and Mars (for Exploration) LRO fills in critical knowledge gaps of the Moon Returning to the Moon without LRO would confine any future landing to near-side equatorial sites where we have existing, but incomplete reconnaissance with known risk Reduces risks to all future landed missions (robotic and human) Supports timely strategic planning for future lunar operations (robotic and human). Data produced by LRO and follow-on robotic missions will reduce the cost and risk of the human lunar landing missions. Returning to the Moon without further robotic missions will pose additional uncertainties to future mission designs and likely result in expensive changes to the ESAS Surface Access Module and limit crew mission durations. Will result in lowering overall program cost by making lighter weight and more cost effective systems because of dramatically reduced environmental uncertainties, and optimized navigation trajectories (including polar localities) ILC2005, Toronto

40 LRO gets NASA back to the surface... ILC2005, Toronto

41 LRO paves the way to sustained lunar presence ILC2005, Toronto

NASA: BACK TO THE MOON

NASA: BACK TO THE MOON Don Campbell Cornell University "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him